人工阶梯-深潭改善下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用

本文通过野外试验研究了人工阶梯-深潭对下切河流水生栖息地及生态的作用,试验河段位于西南山区的吊嘎河上150m侵蚀下切严重的河段,布置15级人工阶梯,对水流(水深、流速、水面宽、流量)、河床底质、河床微地貌和水生底栖动物物种及数量变化进行了5个月监测.试验结果表明,人工阶梯-深潭能有效控制河床冲刷下切,维持较为稳定的河床环境,塑造多样性的水生栖息地.采用大型底栖无脊椎动物评价河流生态显示,人工阶梯-深潭布置后,随水生栖息地多样性上升,单位面积水生生物密度、物种丰度及生物群落多样性指数均呈上升趋势,河流生态得到改善.     

近期黄河下游游荡河段床面下切与横向展宽的定量关系

水库运用初期,坝下游河床通常会发生冲深下切及滩岸崩退过程,但是现有研究较少分析河床下切与横向展宽之间的定量关系。以1999-2015年游荡河段实测断面地形资料和水沙资料为基础,分析了近期游荡河段的河床调整过程,发现河床调整以床面下切为主,部分河段崩岸明显;建立了不同河段累计床面下切值与累计滩岸崩退宽度之间的经验关系,其相关系数均大于0.8;根据水沙控制方程推导了河床下切与展宽之间的定量关系,发现累计床面下切值与河宽变化率及初始水深有关,各河段的相关系数均大于0.8;预测了未来游荡河段河床形态的调整过程,发现当各河段持续下切至某一值时,两种方法计算下的河床展宽值较为接近,一定条件下可用来估算河床下切和横向展宽的实际情况。     

卵砾石生态河床对河流水质净化和生态修复的效果

为研究卵砾石生态河床在河流原位水质净化和生态修复中的效果,选择位于宜兴市大浦镇的林庄港作为试验河道进行原位观测,对比分析了卵砾石生态河床河段和自然河床河段中的生源要素变化规律和水生生物生长状况。试验结果表明:卵砾石生态河床河段对污染物质的截留效果明显好于自然河床河段,对氨氮和总磷的截留率可分别达到37%和25%,卵砾石生态河床的构建可显著提高河道的自净能力;卵砾石生态河床河段水生植被的生长密度和覆盖率均达到良好的水平,大型底栖无脊椎动物在敏感物种数、分类单元数和生物数量密度等方面均优于自然河段的;卵砾石生态河床为水生植物、底栖动物和附着生物等水生生物提供了适宜的栖息环境,对河流生态系统的健康起到了较好的改善作用。     

人工采砂对东江干流局部河段河床冲淤的影响研究

基于水动力学方法、泥沙输移原理,建立了一维河流河床冲淤数学模型,并应用于东江干流岭下站～博罗站河段河床冲淤变化分析和预测研究。根据1972-1999年历史地形、水文、采砂资料进行河床冲淤变化分析,在1972-1999年期间,河床整体呈下切状态,人工采砂对河床冲淤变化有重大影响。在此基础上预测未来10年-20年河床冲淤变化状况,如果不考虑人工采砂影响,河床整体以淤积为主,下游河床淤积更明显,如果考虑人工采砂影响,河床则整体呈下切状态。这一研究结果表明:人工采砂直接影响研究河段河床冲淤变化形态,对河道通航和引水工程等都有很大的影响。同时,该研究结果也可为建立合理的采砂制度和建设有效的工程措施提供依据。     

小浪底水库拦沙期下游游荡性河段演变趋势研究

通过物理模型试验并结合数学模型计算分析，研究了小浪底水库拦沙期下游游荡性河段的河床演变问题。主要结果表明：（１）小浪底水库拦沙期下游河段自上而下将出现没程度的冲刷，受工程控制较好的河段，河床冲刷以下切为主，而控制较差的河段，河床下切的同时伴随着展宽，塌滩严重。（２）河床冲刷后使河道排泄能力加大，对河床变化过程的影响显著，河床综合稳定性增大，但河型并未转化，（３）游荡性河段冲刷期经常出现水流集中持续     

湘江下游河床下切对水动力条件影响的数值模拟

在研究分析相关水文数据的基础上,拟定多个不同的水动力条件情景,通过一维水动力数学模型模拟分析了湘江下游河床下切对湘江下游水动力条件的影响,探讨湘江下游河床下切引起模拟河段沿程水位、流速的变化,结果表明,湘江下游河床下切会引起模拟河段沿程水位不同程度的降低,其幅度从下游向上游逐渐增大;距离下游水位边界越远,河床下切引起的水位下降的幅度越大;下游水位越低,河床下切引起沿程水位降低的幅度越大;伴随着水位下降,河床下切使得模拟河段沿程断面的平均流速普遍减小。     

