几种典型有害藻对皱纹盘鲍急性毒性及其抗氧化酶活性的影响

为更好地了解有害藻华对鲍的影响及其原因,本文选择米氏凯伦藻（Karenia mikimotoi）、链状亚历山大藻（Alexandrium catenella）、东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）和抑食金球藻（Aureococcus anophageffferens）4种典型有害藻,开展对皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai）的急性毒性及其成体抗氧化酶活性研究。研究发现,米氏凯伦藻和链状亚历山大藻均可致皱纹盘鲍幼虫、幼鲍和成体死亡。在米氏凯伦藻藻华现场密度下（5000/mL）,皱纹盘鲍幼虫的致死效应最显著,96 h时的存活率为4.7%。暴露在4000/mL藻密度链状亚历山大藻中,96 h时幼虫存活率为25.5%,暴露在10000/mL藻密度链状亚历山大藻中,48 h时幼鲍和成体存活率降至3.3%和6.7%。东海原甲藻和抑食金球藻对幼鲍和成鲍没有急性毒性影响,但能够降低皱纹盘鲍幼虫的存活率。米氏凯伦藻和链状亚历山大藻能够抑制皱纹盘鲍鳃的SOD酶活性和CAT酶活性、肝胰组织的SOD酶活性和GSH-Px酶活性,对皱纹盘鲍免疫系统造成损伤,而东海原甲藻和抑食金球藻对鲍体内的3种抗氧化酶活性的影响不明显。以上结果表明,米氏凯伦藻和链状亚历山大藻藻华能对鲍养殖产业造成严重威胁,东海原甲藻和抑食金球藻藻华可对鲍的资源补充存在不利影响。     

福建沿海米氏凯伦藻赤潮对皱纹盘鲍的危害原因

针对2012年在福建沿海致鲍鱼大量死亡、造成了巨大经济损失的米氏凯伦藻赤潮,为验证鲍鱼短时间内大量死亡的原因是否来源于米氏凯伦藻自身的毒性效应,本文初步研究了不同环境条件下,分离自赤潮现场的一株米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)的急性毒性效应。实验过程中,监测了曝气与非曝气条件下,环境因素中氨氮(TAN)、pH、DO的变化。研究发现,曝气条件下,实验体系中DO的变动范围为7.3~7.8 mg/L,pH的变动范围为7.5~8.2,TAN浓度的变动范围为0.0035~0.084 mg/L(能维持贝类正常生存),此时米氏凯伦藻趋近于赤潮现场藻细胞数量时(3107/L),鲍鱼48 h死亡率为33.3%,96 h内死亡率达100%,说明此时鲍鱼的急剧死亡是由米氏凯伦藻本身的毒性效应引起的。在非曝气条件下, DO由7.1 mg/L降低至1.8 mg/L,实验体系中pH的变动范围为7.2~8.1,TAN的变动范围为0.007~0.051 mg/L,此时米氏凯伦藻藻细胞数量为3107/L时,鲍鱼16 h内死亡率达100%,说明低氧的环境条件可以导致赤潮对鲍鱼的毒性效应加剧。由此可以推测,赤潮发生时皱纹盘鲍短时间内的大量死亡与米氏凯伦藻本身的毒性效应有关,而低氧等环境条件可以导致毒性效应加剧。     

皱纹盘鲍"足萎缩症"幼鲍超微结构研究

利用超薄切片电镜技术对2005年春季大连养殖场患"足萎缩症"皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hanni)幼鲍足、吻、外套膜、肝胰腺超微结构进行了研究,结果表明:足肌肉组织、吻组织、外套膜组织细胞内出现典型的病理变化.肠组织细胞内出现外膜包裹的聚集大量α糖原颗粒的包涵体.鳃组织细胞内线粒体形态异常,含有类晶格微丝结构,病变细胞间出现α糖原颗粒累积包涵体,说明病变细胞内出现严重的代谢障碍.肝胰腺组织损伤最为严重,超微结构显示为大量空泡结构和淀粉样物质,已无可识别的细胞结构.同时在足肌肉组织细胞间隙发现大量的直径为45～55 nm的病毒样颗粒,在吻细胞肿胀的内质网中发现80～110 nm的病毒样颗粒,具有囊膜,囊膜厚度约为2 nm.     

