儿童分化型甲状腺癌的临床特征及治疗体会

目的 探讨儿童分化型甲状腺癌的临床特征和治疗特点。 方法 回顾分析经手术治疗的18岁以下的分化型甲状腺癌32例的临床资料。 结果 32例患者中男8例,女24例。发病年龄<14岁11例,≥ 14岁21例;累及双侧甲状腺19例,单侧13例。多发病灶23例,单发病灶9例;肿瘤≥1 cm 30例,<1 cm 2例;病理证实甲状腺乳头状癌27例,甲状腺滤泡状癌5例;发生颈淋巴结转移25例,转移率为78.13%,颈部Ⅰ~Ⅵ区及上纵隔区均有淋巴结转移,各区转移率分别为 3.13%、31.25%、31.25%、37.50%、9.38%、68.75%、25.00%;发生甲状腺外侵12例,肺转移5例,甲状腺癌术后颈部淋巴结转移10例。随访1~14年,无死亡病例。 结论 儿童分化型甲状腺癌具有侵袭性强、转移率高、复发率高、死亡率低的临床特点,甲状腺全切除术和规范的颈结清扫术值得高度重视。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律及影响因素分析

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律及其相关影响因素,为甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结清扫术提供一定的临床依据。方法：回顾性分析314例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床资料。314例患者中,行甲状腺腺叶峡部切除、中央区淋巴结清扫术79例,甲状腺全切、中央区淋巴结清扫术173例,甲状腺全切、中央区淋巴结清扫术、侧颈部改良根治性颈部淋巴结清扫术62例。手术中清扫出淋巴结1～55个,其中阳性淋巴结0～14个。结果：314例患者中经病理证实共有168例（53．50％）患者有淋巴结转移,其中中央区淋巴结转移159例（50．64％）,中央区＋侧颈转移淋巴结55例（17．52％）,单纯侧颈淋巴结转移9例（2．87％）。患者年龄、肿瘤直径、甲状腺被膜受侵犯、临床分期是甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的影响因素（P〈0．05）。结论：甲状腺乳头状癌患者最常发生中央区淋巴结转移,应常规进行中央区淋巴结清扫术。     

甲状腺肿瘤10年1862例临床分析

目的:探讨甲状腺肿瘤的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析1995年2004年十年间1862例甲状腺肿瘤(1524例甲状腺良性肿瘤,338例的甲状腺癌)的临床资料及随访结果。结果:外科手术操作技术一律采用包膜解剖技术(除峡部外),即常规显露喉返神经及逐一结扎进人甲状腺的三级血管分支,既避免损伤喉返神经,又保留了甲状旁腺血供。局限于一侧的良性肿瘤以甲状腺腺叶切除,双侧甲状腺良性肿瘤,以较大一侧的甲状腺腺叶切除加对侧肿块切除术;T1-T3期分化性甲状腺癌,行一侧的甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除,对T4期分化性甲状腺癌,则进行全甲状腺切除或近全甲状腺切除术;对甲状腺髓样癌行全甲切除+功能性颈清术;临床NO分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除+中央区淋巴结清扫术。手术并发症包括术后出血2例(0.1%),乳糜漏1例(0.05%)2例暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,无喉返神经损伤及永久性甲状腺功能低下。结论:严格掌握甲状腺肿瘤外科的治疗原则及熟悉包膜解剖技术是甲状腺外科手术的关键。     

甲状腺癌再手术15例

目的：探讨甲状腺癌患者再手术的相关因素,选择合理的手术方式。方法：对15例再手术的分化型甲状腺癌患者的资料进行回顾性分析。结果：15例中二次手术者12例,三次手术者3例;15例分化型甲状腺癌再次手术发现总残癌率为60.0%(9/15),其中原发部位残癌率46.7% (7/15),颈部淋巴结转移40.0（6/15）。结论：甲状腺肿瘤手术应行甲状腺腺叶切除,疑有颈淋巴结转移时要行规范化的颈淋巴结清扫术。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移规律临床分析