赣江南昌河段水位降低现状及影响因素

采用资料分析以及数模验证的方法,从赣江南昌河段水位降低与上游来水来沙、下游鄱阳湖水位降低以及南昌河段河床下切三个方面,对赣江南昌河段水位下降的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:河床下切是赣江南昌河段水位降低的一个主要影响因素,大规模人为采砂是南昌河段河床下切的主因;下游鄱阳湖水位的降落亦会导致赣江南昌河段的水位下降,降幅随鄱阳湖水位降低的幅度、距鄱阳湖的距离以及流量的不同而不同,并且在枯水时受局部高滩河床的影响尤其明显;水流自然冲刷对河床下切造成的影响仅占1. 0%~3. 5%,对赣江南昌河段水位下降的影响有限。     

西南山区河流河床结构及消能减灾机制

青藏高原的持续抬升导致青藏高原周边河流下切。河流下切造成河床河岸失稳,崩塌滑坡及泥石流等灾害频发。通过十余年野外调查和试验研究发现,崩塌滑坡泥石流堰塞河流形成的自然坝实际上是河流下切的负反馈的结果。自然坝稳定后控制河流下切,保持河流稳定并且改善生态。这样的功能主要来自于自然坝上发育的河床消能结构。本文总结了河床结构和自然坝消能减灾的机理,归纳以阶梯-深潭为代表的河床结构消能率的量化计算方法,并提出下切河流综合管理中能量概算的理念及基本思路。本文还介绍人工阶梯-深潭系统防治泥石流灾害的成功实践,强调人工模拟自然坝消能结构应用在防灾减灾领域的可行性及有效性。最后,以消能理念为基础,提出西南下切河流开发和管理中应建立"串糖葫芦"式中型坝群库坝体系,以实现水电开发、消能减灾和改善生态的综合目标。     

渭河咸阳陇海铁路桥下游段河床跌坎式下切的成因及危害性分析

自2013年以来,渭河咸阳陇海铁路桥下游出现了河床跌坎式下切险情,改变了河床原状,对该河段的沿河建筑物安全运行造成了威胁。为了防止下切继续发展,就必须分析河床下切形成的原因,才能有针对性的制定应对措施。本文结合渭河水文、泥沙、河床地质等资料,对河床变化及河水水沙变化等方面进行分析,得出河床下切的主要成因及危害性,并预测下切发展趋势,为下一步采取治理措施提供参考。     

采砂对天然河床断面演变及堤防稳定影响分析

近些年,建筑行业对河砂的需求量急增,导致部分河道采砂量远大于其河流天然泥砂淤积量,河床主断面下切,河道深泓向堤岸移动。过量、无序的采砂已成为影响河道防洪安全及堤防边坡稳定的重要影响因素。以天然河段为研究对象,简单用水流模型模拟了采砂坑附近水位、流场变化影响。根据水下实测资料,分析人工采砂对河床纵、横断面形态及堤防边坡抗滑稳定性的影响。结果表明:人工采砂促使河道河床局部下切,最大下切深度达17 m,对河道纵横断面演变产生重要影响。近岸采砂改变了原有河床边界条件,降低了泥沙水下稳定休止角,堤防边坡抗滑稳定性系数急剧下降,严重威胁堤防安全稳定,控制采砂、保护堤岸安全是非常迫切的。     

东江河流生态评价及其修复方略

本文通过对大型无脊椎底栖动物状况的调查对东江河流水生态状况进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了生态修复方略。从上游到河口选12个点采集底栖动物样本,发现东江流域底栖动物生物多样性在上游和中游保持在较高水平,而到下游则迅速降低到零。对增江湾、西枝江牛轭湖等处的取样进行分析并探讨改善东江生态的方法。针对不同生态应力提出了3种生态修复方略:1.创造多样性的生物栖息地,开发和形成一系列类似增江湾那样的缓流滞流区,把已经隔离的牛轭湖和江边湖泊湿地重新与江水连通;2.调整大坝运用方式,采取大坝泄放的流量逐渐增加和减少的方式,给生物发出流速增大和降低的信号,使其得以准备和躲避;3.稳定岸坡、控制侵蚀、保护和发育河边植被。     