几种重金属对鱼类感受器味蕾的渗透影响

研究重金属对鱼类味蕾细胞的影响,对于水体污染的生物学监测和制订地面水及渔用水中重金属标准都有一定的意义。 近年来,重金属污染对水生生物的影响问题已引起国内外有关部门的关注,尤其     

共价功能化对单壁碳纳米管产生DNA损伤和活性氧的影响研究

以质粒DNA评价法表征了不同程度共价功能化单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)的生物毒性,并在近红外-可见光光谱、拉曼光谱和活性氧(ROS)表征的基础上研究了共价功能化对其物理结构和化学活性的影响.结果表明,共价功能化增强了碳纳米管对质粒DNA的损伤程度,3种不同类型的碳纳米管对DNA损伤的强度为羧基功能化SWNTs(SWNT-COOH)>聚乙二醇功能化SWNTs(SWNT-PEG)>非共价功能化SWNTs(uSWNTs).随着共价功能化程度的加深,碳纳米管表面石墨晶格的sp2结构受损程度逐渐增高,以致使其反应活性增大.共价功能化后SWNTs可作为电子转移中间体将NADH中的电子转移至O2并生成ROS从而对DNA造成损伤.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定电镀废水中的8种重金属

本文建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定处理前后电镀废水中8种重金属元素(Pb,Cd,Cr,As,Hg,Cu,Zn,Ni)的分析方法,在试验中,优化了仪器测定条件,方法的检出限在0.006~0.06μg/L,加标回收率在84.2%~109%之间,方法精密度RSD在0.9%~4.8%(n=6)之间。并采用该方法对两种常见的电镀废水处理前后8种重金属元素进行了测定。     

热脱附对多环芳烃和重金属复合污染土壤的影响

热脱附技术被广泛用于污染场地修复,但其对多环芳烃（PAHs）与重金属复合污染土壤的综合影响仍不清楚。选用PAHs和重金属复合污染模拟土壤,探究热脱附温度（220~400 ℃）和停留时间（5~60 min）对土壤中PAHs的影响,分析空气与氮气气氛下热脱附温度（310、340和370 ℃）对土壤中重金属Cu、Pb、As和Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明：随热脱附温度和停留时间的增加,土壤中PAHs去除率显著增加;低环PAHs占比逐渐减少,而高环PAHs占比逐渐增加。在2种气氛热脱附后,Cu、Pb和As弱酸提取态占比略有增加,而Cd弱酸提取态占比显著降低;可还原态和可氧化态的转化趋势具有差异性。随着热脱附温度的升高,Cu、Pb、As和Cd 4种重金属的残渣态占比均逐渐增加,说明热脱附有利于4种重金属的固定。相较于空气,氮气条件下4种重金属可氧化态和残渣态占比均增加;Cu和Pb可还原态占比显著降低,而As可还原态占比有所降低,Cd可还原态占比变化不大。氮气更有利于Cu、Pb和Cd的稳定;相反,空气更有利于As的稳定。

     

几种重金属对紫背萍过氧化氢酶活性的影响

通过测定被暴露植物分解过氧化氢后放出氧气的体积，确定紫背萍过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）的活性。结果表明，紫背萍暴露在Ｈｇ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ的溶液中，其ＣＡＴ活性除在Ｐｂ作用下明显降低外，在其它４种重金属的作用下都有不同程度的升高。这表明Ｐｂ对紫背萍 ＣＡＴ活性有抑制作用，而其它４种重金属对紫背萍ＣＡＴ均有刺激作用。紫背萍对５种重金属所表现出来的这种生态效应，是重金属水污染的植物潜在效应，植物的ＣＡＴ     

