盾构隧道开挖及补偿注浆对地层扰动影响的室内试验及数值模拟研究

针对盾构法施工过程中产生的土体损失,补偿注浆是一种应用广泛的沉降控制措施。通过模型试验及数值模拟,研究了盾构隧道开挖及补偿注浆对周围土体的扰动影响。将开挖和补偿注浆连续考虑,重点研究了既有土体损失情况下补偿注浆对地表沉降和周围土体应力的影响规律,研究结果表明,盾构隧道开挖过程中,地表沉降可以用Peck公式有效预测,且沉降最大值与土体损失率呈线性关系,隧道周围土体按照应力变化情况分为正拱区、卸荷区、塑性区。补偿注浆过程中,土体按应力变化情况分为抬升挤压区和正拱补偿区。应用小应变本构模型(HSS)进行数值模拟,模拟结果与试验规律对应良好,进一步验证了模型试验揭示的隧道开挖和补偿注浆对土体的扰动机理。     

桩承地基处理大面积软基的现场测试及分析

为了解桩承地基的工作机理,对深圳机场停机坪大面积桩承地基处理区域的桩顶沉降、桩间土沉降以及孔隙水压力进行现场测试,并对测试结果进行详细的分析和比较。结果表明:桩承地基能够有效地减小地基总沉降和桩土沉降差,桩土沉降差在19～25 mm;路堤填土中存在明显的土拱效应,土拱高度集中在0.83～1.04倍桩净间距,平均为0.94的桩净间距;桩土沉降差与土拱效应发挥程度密切相关,桩土沉降差是产生土拱效应的前提条件。     

盾构隧道施工引起的工后地面沉降研究

 对盾构施工引起的隧道轴线上方土体超孔隙水压力和工后地面沉降进行研究,提出盾构隧道施工引起的土体应力释放率计算方法。基于Henkel 超孔隙水压力理论,推导与隧道衬砌相邻的土体初始超孔隙水压力值。假定与衬砌相邻的各点具有相同的应力释放率,得到隧道拱顶处土体的超孔隙水压力计算方法。运用应力传递理论,提出隧道轴线上方土体的超孔隙水压力分布模式。假定压缩层厚度为隧道覆土厚度,采用太沙基一维固结理论,得到隧道轴线上方地面工后固结沉降理论计算公式。算例分析结果表明,该方法的预测值与实测值非常吻合。     

桩承式加筋路堤三维动力流固耦合分析

为了研究交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的动力特性,采用FLAC 3D软件建立了路堤的三维动力流固耦合分析模型,对无筋无桩、有筋无桩、无筋有桩、有筋有桩4种情况的路堤在动荷载作用下的竖向位移、水平位移、桩土应力比、超孔隙水压力、加速度等进行了计算分析,对比研究了4种情况下各自的特点,揭示了桩承式加筋路堤的作用机制.数值分析...     

可液化地基单桩基础离心机模型试验的三维数值分析

文章通过三维水土耦合动-静一体有限元程序DBLEAVES对饱和砂土地基（Dr=40%）单桩基础的离心机模型试验进行模型试验相对应的原型三维有限元数值模拟和分析。对比分析小震（峰值加速度0.08g）和大震（峰值加速度0.47g）情况下的土体加速度、超静孔隙水压、沉降位移以及桩身弯矩等变化规律。其中,地基土的性质采用应力诱导各向异性的交变移动弹塑性模型模拟,基桩采用弹性梁单元模型模拟。结果表明：①超静孔隙水压会“隔断”振动波的传递,当土体接近完全液化时,土表面峰值加速度会明显小于输入波峰值加速度,而当超静孔隙水压比较小时,土表面加速度相对于输入波则可能会放大;②地震时所达到的最大超静孔隙水压比是地基土沉降量的主要因素之一,且一大部分沉降发生在震后的孔压消散期;③数值模拟与模型试验结果的对比分析表明,交变移动模型可以较好地反映土体在交变荷载下的动力响应特性,验证了所采用的DBLEAVES程序和有限元方法的有效性。     

