多传感器多目标跟踪的粒子PHD滤波算法

针对单传感器跟踪系统的缺陷,提出了基于粒子概率假设密度(PHD)滤波的多传感器多目标跟踪算法.这种算法不仅避免了多传感器多目标跟踪的数据关联问题,而且在漏检、目标密集、航迹交叉、小范围内目标数多的杂波环境下能够稳定、精确地估计目标状态和目标数.仿真实验比较了单传感器粒子PHD滤波与多传感器的粒子PHD滤波的跟踪性能,验证了该方法的跟踪性能和精度.     

机载双传感器同步测量被动跟踪算法

讨论了机载多传感器的角度融合跟踪算法,对修正增益扩展卡尔曼滤波算法在仅有角度测量信息的两个传感器同步测量集中式状态估计的情形进行了适用性研究,对密集虚假响应的情况给出了融合跟踪门的建立方法以及相应的PDAF滤波跟踪算法,并对相应算法进行了仿真验证.     

雷达多目标跟踪的关联粒子滤波研究

在整个导弹防御系统中,多目标跟踪是很重要的一项技术,要求系统快速机动地跟踪导弹目标,但系统存在非线性问题,使用传统方法使跟踪偏差大。为解决上述问题,提出在非高斯条件下,把高斯-厄米特粒子滤波算法和联合概率数据关联方法相结合,对多目标跟踪的数据进行关联处理并进行状态估计。利用高斯-厄米特滤波计算的均值、协方差产生密度函数,并生成具有后验特征的粒子。用联合概率数据关联方法进行杂波剔除和数据关联,并对综合的关联粒子滤波算法进行仿真。仿真结果表明,改进方法可以有效解决多目标的准确跟踪问题。     

辐射限制下有源无源协同跟踪技术

为了提高作战飞机的隐蔽性,提出了一种辐射限制下有源无源传感器目标跟踪与协同管理的方法,给出了基于辐射控制的机载多传感器系统协同跟踪方法.利用跟踪过程中目标残差范数与门限的比较结果,判断雷达开关机,用序贯和IMM(interacting multiple model)联合滤波算法对目标进行跟踪.对利用该方法的机载多传感器目标跟踪性能进行了仿真分析,仿真结果证明了该方法的合理性和有效性.     

多回波环境中多机动目标跟踪的新算法*

目标的状态估计与数据关联是机动多目标跟踪中的关键问题.针对杂波环境中多机动目标的跟踪问题,本文首先引入一种自适应滤波算法,并与快速概率数据关联算法结合,提出一种适于实际应用的密集回波环境下机动多目标跟踪的新算法-快速自适应概率数据关联(FAPDA)算法,利用近似概率数据关联(PDA)算法的计算量达到优于联合概率数据关联(JPDA)算法的跟踪效果,并能快速检测到机动.通过与JPDA算法的仿真结果进行对比,表明了该算法的有效性和快速性.     

基于面阵的多目标角度跟踪算法

为了实现移动目标的自动角度跟踪,提出了一种基于面阵的多目标角度跟踪算法.通过估计相邻时间段的协方差矩阵,求解方程组得到目标角度更新信息;同时引入了校正过程,降低了累积误差,提高了跟踪精度.该算法不需要更新信号子空间,相邻时段估计的角度是自动关联的,省去了数据关联过程,降低了运算量;不同于一维角度跟踪算法,该算法可以同时跟踪移动目标的方位角和俯仰角.仿真结果表明了该算法的有效性.     

基于粒子滤波的交互式多模型多机动目标跟踪

针对交互式多模型联合概率数据关联滤波算法(IMM-JPDAF)在非线性情况下跟踪精度低,并不适用于非高斯问题的情况,提出了一种基于粒子滤波的交互式多模型多机动目标跟踪算法;将交互式多模型联合概率数据关联(IMM-JPDA)与粒子滤波相结合,在交互式多模型联合概率数据关联的框架下,各模型采用粒子滤波算法处理非线性非高斯问题,避免了噪声的高斯假设和非线性部分的线性化误差。仿真结果表明,IMM-JPDA-PF算法的跟踪性能明显优于IMM-JPDAF算法,能够对杂波环境中的多机动目标进行有效跟踪。     

红外搜索跟踪系统的数据关联算法研究

针对红外搜索跟踪系统(IRST)在单站情况下,对目标进行纯方位跟踪时存在的问题,提出一种数据关联算法.首先根据红外探测器的量测信息特点,从不同角度构造多组证据;然后采用证据组合规则对这些信息进行综合;最后通过极大化基本可信度赋值函数(BPAF)得到关联结果.这种基于D-S证据理论的数据关联算法,由于合理利用多源量测信息,有效地克服了传统方法处理数据不确定性时存在的问题.蒙特卡罗仿真结果表明,该算法具有较好的关联效果.     

