Study of Polarizer Characteristics with a High-Power Terahertz Free Electron Laser

Though wire grid and strip polarizers are widely used for control of submillimeter radiation, both calculated and experimentally measured values of their transmission are often contradict one another. We have measured the transmission of wire and thin-film photolithographic polarizers at a wavelength of 0.13-mm using 100 W free electron laser radiation and compared the results with previous experiments and calculations. Using a thin-film photolithographic polarizer we showed that radiation of the Novosibirsk FEL after traveling through a 14-m beamline is plane-polarized with the degree of polarization better than 99.6%.     

Free Electron Lasers as a High-power Terahertz Sources

Free electron lasers (FEL) are the lasers which utilize the phenomenon of stimulated undulator radiation. Now they are the most powerful sources of electromagnetic radiation with frequency tunable from 1 to 10 THz. Contrary to most lasers, motion of an electron in the FEL may be described by classical mechanics and classical electrodynamics. Therefore they belong to the family of vacuum electronic devices, such as traveling wave tubes or klystrons. The basics of the FEL physics are discussed. General considerations are clarified through some examples. The Novosibirsk THz FEL is described briefly.     

Development of High-Current Sheet Beam Cathodes for Terahertz Sources

Generation of a sheet beam directly from a scandia-doped dispenser cathode has been investigated and optimized by means of beam-profile simulations and measurements. Rectangular beams 600 mum wide and 100 mum thick with current densities over 50 A/cm² have been generated. The beams are stable for at least several hundred hours with the cathodes operating at 950degC_b, making them promising candidates for application in the next generation of terahertz vacuum electron devices such as a 0.5-THz superradiant Smith-Purcell radiation source.     

Generation of High-Power Sub-THz Waves in Magnetized Turbulent Electron Beam Plasmas

Sub-THz radiation can be generated by conversion of plasma waves into electromagnetic (EM) radiation in a plasma with strong Langmuir (LT) turbulence produced via a two-stream instability of a high current relativistic electron beam (REB). Nonlinear plasmon-plasmon merging results in the generation of photons nearby the 2^nd harmonic of the plasma frequency 2ω _p (“2ω _p -process”). For plasma densities of 10¹⁴???10¹⁵?cm^?3, these frequencies are in the range of sub-THz waves at 370–570 GHz. The specific power density of sub-THz-wave emission from plasmas in the multi-mirror magnetic trap GOL-3 (at BINP) during injection of a 10-μs-REB with a current density of about 1 kA/cm² at plasma densities n _e ?≈?5?10¹⁴?cm^?3, electron temperatures T _e ?≈?1.5 keV and magnetic induction B?≈?4 T was measured to be approx. 1 kW/cm³ in the frequency band around 300 GHz. In the case of a weakly relativistic 100-μs-electron beam (90 keV) with 250 A/cm² the corresponding results are 700 W/cm³ around 90 GHz with an efficiency of 1–2 % at n _e ?≈?3?10¹³?cm^?3 (total power?≈?30 kW). Theoretical investigations show that at a density of n _e ?≈?3?10¹⁵?cm^?3 and a turbulence level of 5 % the generated sub-THz power can reach?≈?1 MW/cm³.     

预调制电子注激励孔阵列中的Smith-Purcell相干太赫兹超辐射研究

研究了在预调制成团的电子注经过孔阵列时所激发的Smith-Purcell超辐射现象。基于Smith-Purcell辐射公式,利用三维模拟软件对采用的结构进行模拟仿真,得到在太赫兹频率段的超辐射电磁波。采用对冲光栅来对直流电子注进行调制,理论求解了对冲光栅中的色散方程,并对其进行数值计算,得其色散曲线。选取发射电压U=50kV,发射电流I=30A/cm2,通过色散曲线得到该对冲光栅的注波互作用频率点在0.3THz,最终的仿真结果为0.31THz,两者有较好的吻合度。孔阵列采用的是周期为0.3mm的单排孔阵列,由Smith-Purcell辐射公式计算电子注二次谐波0.62THz的辐射角度为60°,仿真结果与理论分析保持高度一致。通过对辐射区Ez(t)场的观察,发现二次谐波场的幅值是其基波场幅值的5倍多,说明大部分能量集中在二倍频0.62THz上,这与理论分析吻合较好。     