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC）颈部淋巴结转移规律及清扫范围的合理选择,提高患者生存质量。方法回顾性分析我院2007年10月～2009年9月收治的160例行功能性颈部淋巴结清扫术（functional node dissection,FND）患者,按VI区阳性淋巴结数由少到多分为4组：组1（对照组）,54例患者,淋巴结数0个;组2,52例患者,淋巴结数1～2个;组3,28例患者,淋巴结数3～4个;组4,26例患者,淋巴结数≥5个。应用χ2检验和Logistic回归方法分析比较各组淋巴结转移规律。结果性别、年龄、体重指数与II～IV区淋巴结转移无关（P均〉0.05）,原发灶侵及范围和VI区阳性淋巴结数均与II～IV区淋巴结转移有关（χ2=8.025,P〈0.05;χ2=17.234,P〈0.05）。诸因素与V区淋巴结转移的关系无关（P均〉0.05）。另随VI区阳性淋巴结数增加,II～IV区淋巴结转移相对危险度依次增加,肿物范围侵出腺叶时患者II～IV区淋巴结转移是腺内II～IV区淋巴结转移风险的2.48倍。结论 PTC原发灶侵及范围及VI区淋巴结转移情况对II～IV区淋巴结转移的影响有统计学意义,并随VI区阳性淋巴结数增加,II～IV区淋巴结转移相对危险度依次增加。淋巴结转移规律研究可为临床合理选择颈部淋巴结清扫范围、选择更适宜的术式提供依据,进一步提高患者生存质量。     

甲状腺癌再次手术62例临床分析

目的：总结甲状腺癌再手术的原因及探讨甲状腺癌再手术方式。方法：临床资料回顾性分析,结合文献进行讨论。结果：同期手术治疗甲状腺癌患者共133例,其中62例属再次手术治疗（占46．6％）,男性15例,女性47例。再手术原因包括：（1）原发癌灶残留;（2）甲状腺癌联合根治术后复发或淋巴结转移;（3）对侧甲状腺及侧颈淋巴结出现病灶;（4）甲状腺隐性癌并颈淋巴结转移。再手术方式包括：（1）对原发灶行单纯肿瘤切除或腺叶次全切除者,切除残叶及峡部。或加对侧叶次全切;（2）对颈部淋巴结转移者,行颈淋巴结清扫术;（3）对隐性癌并颈淋巴结转移者,行甲状腺癌联合根治术;（4）对侧甲状腺及对侧颈淋巴结转移者,作对侧甲状腺癌根河术。再手术组5年生存率84．8％,8年生存率80％,结论：对局限于一侧甲状腺叶的甲状腺癌,再次手术至少行患侧甲状腺叶及峡部切除,避免单纯肿瘤摘除术;联合根治术后复发或颈淋巴结转移患者,手术仍为主要治疗手段;应重视甲状腺隐性癌的诊断及处理。     

甲状腺癌再次手术62例临床分析

目的：总结甲状腺癌再手术的原因及探讨甲状腺癌再手术方式。方法：临床资料回顾性分析,结合文献进行讨论。结果：同期手术治疗甲状腺癌患者共１３３例,其中６２例属再次手术治疗（占４６．６％）,男性１５例,女性４７例。再手术原因包括：①原发癌灶残留;②甲状腺癌联合根治术后复发或淋巴结转移;③对侧甲状腺及对侧颈淋巴结出现病灶;④甲状腺隐性癌并颈淋巴结转移。再手术方式包括：①对原发灶行单纯肿瘤切除或腺叶次全切除者,切除残叶及峡部,或加对侧叶次全切;②对颈部淋巴结转移者,行颈淋巴结清扫术;③对隐性癌并颈淋巴结转移者,行甲状腺癌联合根治术;④对侧甲状腺及对侧颈淋巴结转移者,作对侧甲状腺癌根治术。再手术组５年生存率８４．８％,８年生存率８０％。结论：对局限于一侧甲状腺叶的甲状腺癌,首次手术至少行患侧甲状腺叶及峡部切除,避免单纯肿瘤摘除术;联合根治术后复发或颈淋巴结转移患者,手术仍为主要治疗手段;应重视甲状腺隐性癌的诊断及处理。     