一种红外多目标跟踪的快速算法

含有新目标跟踪起始的数据关联问题是多目标跟踪算法研究中的一个难点,同时红外目标又有其自身的独特之处。首先描述了红外搜索跟踪(IRST)系统进行多目标跟踪中的跟踪起始和跟踪终结问题;然后提出了采用可变跟踪门的方法,并将IRST系统接收到的目标红外辐射作为一个参考量。给出了多目标跟踪起始和数据关联的快速算法。最后给出了数值仿真试验结果,仿真表明了这种算法的快速性和有效性。     

基于交互式自适应概率数据关联的目标跟踪算法

在联合交互式多模型概率数据关联思想的基础上,将自适应滤波算法应用到概率数据关联滤波器中,提出了一种适用于杂波环境机动目标跟踪的新算法-交互式自适应概率数据关联(Interactive Multiple Models Adaptive Probabilistic Data Association-IMM-APDA)算法,避免了模型选取的不确定性,扩大了机动目标的跟踪范围,实现了杂波环境中对目标较高精度的状态估计.理论分析与仿真结果验证了该算法的优越性,提高了目标跟踪精度.     

运动人体的检测和跟踪

介绍了一个使用三维激光摄像机对道路上的自行车辆和行人进行检测和跟踪的实时系统，系统主要分为物体识别模块和目标匹配跟踪模块两部分，前者采用了迭代自组织的数据分析算法(ISODATA算法)和多阈值分割方法，后者使用了一种新颖的将轨迹连贯性函数和卡尔曼滤波器相结合的多目标匹配跟踪算法，户外实验表明系统具有较高的识别率。     

Self-organization of unattended wireless acoustic sensor networks for ground target tracking

A distributed, self-organization algorithm for ground target tracking using unattended acoustic sensor network is developed. Instead of using microphone arrays, each sensor node in the sensor network uses only a single microphone as its sensing device. This design can greatly reduce the size and cost of each sensor node and allow more flexible deployment of the sensor network. The self-organization algorithm presented in this paper can dynamically select proper sensor nodes to form the localization sensor groups that can work as a virtual microphone array to perform energy efficient target localization and tracking. To achieve this, we use a time-delay based bearing estimation plus triangulation for source localization in the sensor network. Major error sources of the localization method like time delay estimation, bearing calculation and triangulation are analyzed and sensor selection criteria are developed. Based on these criteria and neighborhood information of each sensor node, a distributed self-organization algorithm is developed. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

基于扩展Kalman滤波的空基多平台多传感器数据配准和目标跟踪算法

本文研究基于扩展Kalman滤波和多个空中移动平台的多传感器数据配准与目标跟踪问题.文中首先给出了空中移动平台传感器数据配准几何坐标转换算法;接着将目标运动模型和传感器配准误差模型组合在同一个状态方程中,然后利用扩展Kalman滤波方程进行估计.Monte-Carlo仿真表明,该方法能同时有效地估计目标运动状态和传感器配准误差.     

基于自适应SR-CKF的序贯式WSNs目标跟踪算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSNs)动态目标跟踪问题,即通过对传感器获取的动态系统状态进行估计,预测目标的位置.提出一种基于自适应平方根容积卡尔曼(SR-CKF)的序贯式WSNs动态目标跟踪算法.该算法在运算过程中直接传递目标状态均值和协方差矩阵的平方根因子,降低了计算的复杂度.将目标跟踪过程序贯式地分配到动态簇集的每一个节点上,减小了无线通信过程中碰撞和干扰现象的发生,降低了节点通信和计算负担.针对不良观测信息,基于新息协方差匹配原理,建立了自适应SR-CKF,提高了整个系统的鲁棒性.实验仿真结果表明,本文提出的基于自适应SR-CKF的序贯式WSNs目标跟踪算法有效的提高了跟踪的精度和稳定性并且减小了传感器节点间通信的能量损耗.     

Energy-efficient localization and target tracking via underwater mobile sensor networks

Underwater mobile sensor networks (UMSNs) with free-floating sensors are more suitable for understanding the immense underwater environment. Target tracking, whose performance depends on sensor localization accuracy, is one of the broad applications of UMSNs. However, in UMSNs, sensors move with environmental forces, so their positions change continuously, which poses a challenge on the accuracy of sensor localization and target tracking. We propose a high-accuracy localization with mobility prediction (HLMP) algorithm to acquire relatively accurate sensor location estimates. The HLMP algorithm exploits sensor mobility characteristics and the multi-step Levinson-Durbin algorithm to predict future positions. Furthermore, we present a simultaneous localization and target tracking (SLAT) algorithm to update sensor locations based on measurements during the process of target tracking. Simulation results demonstrate that the HLMP algorithm can improve localization accuracy significantly with low energy consumption and that the SLAT algorithm can further decrease the sensor localization error. In addition, results prove that a better localization accuracy will synchronously improve the target tracking performance.     