Effects of bottom sediment restoration on interstitial habitat characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in a headwater stream

The restoration of in‐stream habitats by structural improvement of stream beds is more and more frequent, but the ecological consequences of such works are still little known. We have examined the influence of the deposit of a 15 cm gravel layer over the stream bottom on the chemical characteristics of the interstitial water, the sediment grain size and the composition of the benthic assemblages. We have compared a restored reach to an upstream control over three years and at three seasons each year. Dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate contents were measured in both surface and interstitial (?15 cm deep) waters, together with the depth of anoxia estimated using wooden stakes and fine sediment content at the surface. During the same period and seasons, benthic invertebrates were sampled at five points in each reach. The restoration induced an increase in vertical exchanges of water between surface and interstitial habitats, with an increase in the depth of hypoxia. Changes were observed in the composition of invertebrate communities, but not in the density or in the taxonomic richness of assemblages. These changes in assemblages were fragile: a local disturbance (such as a drying period) diminished the beneficial effect of the restoration with the disappearance of several organisms. The viability of such restoration works may be associated with catchment management designed to reduce fine sediment inputs to the river. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Invertebrate response to impacts of water diversion and flow regulation in high‐altitude tropical streams

Water supply systems are critical infrastructure that provides food and energy security for developed societies. The operation of reservoirs (flow regulation) and water intakes (water diversion) has known negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems; however, quantification of ecological impacts and examination of these two types of flow alteration remain a developing area of research. We investigated the individual and combined impact of flow regulation and water diversion on stream ecosystem integrity, the freshwater macroinvertebrate community, and the population structure of flow‐sensitive insects. For 2 years, we monitored quarterly discharge, physical and chemical stream conditions, and benthic invertebrates of four high‐altitude tropical streams that are part of the water supply system of Quito, Ecuador. Flow regulation caused a loss of the hydrological seasonality of these streams, including a decrease in stream depth and biotic quality. Water diversion caused a decrease in dissolved oxygen and overall ecosystem integrity. Freshwater invertebrate density and richness decreased as a result of water diversion and flow regulation. The combined flow alteration in these streams decreased the density of nymphal stages of the widely distributed mayfly Andesiops peruvianus. Given the societal needs for food and energy security, water management for diversion (e.g., irrigation) and in‐line storage practices (e.g., hydroelectric dams) are anticipated to increase. This research suggests that the negative environmental impacts of flow alteration could be mitigated with discharge releases designed to approximate the natural hydrologic regime of undisturbed streams.     

Macroinvertebrate assemblages of littoral habitats in the Macquarie and Mersey rivers,Tasmania: Implications for the management of regulated rivers

Littoral habitats in large rivers are influenced to varying degrees by changes in discharge. Irrigation abstractions can increase the amount of habitat that would naturally be dewatered during low flow periods and therefore it is important to have some knowledge of the potential impact this may have on riverine macroinvertebrates. The macroinvertebrate assemblages of common littoral habitats in riffles, pools and runs in two reaches each of the Macquarie and Mersey Rivers, northern Tasmania, Australia were compared from samples collected during the low flow and irrigation season, between December 1991 and April 1992. The area under water of these habitats, riffle substrata, macrophyte beds and coarse woody debris, responded differently to changes in discharge. Within a reach, the same taxonomic groups often dominated the total number of macroinvertebrates for all habitats, but there were differences in the proportions contributed by these taxa to the different habitats. In general, taxa characteristic of slow-flowing or lentic habitats, such as ostracods and amphipods, were dominant in macrophyte beds in pools and runs, whereas taxa such as larval elmid beetles and hydropsychid caddisflies were dominant in riffles. A substantial component of the fauna from each habitat within a reach was unique to that habitat, but there was always a similar number of taxa common to all habitats. Classification and ordination grouped samples from both rivers firstly by habitat and secondly by month and reach. Total density and family richness of invertebrates differed by reach, habitat and month in both rivers, except for richness in the Mersey River where habitat was not significant. Differences in densities and numbers of invertebrate families among habitats were not consistent between reaches for each river. This study has highlighted the differences in macroinvertebrate assemblages of several littoral habitats in two lowland rivers in Tasmania. Differences in taxonomic composition, density and richness among habitats within reaches strongly imply the uniqueness of these habitats in terms of the invertebrate faunas that occupy them. We suggest that if maintenance of biotic diversity is an aim of instream flow management, water allocations that address low flows should place a high priority on the maintenance of a diversity of habitats.     