分化型甲状腺癌颈淋巴结清扫术

分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC)起源于甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞,占甲状腺癌的90％以上,主要包括甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)和甲状腺滤泡状癌(follicular thyroid carcinoma,FTC),少数为Hurthle细胞或嗜酸性细胞肿瘤.颈部淋巴结转移是PTC主要的生物学特性之一,约20％ ～90％ PTC诊断时病理证实颈部淋巴结转移,转移部位最常见为同侧颈Ⅵ区淋巴结.甲状腺癌患者的颈部淋巴结转移,是复发率增高、存活率降低的危险因素.低分化型甲状腺癌也属于分化型甲状腺癌范畴,此类型肿瘤的临床生物学特点为高侵袭性、易转移、预后差.     

分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗的术式选择

目的 :探讨分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗术式的选择。方法 :对 6 6例分化型甲状腺癌病例行患侧腺叶、峡部加对侧次全切除术 49例 ,患侧腺叶及峡部切除术 7例 ,一侧腺叶次全切除及对侧部分切除术 6例 ,全甲状腺切除术 4例。行患侧功能性颈清扫术加对侧功能性颈清扫术 43例 ,双侧功能性颈清扫术 1例及患侧传统性颈清扫术 10例 ,患侧传统性颈清扫术 5例。结果 :3年生存率 96 % (2 5 /2 6 ) ,5年生存率 94% (17/18) ,1例死于白血病 ,1例失访。 4例行全甲状腺切除术的病例术后均出现甲状腺功能减退 ,其中 2例出现甲状旁腺功能减退(5 0 % ) ,其他病例均未发生甲状腺功能和甲状旁腺功能减退。无一例发生喉返神经麻痹。结论 :对分化型甲状腺癌 ,主张行患侧腺叶切除加对侧次全切除或大部切除 ;如术前发现颈淋巴结肿大 ,应同时行患侧淋巴结清扫术。而N0 患者 ,除了对高危组 (男 >41岁 ,女 >5 1岁 )患者腺体外乳头状瘤或明显侵犯包膜的滤泡型腺癌者应行功能性颈清扫术 ,其他随访容易的N0 患者可以不必常规行颈清扫术 ,并提倡长期密切随访。     

侵犯气管的分化型甲状腺癌气管袖状切除术

目的 寻找侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗的方法,探讨包括气管及喉部分切除在内的根治性手术可行性和有效性。 方法 3例均为女性,2例为甲状腺乳头状癌,1例滤泡状癌,均侵入气管。一例采取右侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及声门下喉部分切除术,术后因喉切缘肿瘤残留补充放疗总量55 Gy;另一例采取左侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及左改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术;第三例采取全甲状腺切除、气管袖状和喉部分切除术、双侧改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术和上纵隔淋巴结清扫术。 结果术后均无声音嘶哑,呼吸平稳,无需气管切开,均无吻合口漏。随访近2年均未见吻合口狭窄和肿瘤复发。 结论对侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌患者进行包括气管袖状切除术在内的根治性手术治疗是可行和有效的。     