泥炭质土层盾构施工扰动引起隧道长期沉降的研究

为了研究泥炭质土层盾构施工扰动引起隧道的长期沉降问题,将隧道周围土体视为连续、均质、各向同性的饱和黏弹性介质,采用五元件模型描述泥炭质土的流变特性,耦合Terzaghi-Rendulic二维固结理论,建立了隧道衬砌在完全不透水的情况下,盾构施工扰动引起周围土体超孔隙水压力消散的控制方程。采用分离变量法、保角映射、Laplace变换及逆变换等数学方法对该控制方程进行求解,得到了隧道周围土体超孔隙水压力消散的解析解,最后对土体的竖向应变进行积分获得了隧道长期沉降的计算公式。结合一工程算例分析了昆明泥炭质土层超孔隙水压力消散及隧道长期沉降的变化规律,研究结果表明:与上海软黏土相比,在初始阶段泥炭质土层中超孔隙水压力的消散速度较快,然后迅速变缓并趋于稳定。泥炭质土层中隧道的长期沉降持续时间更长且沉降量更大,在900 d的时间内隧道沉降趋于稳定,其累积沉降量约高达150 mm。此外,昆明泥炭质土的流变特性显著,如将土体中超孔隙水压力消散90%作为主固结沉降的完成时刻,则土体次固结沉降约占隧道总沉降量的36%,是隧道长期沉降中不可忽视的一个重要组成部分。     

Behavior of Ground and Response of Existing Foundation Due to Tunneling

An apparatus has been developed to model the excavation of a tunnel in the laboratory. With this apparatus, 2D model tests are carried out to investigate the surface settlement and the earth pressure brought about by the tunneling. Finite element analyses using an elastoplastic subloading t_ij model are also conducted. The influence of volume loss on the surface settlement and the earth pressure, due to the shallow tunnelling, is illustrated based on the model tests and the corresponding numerical analyses. It is revealed that the surface settlement troughs and the earth pressure distributions around shallow tunnels depend on both the volume loss and the crown drift of the tunnel. The effect of the interaction between the tunneling and existing nearby foundations is also demonstrated in this paper. For existing foundations, the building loads control the surface settlements and the zone of deformation during the tunnel excavation. The behavior of the foundations depends on the deformation mechanism of the ground during the tunnel excavation. The induced axial force and bending moments in the piles of a piled raft are investigated numerically, and it is shown that the axial force changes due to the stress relaxation of the ground. Bending moments are induced in the piles at a lower value of soil cover due to the differential settlement of the piled raft.     

筒桩桩承式加筋路堤现场试验研究

为了进一步明确筒桩桩承式加筋路堤的工作机制,在广州绕城高速公路九江—小塘段进行现场试验。试验结果证明,筒桩单桩竖向承载力大,均以刺入方式破坏,并且筒桩单桩复合地基承载力大,沉降小。筒桩桩承式加筋路堤荷载传递机制主要受"土拱效应"和"拉膜效应"控制,桩土应力比随路堤荷载以及桩顶与桩间土之间沉降差的变化而变化。路堤荷载下筒桩复合地基,总沉降小,桩帽上和桩间土上的土体存在沉降差,沉降差的发展可以反映土拱效应的发挥程度。另外,路堤荷载在地基土中产生的超孔隙水压力很小,且随深度迅速减小,地下6.0m处超孔压已接近0。路堤侧向变形小且随深度迅速减小,最大侧向变形发生在地下3.0～4.5m处。     

土工格栅控制液化土体流动变形的试验研究

液化导致的土体大变形以及侧向流动是地震引起建筑物破坏的主要原因。采用土工格栅作为主要加固材料,开展建筑物荷载作用下液化场地流动变形的振动台试验研究,考虑水平层状土工格栅、包裹状土工格栅和土工格栅+无纺布联合处理等3种加固方案对结果的影响,从超孔隙水压力发展、建筑物沉降量以及格栅应变特性等分析加固方案对液化变形的处理效果。试验表明:采用上述3种加固方案所得的相同埋深处超孔隙水压力峰值基本相等,表明土工格栅的加入基本不能改变地基的液化状态,而后期超孔隙水压力在土工格栅+无纺布联合加固方案下消散速度最快。与其它两种加固方案相比,土工格栅+无纺布联合加固方案下建筑物沉降量最小,相比未加固工况沉降量减少24%,土工格栅中间位置的应变峰值小于边缘位置的应变峰值。采用土工格栅+无纺布联合加固时,具有较大表面积的无纺布对该覆盖区域液化土体有较好的约束作用,限制了砂土颗粒的竖向移动。此外,砂土颗粒对无纺布的作用力将由土工格栅承担,这种作用力将有利于土工格栅与砂土之间的摩擦效应,进一步限制液化砂土的流动变形。     

Shaking table tests on wall-type gravel and rubber drains as a liquefaction countermeasure in silty sand

In this paper, the seismic performance of wall-type gravel and rubber drains as a liquefaction countermeasure in silty sand has been addressed using a series of 1 g shaking table tests. In these tests, the liquefaction resistance of silty sand was studied by changing soil relative density, silt content, number of walls, and materials of drainage walls. In order to evaluate shear wave propagation, the generation and dissipation of pore water pressure (PWP), and the ground surface settlement, various accelerometers, displacement and PWP transducers were placed. The obtained results indicated that an increase in the relative density and the number of wall-type gravel and rubber drains in liquefiable silty sand reduces the settlement, liquefaction-induced deformations, as well as the excess PWP and eventually improves the liquefaction resistance. Totally, it can be noted that the reinforced silty sand with wall-type gravel drains revealed less excess PWP and settlement than that with wall-type rubber drains.     