Macroinvertebrate community structure and function associated with large wood in low gradient streams

Large woody debris (wood) plays a number of important roles in forested stream ecosystems. Wood in streams provides habitat and flow refugia for fish and invertebrates, and is a site of biofilm production that serves as food for grazing organisms. Logs added to streams are rapidly colonized by invertebrates, and this habitat alteration is accompanied by changes in community composition and functional processes. A multiple habitat, qualitative sampling approach was employed to evaluate macroinvertebrate communities associated with wood habitats in 71 stream reaches in central Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, two agricultural regions in the midwestern United States. Macroinvertebrate taxa were classified with respect to behaviour (e.g. sprawler, clinger, swimmer), as well as trophic/feeding characteristics. These traits were used to examine community structure as a function of wood abundance and distribution. Although wood is not abundant in these streams and logs are generally small in size, wood is a very important habitat in both Michigan and Minnesota: 86% and 95% of the total taxa encountered at Michigan and Minnesota study sites, respectively, were found in wood habitats. Differences in regional patterns in the distribution of taxa across habitats were observed between Michigan and Minnesota. These are believed to result from differences in the number of habitat types available, and the dominant substrate composition. Local invertebrate diversity increased in Michigan, but not Minnesota, with the presence of wood habitats in streams. The presence of wood at a site increased the average taxa richness by 15 and 10 taxa in Michigan and Minnesota, respectively. Macroinvertebrate behavioural attributes and functional traits associated with wood habitats suggest that community traits may vary due to both local difference in flow and the location of wood in the channel. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Response of the benthic macroinvertebrate community in a northern Michigan stream to reduced summer streamflows

We evaluated the response of benthic macroinvertebrates in a Michigan trout stream to flow reduction by diverting water from a 602 m reach of Hunt Creek from June through August of 1994, 1997 and 1998. We also assessed the utility of the Physical Habitat Simulation system (PHABSIM) in predicting the response of benthic insects to water withdrawals by testing the assumption of a positive linear relationship between modelled habitat (weighted usable area, WUA) and the density of 13 benthic insect families. Our findings showed that the density of filter feeding and grazing insect taxa, as well as insects classified as obligate erosional zone taxa, declined significantly in the dewatered (treatment) zone (TZ) when 90% of flow was diverted. Density of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa in the TZ was significantly lower when 90% of water was diverted as compared to density at baseflow or when flow was reduced by 50%. The density of all insects in an upstream reference zone riffle (RZ), where flow was not altered, did not change among experimental periods. Although overall reductions in the density of benthic insects at 90% flow reduction coincided with lower PHABSIM predictions of WUA, we found poor linear correlation between WUA at different flows and the density of the 13 benthic insect families for which WUA was modelled. The low proportion of variation explained by WUA for all families modelled suggests that WUA alone is not an accurate predictor of benthic insect density. Resource managers should consider the potential consequences of water withdrawals to all components of stream communities, including benthic macroinvertebrates. However, caution should be applied when using the PHABSIM technique in groundwater‐fed streams such as Hunt Creek, because most relationships between WUA and benthic insect density were insignificant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PATTERNS OF BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY IN THE REGULATED MAGPIE RIVER AND NEIGHBOURING NATURAL RIVERS

Fluctuating flows common in hydropeaking operations present biota with contrasting and challenging environments. Taxa that require a narrow range of water velocity or are not adapted to withstand sudden changes in discharge will likely be eliminated or competitively disadvantaged under such circumstances, perhaps leading to reduced biodiversity. I investigated the whole river, longitudinal and lateral patterns of benthic invertebrate abundance, Shannon–Wiener diversity, and rarefied taxa density and richness in the hydropeaking Magpie River and 16 neighbouring natural rivers. The Magpie River had greater abundances of benthic invertebrates than natural rivers, particularly near the dam. General differences in benthic community characteristics were largely based on the near absence of Odonata and Plecoptera and an abundance of snails and worms in the Magpie River. Family density, richness and diversity were greater in the regulated Magpie River and unregulated upper Magpie River than found in natural rivers. Longitudinally, family density, diversity and particularly richness increased downstream in the Magpie River. Laterally, diversity did not show any trends with increasing depth along transects, except at near the dam where it decreased sharply with depth, velocity, and an abundance of filter feeding invertebrates. Taxa density did not show any lateral trends in natural rivers, whereas in the Magpie River, it increased with water velocity and depth. The results of this study are contradictory to the general findings of others implying reduced biodiversity below hydropower facilities. Possible explanations are examined and contrasted with other examinations of benthic invertebrate response below hydropeaking dams. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2012.     