分化型甲状腺癌Ⅵ区与Ⅱ-Ⅴ区淋巴转移的关系及预后

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌Ⅵ区与颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ）区颈淋巴转移的特点，为临床选择正确术式提供依据。方法回顾性分析1984年3月至2000年12月，99例甲状腺癌患者在辽宁省肿瘤医院头颈外科进行初次手术，同期行颈清扫术，进行病理检查，术后随访，并对结果进行统计分析。结果99例分化型甲状腺癌中，乳头状甲状腺癌61例（双侧乳头状甲状腺癌1例），乳头滤泡混合型13例，滤泡状甲状腺癌25例。根据2002年UICCTNM分期：Ⅰ期60例，Ⅱ期1例，Ⅲ期5例，Ⅳ期33例。一侧腺叶及峡部切除80例，一侧腺叶及对侧大部或次全切除15例，全甲状腺切除术4例。全部患者同期颈清扫术104侧（双颈清扫5例），其中经典性清扫66例（68侧），改良性清扫33例（36侧）。术后病理检查淋巴结阳性83例（86侧），其中3例双侧淋巴结阳性，颈淋巴转移率为83．8％（83／99）。VI区阳性率37．5％（39／104），颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ区）阳性率76．9％（80／104），VI区和颈侧区淋巴结阳性率比较，差异有统计学意义（配对X^2检验，X^2=33．01，P〈0．01）。统计分析表明颈侧区淋巴转移和Ⅵ区淋巴转移无相关性（独立X。检验，X^2=2．08，Pearson列联系数C=0．14，P〉0．05）。10年、15年生存率分别为88．3％和84．5％。结论分化型甲状腺癌Ⅵ区与颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ区）淋巴转移率不同。不能仅从Ⅵ区转移判断颈侧区是否有转移。发生Ⅵ区淋巴转移的患者不比颈侧区（Ⅱ-Ⅴ区）淋巴转移的预后差，经过正确的外科治疗，预后较好。     

甲状腺癌再次手术的探讨

目的 探讨甲状腺癌再手术的必要性和方式.方法 总结1991年1月～2006年1月检查甲状腺癌局部切除术后再次手术治疗的126例患者临床资料.第1次对原发灶只进行单纯肿瘤切除或腺叶部分切除者,再手术时切除残叶及峡部,或加对侧叶部分或近全切除;颈淋巴结转移者,行经典性或改良性颈清扫术.结果 术后病理检查残叶有癌残留52例,无癌残留74例,癌残留率41.3%,术后病理检查证实淋巴结转移癌67例,颈淋巴结转移率72.8%.喉返神经损伤发生率3.2%.5年、10年累积生存率分别为93.2%、82.4%.结论 由于误诊等原因致甲状腺癌术后残留率高,积极合理的再手术是必要的.     

Clinical study on papillary thyroid carcinoma presenting with lymph node metastasi

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may metastasize to cervical lymph nodes. It is, however, uncommon for a palpable neck node alone to lead to the diagnosis of this disease when it is not apparent at presentation. Standard treatment for such cases has not yet been established. We retrospectively analyzed clinical courses in 8 patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma presenting with palpable lymph node metastasis at Hokkaido University Hospital between 1990 and 2003. Three had high thyrogloblin in cervical cystic lesions, leading to the diagnosis of PTC with lymph node metastasis. In 4, PTC was diagnosed by pathological examination of cervical lymph nodes initially diagnosed as lateral cervical cysts. Preoperative examination did not indicate PTC within the gland in any case. All 8 were alive at the last visit after follow-up from 23 to 150 months (mean: 78 months). Total thyroidectomy was done on 4 and thyroid lobectomy on 3. Pathological examination of resected thyroid glands confirmed multifocal papillary carcinoma from 4 mm to 15 mm in diameter. Six underwent unilateral neck dissection and 1 chose bilateral dissection. The other patient received no additional surgery on either the thyroid or neck after the single enlarged lymph node initially diagnosed as a lateral cervical cyst was resected. Postoperative radioiodine treatment was done in 2 undergoing total thyroidectomy. Recurrence in the cervical area were observed in 1 whose neck dissection was insufficient. Based on these observations, we concluded that patients who undergo thyroid lobectomy and adequate neck dissection may enjoy longer survival than those treated with total thyroidectomy without sacrificing thyroid and parathyroid function. We therefore propose a prospective study on the effectiveness of thyroid lobectomy with neck dissection including positive nodes in patients with occult PTC presenting with lymph node metastasis.     