双隧道对群桩影响的三维离心模型试验研究

在膨胀土地基中进行了双隧道对群桩影响的三维离心模型试验,目标地层损失比为2%,着重研究引起的地基沉降槽、附加弯矩、轴力的变化规律。试验得出：膨胀土地基中每个隧道开挖形成的地表沉降槽仍符合Peck高斯曲线,双隧道共同作用形成的沉降槽可以看作是每个隧道单独作用形成的沉降槽的叠加;两个隧道开挖引起的前后桩弯矩规律类似,最大附加弯矩均出现在拱冠附近,但存在明显的前桩遮拦效应;随着第一个隧道开挖的临近及远离,前后桩轴力会发生明显不同变化,而第二个隧道影响明显不同,附加轴力最大值约为工作荷载的10%。     

砂土液化变形的数值模拟

基于模拟饱和砂土液化后大应变响应的弹塑性循环本构模型及相应的数值算法,采用完全耦合的饱和土动力反应分析程序SWANDYNE II,对VELACS项目中的三个动力离心模型试验(饱和松砂水平地基、饱和松砂倾斜地基、松砂和密砂的水平组合地基)进行了数值模拟。数值模拟较好地再现了离心模型试验测得的加速度响应、超静孔压响应及变形累积过程,给出了典型土单元的应力应变曲线和有效应力路径,从土的应力应变响应的角度较好地解释了模型中超静孔压的产生、扩散、消散过程以及液化大变形的发展过程。     

真空联合堆载预压加固覆盖层深厚软土地基研究

根据现场监测资料和检测数据,研究真空联合堆载预压处理大面积覆盖层下深厚淤泥质软土地基的表面沉降、超静孔压、深层沉降、侧向位移等固结变形特性和加固效果,结果表明:由于覆盖层的应力扩散和"顶托"作用,地表沉降曲线比较顺滑,高填土堆载过程中无明显"坡降"段;地基土体压缩变形主要发生在覆盖层下部的深厚淤泥质软土层,覆盖层较厚时不利于消除下卧层土体压缩量。孔隙水压的增长和消散受真空负压和填土堆载共同作用,与覆盖层厚度有一定的关系,覆盖层较薄时,孔隙水压响应较快,堆载引起的超静孔隙水压值较大;覆盖层较厚时,孔隙水压响应较滞后,孔隙水压曲线较平缓,堆载引起的超静孔隙水压值较小。厚覆盖层的存在不利于软土的排水加固,方案设计和施工时应予以重视。     

基于土体固结流变的桩基长期沉降数值模拟

通过考虑上海饱和土体的固结流变特性以及桩端压缩层为砂土的三层土层剖面,运用有限元分析程序ABAQUS,对钻孔桩基和打入桩基的沉降特性进行了模拟分析,并对浅层砂土的存在对两种桩基的影响进行分析。通过引入小孔扩张理论模拟打桩引起的超静孔隙水压力,模拟验证施工效应对桩基沉降的影响,并基于打桩施工对浅层砂层的挤土效应,模拟分析了浅层砂土对减少打入桩基沉降的作用。     

双线盾构施工对邻近建筑物影响的数值分析

 城市繁华地区盾构隧道施工常需从建筑下方地层穿越,如何确保上部建筑及隧道安全是施工中的难题。以武汉长江双线盾构隧道工程为例,利用有限元程序ABAQUS,对穿越武汉理工大学5层钢筋混凝土框架结构电教楼下方的隧道盾构掘进采用三维数值分析方法进行计算,模拟盾构掘进引起的地层变形和规律以及对隧道上部建筑物的影响。计算预测值与实测值较吻合,分析方法可用于分析和预测盾构掘进引起地层及隧道上部建筑物的变形。     

Variable-diameter deep mixing column for multi-layered soft ground improvement: Laboratory modeling and field application