Engineering the Losses and Beam Divergence in Arrays of Patch Antenna Microcavities for Terahertz Sources

We perform a comprehensive study on the emission from finite arrays of patch antenna microcavities designed for the terahertz range by using a finite element method. The emission properties including quality factors, far-field pattern, and photon extraction efficiency are investigated for etched and non-etched structures as a function of the number of resonators, the dielectric layer thickness, and period of the array. In addition, the simulations are achieved for lossy and perfect metals and dielectric layers, allowing to extract the radiative and non-radiative contributions to the total quality factors of the arrays. Our study shows that this structure can be optimized to obtain low beam divergence (FWHM <10°) and photon extraction efficiencies >50% while keeping a strongly localized mode. These results show that the use of these microcavities would lead to efficient terahertz emitters with a low divergence vertical emission and engineered losses.     

基于低能电子束的光刻技术

讨论了聚焦电子束曝光中的邻近效应问题,阐述了扫描隧道显微镜的原理和工作方式。把扫描隧道显微技术用于低能电子束的光刻,不仅能提高图形的分辨率,而且使电子束加工工艺不再局限于真空环境。对曝光电子的能量和线条宽度之间的关系进行了分析。     

基于超快电子自旋动力学的太赫兹辐射研究进展

回顾了近年来利用超快自旋动力学过程产生太赫兹(THz)辐射的研究进展。介绍了基于逆自旋霍尔效应和逆Rashba-Edelstein效应的瞬态自旋流-电荷流转换,指出铁磁/非磁性异质结构已被用于设计低成本、高效率的THz辐射源。通过优化膜厚、生长条件、衬底和结构,可进一步提高基于自旋电子学的THz发射器的效率和带宽。简述了THz发射光谱在研究超快自旋泽贝克效应形成动力学中的应用。     

Gyrotrons for High-Power Terahertz Science and Technology at FIR UF

In this review paper, we present the recent progress in the development of a series of gyrotrons at the Research Center for Development of Far-Infrared Region, University of Fukui, that have opened the road to many novel applications in the high-power terahertz science and technology. The current status of the research in this actively developing field is illustrated by the most representative examples in which the developed gyrotrons are used as powerful and frequency-tunable sources of coherent radiation operating in a continuous-wave regime. Among them are high-precision spectroscopic techniques (most notably dynamic nuclear polarization-nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance, X-ray detected magnetic resonance, and studies of the hyperfine splitting of the energy levels of positronium), treatment and characterization of advanced materials, and new medical technologies.     

基于非线性光学差频及参量效应的太赫兹源

基于非线性光学技术的THz源具有其独特的性能和优点,将基于非线性光学差频原理和光学参量效应,从理论上研究并分析THz波与抽运光、闲频光及相位匹配角之间的关系,得到THz波输出的条件和范围,并设计出宽波段连续可调的THz源。以调QNd∶YAG激光器和光学参量振荡器(OPO)作为抽运源,以GaSe和MgO∶LiNbO3晶体作为差频非线性晶体,根据相位匹配理论及光学参量效应,搭建两套THz波产生系统。其中,基于光学参量效应的THz辐射源有效地产生出THz信号。     

A Compact Beam Measurement Setup

We present the design of a compact measurement device to determine the position of a beam in a radio optical setup. The unit is used to align the Terahertz optics of the GREAT instrument on the airborne astronomical observatory SOFIA.     

Generation of Terahertz Radiation Spectra by Radiation Sources Based on Solid-State Micro- and Nanostructures and Detection of Terahertz Spectra

Principles and mechanisms of generation of terahertz electromagnetic oscillations by generators based on solid-state micro- and nanostructures are discussed. Parameters of experimental models of such devices are given. A theoretical model of terahertz radiation in magnetic metal junctions is presented, and the possibility of varying the frequency of a spin-injection terahertz oscillator is demonstrated. The results of development of methods for examining the spectral characteristics of radiation in the 0.15–80 THz range with a spectral resolution of up to 1.8 GHz are detailed.     