影像学评估结合纳米碳在甲状腺癌淋巴结处理中的作用

目的：探讨术前影像学评估结合术中应用纳米碳在甲状腺癌淋巴结处理中的作用。方法：收集81例初治的甲状腺癌患者的临床资料,分为实验组（42例）和对照组（39例）。根据术前彩超结合增强CT评估及病理检查结果,分别行中央区清扫及择区性Ⅲ、Ⅳ区清扫或侧颈区清扫。实验组在甲状腺注入纳米碳,分别计数3种清扫方式的淋巴结总数、转移数、黑染数及黑染转移数,对照组分别计数3种清扫方式的淋巴结总数、转移数;检查2组甲状腺及中央区清扫标本中有无甲状旁腺。结果：实验组中央区及Ⅲ、Ⅳ区和侧颈区清扫标本淋巴结黑染率分别为80.0%、54.9%及39.1%。在中央区清扫标本中,对照组、实验组平均每侧检出的淋巴结数为（3.03±2.07）枚、（4.72±2.97）枚,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;在Ⅲ、Ⅳ区清扫标本中,对照组、实验组平均每侧检出的淋巴结数为（5.53±3.78）枚、（10.29±3.36）枚,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;在侧颈区清扫标本中,对照组、实验组平均每侧检出的淋巴结数为（13.40±9.67）枚、（14.56±6.28）枚,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。3种清扫方式平均每侧检出的转移淋巴结数实验组和对照组比较均差异无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。实验组68侧甲状腺或中央区清扫标本中有3侧检出甲状旁腺,对照组60侧甲状腺或中央区清扫标本中有9侧检出甲状旁腺,2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：纳米碳在中央区清扫及侧颈区cN0者行择区性Ⅲ、Ⅳ区清扫时可以较好地标记淋巴结,提高了淋巴结检出率;侧颈区cN＋者,纳米碳没有提高淋巴结的检出率。纳米碳在甲状腺腺叶切除及中央区清扫时可以有效区别和保护甲状旁腺。     

Regional metastatic pattern of papillary thyroid carcinoma

The objective of the present study was to determine the pattern of lymphatic spread in papillary thyroid carcinoma with clinically positive nodes. Between 1999 and 2008, a total of 48 consecutive patients with clinical evidence of cervical lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma underwent 61 modified radical neck dissections (13 being bilateral) including levels II–VI. All neck dissection specimens were separated during surgery into levels and analysis was done with respect to the levels of neck. T value of tumor and demographic parameters were compared with the number of metastatic nodes with univariate analysis. The median number of pathologic nodes in neck dissection specimen was 7.0. The predominant site of metastasis was level VI (77%), followed by level III (69%), level IV (66%), and level II (46%). Level V showed 34% of nodal metastasis. Seven patients had level VII, and five patients had parapharyngeal lymph node dissections because of lymphatic involvement at these sites. There was no statistically significant correlation between T value, age, sex and the number of histologically positive lymph nodes (P = 0.39, P = 0.91 and P = 0.84, respectively). It was concluded that the high incidence of metastatic disease in levels II through VI supports the recommendation for level II through level VI neck dissection in patient with clinically positive neck disease.     

甲状腺癌颈清扫术后乳糜漏的综合治疗

目的 探讨甲状腺癌颈淋巴清扫术后产生乳糜漏的原因及处理策略。 方法 回顾性分析647例甲状腺乳头状癌患者行颈淋巴清扫术后的临床资料。对11例术后发生乳糜漏的患者给予静脉营养、低脂饮食、局部加压及负压引流等措施。 结果 该组患者乳糜漏出现在手术后的第0.5~3.0天,其发生率为1.7%,患者乳糜漏的峰值引流量为 120~1100 mL/d。该组患者接受淋巴结清扫区域:单侧叶+峡部切除449 例,接受全甲状腺切除152例,单侧叶+峡部切除+对侧次全切除46例;单纯中央区淋巴结清扫总共 395 例,发生乳糜漏5例,发生率为1.26%(5/395)。侧颈+中央区淋巴清扫共83例,发生乳糜漏4例,发生率为4.8%(4/83),内镜辅助上纵隔清扫总共6例,发生乳糜漏2例,发生率为33.3%(2/6)。乳糜漏左侧与右侧之比为7∶4;其中3例患者为复发再清扫(rRLN)。每日引流量<20 mL/d时拔管,乳糜漏闭合时间为6~23 d,中位时间11 d。所有患者未行二次手术处理。 结论 甲状腺癌行淋巴结清扫手术时应仔细规范操作以预防乳糜漏的发生,及时采取调整饮食、负压引流等综合措施多可治愈,保守治疗无效时行手术治疗。     