Deep mixing columns are commonly employed for soft ground improvement. However, the diameter of a single conventional column is a constant and the area replacement ratio does not vary with depth. Hence, the conventional column is not the ideal solution for multi-layered soft grounds, where different layers have remarkably different soil properties. Accordingly, this study proposes a better solution, which is the variable-diameter deep mixing column with a large diameter in the soil layer having high compressibility and a small diameter in the soil layer having relatively low compressibility. In this study, small-scale laboratory model tests were firstly employed to compare the performance of two-layered soft grounds improved by a variable-diameter column and a conventional column. The additional vertical stress in the soil and the column, the excess pore water pressure, and the ground settlement were analyzed. Then, a field application of variable-diameter columns for multi-layered soft ground improvement was presented; the design considerations, column installation, and monitored settlement were introduced and analyzed. The results indicated that the additional stress in the soil and the column in the highly compressible soil layer were much lower in the variable-diameter column-improved ground than in the conventional column-improved ground. Consequently, the variable-diameter column-improved ground yielded less total settlement and less post-construction settlement compared to the conventional column-improved ground.     

盾构施工引起地面长期沉降的理论计算研究

 对盾构施工引起的隧道轴线上方地面工后沉降进行研究,结果表明,土体开挖卸荷引起应力释放,产生初始超孔隙水压力,其分布呈三角形。假定衬砌不排水、土体为单面排水、压缩层厚度为隧道覆土厚度,采用太沙基一维固结理论,得到地面工后固结沉降的理论计算公式。假定地面长期沉降主要由施工期间沉降和工后固结沉降组成,进而得到地面长期沉降的理论计算公式。算例分析结果表明：该方法的预测值与实测值非常吻合;上海软土地区盾构隧道施工引起的地面长期沉降相当显著,最终地面沉降量在80 mm以上,固结沉降占总沉降量的80%～90%;按最小覆土深度5 m计算,需要2 a以上地面沉降才能最终稳定。     

An estimation of subsurface settlement due to shield tunneling

An empirical method based on the normal distribution function is proposed to estimate the magnitude and extent of subsurface settlement associated with shield tunneling. Based on field measurement data, empirical relationships are established between surface and subsurface settlement troughs. Assuming the surface settlement due to tunneling could be obtained by the analytical, numerical, or field monitoring method, based on these relationships, the range of subsurface-settlement can be easily estimated. Twenty three sets of measured subsurface settlement profiles associated with tunneling with open, slurry and earth-pressure-balance shields are compared with the predicted curves. It is concluded that the application of normal probability function can be extended to estimate the subsurface settlement due to shield tunneling. The width of the subsurface settlement trough decreases with increasing depth, and the maximum subsurface settlement increases with increasing depth. The subsurface settlement curves calculated using the proposed method are in fairly good agreement with field measurements for various types of shield machines, depths and diameters.     

带帽有孔管桩复合地基承载力模型试验研究

有孔管桩能够有效地加速桩周土体超静孔隙水压力时空消散,减轻沉桩效应不利影响,但桩身开孔会削弱桩体承载力。为研究开孔管桩的承载力,对软土地基中无孔管桩和有孔管桩单桩及其相应的带帽单桩复合地基进行了静载荷试验,获得了各种管桩荷载-沉降曲线、沉降-时间对数曲线、桩身轴力的变化规律。研究结果表明：星状开孔的有孔管桩承载力和桩身轴力的折减率均最小;有孔管桩单桩及其带帽单桩复合地基的总沉降和沉降回弹率均小于无孔管桩;带帽有孔管桩复合地基承载力大于带帽无孔管桩复合地基的承载力;桩身开孔有利于桩周土体分担荷载,能减小土体含水量,降低复合地基总沉降,提高复合地基承载力;桩身开孔引起管桩损失的承载力,可以从带帽有孔管桩复合地基提高的承载力中得到弥补。     

矩形顶管施工引起的地面沉降变形研究

以南宁市轨道交通1号线南湖站Ⅰ号过街通道顶管工程为背景,分别考虑顶管机及后续管节对土体的作用力引起开挖面周围土体的施工时变形、土体损失引起地面永久沉降、注浆对土体损失补偿引起的地面抬升、地层中超孔隙水压力消散发生失水固结效应引起的工后沉降等因素,揭示了在注浆压力作用下矩形顶管隧道周围土体的变形模式,推导了由注浆填充引起的土体竖向变形计算方法,给出了扰动范围土体内超孔隙水消散引起的工后固结沉降的计算公式。运用Mindlin弹性理论解、随机介质理论、分层总和法分别对该工程由土体应力状态变化、地层损失、注浆填充和失水固结4个方面引起的地面变形进行计算,根据计算结果与实测数据的对比分析,对矩形顶管施工扰动引起的地表沉降变形特性进行系统研究,叠加后的计算结果与实测数据变化规律基本一致,且数值吻合较好。