环型激光束空间传输的数值模拟

基于Maxwell方程组的经舆理论,对于腔的菲涅耳数不满足远远大于1的条件时的光束传播问题,利用衍射积分方程理论进行求解．根据菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射积分方程建立数值模型,采用matlab数值模拟的方法,对环型激光束传输方向的近场及远场强度的空间分布进行了分析．     

短毫米波和太赫兹线性注真空器件研究

对短毫米波和太赫兹真空辐射源的发展现状进行了简要的综述,对高频结构的种类、器件类型、频率等进行了分析.文中重点介绍了W波段行波管、返波管的研究结果,以及利用MEMS技术加工高频结构的结果;还给出了220 GHz圆形电子注、带状电子注折叠波导慢波结构的设计和模拟结果;研究了带状电子注情况下耦合阻抗和轴向电场的平坦度,对于开展高频率器件实现高效率互作用打下了基础.     

Compact Terahertz Wave Collimator Design with Photonic Crystal Slabs

A compact terahertz (THz) wave collimator is proposed,which works under the frequency from 2.4 THz to 2.7 THz with a photonic crystal (PC) slab based on the self-collimation effect.The plane wave expansion (PWE) method is used to calculate the dispersion surfaces and the equal-frequency contours (EFCs) and optimize the structure.The propagation of the THz waves in the structure is simulated and the normalized transmission is calculated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method with perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions.Numerical simulations show that the designed collimator has a good collimation property and a high transmittance.     

太赫兹自由电子激光放大器研究

太赫兹自由电子激光(FEL)是获得高功率太赫兹辐射的重要途径,目前运行的太赫兹FEL装置基本上都采用振荡器结构,若采用FEL放大器模式,则可产生具有更高峰值功率的太赫兹辐射。本文以北京大学超导电子直线加速器的束流参数为基础,通过模拟分析确定了太赫兹FEL放大器对太赫兹种子源、电子束流及波荡器等的要求。模拟结果显示,太赫兹种子的峰值功率在10 W以上即可实现太赫兹FEL放大;在较易实现的参数条件下,可获得峰值功率数兆瓦的太赫兹辐射。     

太赫兹自由电子激光放大器研究

太赫兹自由电子激光(FEL)是获得高功率太赫兹辐射的重要途径,目前运行的太赫兹FEL装置基本上都采用振荡器结构,若采用FEL放大器模式,则可产生具有更高峰值功率的太赫兹辐射。本文以北京大学超导电子直线加速器的束流参数为基础,通过模拟分析确定了太赫兹FEL放大器对太赫兹种子源、电子束流及波荡器等的要求。模拟结果显示,太赫兹种子的峰值功率在10 W以上即可实现太赫兹FEL放大;在较易实现的参数条件下,可获得峰值功率数兆瓦的太赫兹辐射。     

太赫兹Smith-Purcell自由电子激光研究进展

太赫兹电磁波在材料表征、医学成像、无线通信、安全检测等领域有广泛的应用前景,是当前科学研究热点之一。基于自由电子与周期性光栅结构相互作用产生的Smith-Purcell辐射的Smith-Purcell自由电子激光凭借其易加工、可调谐、高功率等优点成为发展高功率太赫兹源的有效途径之一。本文对太赫兹Smith-Purcell自由电子激光的近期研究进展进行了综述,对基于特异Smith-Purcell辐射新型Smith-Purcell自由电子激光以及基于预群聚电子注的Smith-Purcell太赫兹源进行了着重介绍,这两类新型太赫兹自由电子激光结构克服了传统自由电子激光的若干缺点,有望发展为具有重要应用前景的紧凑型、大功率太赫兹源。     

利用共振隧穿器件制作太赫兹波源

太赫兹波是振荡频率在100GHz～10THz范围的电磁波,利用共振隧穿器件高频高速的特点,适宜制作此波段的振荡源器件。指出与其他类型的太赫兹源器件相比,共振隧穿型太赫兹波源器件具有体积小、重量轻、便于与控制电路集成以及易于进行调制等特点;此外,还适宜用Si透镜进行功率合成,增大其总发射功率。给出几种重要太赫兹共振隧穿器件的结构、制造工艺和器件性能,作为太赫兹技术领域的研究人员选择太赫兹波源器件的参考。     

TTA Special Section on Terahertz Sources and Devices

The terahertz wave is considered to have great values and plentiful applications, such as in material science, analysis of molecular spectra, information and communication technology, biology and medical science, nondestructive evaluation, and national security. High-power widely tunable terahertz sources are required in the above practical applications of terahertz technologies. A promising approach for monochromatic terahertz generation is based on second-order nonlinear optical effect, e.g.