The Sentinel Node Procedure with Patent Blue V Dye in the Surgical Treatment of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

How far to extend the surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is still an open question. A contribution may come from intra-operative lymphatic mapping because, in other malignancies, the procedure has become an important aid in defining lymph node status. To assess the feasibility of using the sentinel lymph node (SLN) technique with the intratumoral injection of Patent Blue V dye to guide nodal dissection in PTC, 29 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of PTC and no clinical or ultrasonographic evidence of nodal involvement underwent cervicotomy and exposure of the thyroid gland, followed by Patent Blue V dye injection into the thyroid nodule. Total thyroidectomy was subsequently performed, resecting the lymph nodes at levels III, IV, VI and VII. The thyroid, SLN and the other lymph nodes were snap-frozen and submitted for both intra-operative and subsequent definitive pathological evaluation. Intra-operative lymphatic mapping located the SLN in 22/29 patients (75.9%) and the SLN revealed neoplastic involvement in 4/22 (18.2%); other lymph nodes were also positive in 2 cases. In the 18 patients whose SLNs were not metastatic, the other nodes were also disease-free. The SLN technique thus seems helpful in avoiding unnecessary lymph node dissection in PTC without spread to the SLN.     

The sentinel node procedure with Patent Blue V dye in the surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma.

How far to extend the surgical treatment of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is still an open question. A contribution may come from intra-operative lymphatic mapping because, in other malignancies, the procedure has become an important aid in defining lymph node status. To assess the feasibility of using the sentinel lymph node (SLN) technique with the intratumoral injection of Patent Blue V dye to guide nodal dissection in PTC, 29 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of PTC and no clinical or ultrasonographic evidence of nodal involvement underwent cervicotomy and exposure of the thyroid gland, followed by Patent Blue V dye injection into the thyroid nodule. Total thyroidectomy was subsequently performed, resecting the lymph nodes at levels III, IV, VI and VII. The thyroid, SLN and the other lymph nodes were snap-frozen and submitted for both intra-operative and subsequent definitive pathological evaluation. Intra-operative lymphatic mapping located the SLN in 22/29 patients (75.9%) and the SLN revealed neoplastic involvement in 4/22 (18.2%); other lymph nodes were also positive in 2 cases. In the 18 patients whose SLNs were not metastatic, the other nodes were also disease-free. The SLN technique thus seems helpful in avoiding unnecessary lymph node dissection in PTC without spread to the SLN.     

甲状腺癌的外科治疗分析

目的 探讨甲状腺癌的外科治疗相关问题。方法 对28例经手术治疗的甲状腺癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 术中常规快速冰冻切片病理诊断,术后常规病理切片确诊,术中、术后病理不符2例;乳头状癌22例,滤泡状癌2例,淋巴瘤1例,乳头状癌合并低分化癌1例,髓样癌1例,小细胞癌1例;扩大甲状腺全切2例,甲状腺全切8例,腺叶加峡部切除10例,一侧腺叶、峡部加对侧腺叶大部切除术7例,肿物局部切除1例;双侧颈清术5例,单侧颈清术6例。本组无手术死亡,术后新发现声嘶1例,出现抽搐2例。甲状腺全切者常规甲状腺素替代治疗。结论 术中冰冻切片病理检查有助于甲状腺癌的诊断和术式选择;病理类型、癌肿侵犯范围是决定手术范围的重要因素。