Invertebrate communities in Compensation Creek,a man‐made stream in boreal Newfoundland: The influence of large woody debris

Benthic invertebrate communities were examined in Compensation Creek, a man‐made stream in south‐central Newfoundland, Canada. Samples taken in September 2006 and September 2007 from large woody debris (LWD) were compared with samples from benthic environments to determine whether LWD supported a more diverse and abundant invertebrate community. Benthic habitats in a nearby natural stream were also sampled. Taxa composition was similar between the man‐made and the natural stream, highlighting successful colonization for the majority of taxa. Within Compensation Creek, taxa richness was higher in benthic habitats than on LWD, likely influenced by the successional age of the stream and surrounding habitat. The more complex benthic substrate provided refugia and allowed for the accumulation of fine detritus as a food source. Scrapers were almost completely absent from LWD and collector‐gatherer abundance was greater in the benthos. Collector‐filterer abundance was more than six times greater near the pond outflow than farther downstream when discharge was high, but abundances were almost equal when discharge was reduced. Riparian vegetation has not fully established around the man‐made stream, whereas it is overhanging and extensive at the natural stream, leading to more leaf‐litter input for shredders. As the morphology of Compensation Creek changes, the invertebrate community will continue to develop and likely increase utilization of accumulated detritus at LWD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of hydropeaking on benthic invertebrate community composition in two central Norwegian rivers

Hydropower regulations can have dramatic impacts on river ecological communities. The operation of hydropower stations is related to power demands, but their releases in the receiving water body causes sudden changes in flow, which in turn affect the biota. The effects of such flow variations on benthic invertebrates is not fully understood. Here, we studied the effects of duration and intensity of hydropeaking on benthic invertebrates in two rivers over a 3.5‐year period. We used both quantitative (Surber) and semiquantitative (kick samples) sampling methods to compare the ramping zone with the permanently water covered zone downstream of the hydropower plant, and with corresponding unaffected upstream areas. The ramping zone had a different invertebrate community composition and lower benthic density than other areas, especially after hydropeaking. Mayflies and chironomids were most negatively affected by hydropeaking and oligochaetes largely unaffected. Chironomids and the mayfly Baetis rhodani were able to recolonize the ramping zone and almost reach densities similar to deeper areas within 48 days following hydropeaking. The relative abundance of filter feeders tended to increase and gatherers/collectors tended to decrease from the ramping zone towards the deep, permanently water covered areas. In corresponding areas upstream of the power plant, the relative abundance of different functional feeding groups was the same in the mid‐channel and shore sites. Our study shows that hydropeaking has clear impacts on the functional structure of benthic invertebrates below the power plants. The ecological impact of hydropeaking on invertebrate communities should thus be taken into account, for example, by reducing the amplitude and duration of flow fluctuations.     

A Decade after Invasion: Evaluating the Continuing Effects of Rusty Crayfish on a Michigan River

In 2004, we revisited a Michigan stream invaded by rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) to determine if this species continued to expand its downstream range and negatively impact the stream food web. Compared to a 1992 study, we predicted that rusty crayfish would increase in density and downstream distribution from a small lake, resulting in further reduction of in-stream resources such as organic matter, benthic invertebrates, and periphyton. To determine current crayfish distributions and impacts, we conducted a longitudinal survey of crayfish abundance, ran a 28-d leaf breakdown experiment, and sampled benthic substrates. Leaf packs of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaves were placed at three sites with differing crayfish densities (high, intermediate, and none). Breakdown rates were compared across the three sites and for two treatments (closed leaf bags excluding crayfish and open bags allowing crayfish access). Benthic invertebrates were sampled from leaf bags and invertebrates and periphyton were sampled from cobbles. In contrast to 1992, we found that the maximum downstream distance of rusty crayfish declined from 4 km to less than 3 km downstream from the lake. Leaves in open bags decayed significantly faster (k = 0.143) than did leaves in closed bags at all sites (k = 0.079) (p = 0.0005). The site lacking crayfish had significantly higher densities of invertebrates compared to both high and intermediate crayfish density sites (p = 0.005). Although we found that rusty crayfish reduced standing stocks of leaves and invertebrates, we did not detect measurable changes in periphyton biomass. Therefore, rusty crayfish have not dispersed further downstream since 1992, but where present, these omnivores significantly reduce resource availability via the consumption of leaf material and benthic invertebrates.