Hybrid tracking based on color histogram for intelligent space

The vision sensor network is expected to achieve a contact-free wide-area location system without any additional burden on users in intelligent environments. In this article, a tracking algorithm for a location system in an intelligent environment is described. A modified color tracker based on a Kalman filter and a mean shift procedure is proposed in order to improve the robustness for occlusion and rapid movement. To handle the sudden change in object movement, we propose a hybrid tracking algorithm, including an adaptive feedback loop, based on the statistics of color histogram models after the mean-shift process. Experimental results showed that the proposed method achieves more robust tracking of multiple objects than the conventional method.     

A low-complexity sensor fusion algorithm based on a fiber-optic gyroscope aided camera pose estimation system

Visual tracking, as a popular computer vision technique, has a wide range of applications, such as camera pose estimation. Conventional methods for it are mostly based on vision only, which are complex for image processing due to the use of only one sensor. This paper proposes a novel sensor fusion algorithm fusing the data from the camera and the fiber-optic gyroscope. In this system, the camera acquires images and detects the object directly at the beginning of each tracking stage; while the relative motion between the camera and the object measured by the fiber-optic gyroscope can track the object coordinate so that it can improve the effectiveness of visual tracking. Therefore, the sensor fusion algorithm presented based on the tracking system can overcome the drawbacks of the two sensors and take advantage of the sensor fusion to track the object accurately. In addition, the computational complexity of our proposed algorithm is obviously lower compared with the existing approaches(86% reducing for a 0.5 min visual tracking). Experiment results show that this visual tracking system reduces the tracking error by 6.15% comparing with the conventional vision-only tracking scheme(edge detection), and our proposed sensor fusion algorithm can achieve a long-term tracking with the help of bias drift suppression calibration.     

一种面向互联概率加权的JPDA多传感器数据融合方法

针对单传感器联合概率数据互联(Joint Probabilistic Data Association, JPDA)在复杂环境下难以跟踪多个目标的问题,提出一种基于JPDA量测目标互联概率统计加权并行式和序贯式多传感器数据融合方法。首先,给出单传感器JPDA算法。然后,介绍多传感器JPDA数学模型,基于这一模型,使用互联概率加权,推导并行式和序贯式多传感器数据融合公式,这对多传感器数据融合有一定指导意义。最后,对单传感器JPDA方法在不同杂波密度、不同过程和不同观测噪声下目标跟踪的距离RMSE进行仿真,结果表明,随着这3项指标皆增大,目标距离RMSE增大;同时,对本文的2类多传感器JPDA方法与其他几类跟踪方法在数据集PETS2009下有关行人跟踪性能进行仿真,结果表明,本文并行式和序贯式多传感器JPDA方法相较于其他方法在跟踪准确性、跟踪位置准确性、航迹维持以及航迹遗失上皆为最优,而且序贯式融合略优于并行式多传感器JPDA。     

基于粒子滤波的无线传感器网络目标跟踪算法

传感器节点的组织和路由对无线传感器网络(WSN)目标跟踪算法的性能有重大影响.为此,针对具有簇一树型网络拓扑结构的WSN,首先给出集中式粒子滤波跟踪算法(CPFTA)实现的具体步骤,然后提出一种分布式粒子滤波跟踪算法(DPFTA),构建性能评价体系,通过仿真实验给出两种跟踪算法的定量比较,结果表明DPFTA的跟踪精度稍低于CPFTA,但能大幅度减少通信开销,而且具有更小的跟踪反应时间;最后仿真分析了传感器覆盖密度和检测周值对跟踪算法性能的影响.     

Real-Time Dynamic Visual Tracking Using PSD Sensors and Extended Trapezoidal Motion Planning

A real-time visual servo tracking system for an industrial robot has been implemented using PSD (Position Sensitive Detector) cameras, neural networks, and an extended trapezoidal motion planning method. PSD and directly transduces the light's projected position on its sensor plane into an analog current and lends itself to fast real-time tracking. A neural network, after proper training, transforms the PSD sensor reading into a 3D position of the target, which is then input to an extended trapezoidal motion planning algorithm. This algorithm implements a continuous motion update strategy in response to an ever-changing sensor information from the moving target, while greatly reducing the tracking delay. This planning method is found to be very useful for sensor-based control such as moving target tracking or weld-seam tracking in which the robot needs to change its motion in real time in response to incoming sensor information. Further, for real-time usage of the neural net, a new architecture called LANN (Locally Activated Neural Network) has been developed based on the concept of CMAC input partitioning and local learning. Experimental evidence shows that an industrial robot can smoothly track a moving target of unknown motion with speeds of up to 1 m/s and with oscillation frequency up to 5 Hz.