蓄水式花台（盘）的机遇和优势

分析了目前的环境保护形势和要求,阐述了蓄水式花台（盘）（专利号：ZL200920111891．2）技术应用的机遇,以及在应用过程中应注意的问题。     

北京北部水系沉积物中重金属的研究

主要研究了北京市北部水系沉积物中重金属(As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn)含量和来源.在潮白河及密云水库流域采集了17个沉积物样品,温榆河流域采集了5个样品,重金属含量As和Hg采用原子荧光光谱法测定,Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Ti和Zn含量用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定.研究结果表明,沉积物中重金属元素没有出现明显的富集状况,只有Hg、Cd、Cr和Zn在一些采样点有较高的富集.相关性分析表明Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu互相之间呈显著正相关(r0.06;p0.01),而Hg与Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb和Ti没有明显的相关性.通过主成分分析研究重金属的来源,发现前3个主成分贡献率分别为38%、23%和17%.因此,Hg、Cd、Zn和Cu作为第一主成分被认为与人类活动的工矿业开采有关,第二主成分As和Mn与人类活动的农业生产和生活污水排放有关,第三主成分Cr、Ni和Ti与岩石风化和土壤侵蚀有关.     

Determination of photochemically-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in natural water

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced by interactions between sunlight and light-absorbing substances in natural water environment. ROS may participate in the indirect photolysis of trace organic pollutants, therefore resulting in the changing of their environmental fates and ecological risks in natural water system. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, exits widely in natural water. The photodegradation of BPA promoted by ROS (·OH, 1O2, HO2·/O2·-) which were produced on the excitation of ubiquitous constituents (such as nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes) in natural water under simulated solar radiation was investigated. Both molecular probe method and electron spin resonance (ESR) test were used for the determine the characterization of generated ROS. It was found that ·OH was photochemically produced with the presence of nitrate ion, humic substances and Fe(III)-oxalate complexes and 1O2 was produced with the presence of humic substances. The steady-state concentrations of ·OH was 1.27×10-14 mol/L in nitrate ion, and the second-order rate constant of BPA with ·OH was 1.01×1010L/( mol·s).     

Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review

Atmospheric humic-like substances(HULIS) are not only an unresolved mixture of macroorganic compounds but also powerful chelating agents in atmospheric particulate matters(PMs); impacting on both the properties of aerosol particles and health effects by generating reactive oxygen species(ROS). Currently, the interests of HULIS are intensively shifting to the investigations of HULIS-metal synergic effects and kinetics modeling studies, as well as the development of HULIS quantification, findings of possible HULIS sources and generation of ROS from HULIS. In light of HULIS studies, we comprehensively review the current knowledge of isolation and physicochemical characterization of HULIS from atmospheric samples as well as HULIS properties(hygroscopic, surface activity, and colloidal) and possible sources of HULIS.This review mainly highlights the generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) from PMs, HULIS and transition metals, especially iron. This review also summarized the mechanism of ironorganic complexation and recent findings of OH formation from HULIS-metal complexes. This review will be helpful to carry out the modeling studies that concern with HULIS-transition metals and for further studies in the generation of ROS from HULIS-metal complexes.     

皱纹盘鲍筏式养殖中的污损生物及其防治

对我国北方海域皱纹盘鲍筏式养殖中出现的主要污损生物及其危害做了详尽的记述。介绍了从物理、化学和生物方面出发所采取的防治措施。指出运用不同种类混养等生物技术是兼顾防附着效果与保护生态环境的最佳方式。     

基于EPR技术的5种纳米金属氧化物光生活性物种的形成研究

纳米金属氧化物的光化学性质使其成为新的催化剂和杀菌剂,而活性氧化物种(Reactive Oxygen Species,ROS)作为其具有催化杀菌性能的主要原因受到广泛关注.本研究通过电子顺磁共振(EPR)自旋捕捉和自旋标记技术,研究了5种纳米金属氧化物(n Al_2O_3、n CuO、n Ti O_2、n Fe_2O_3和n ZnO)在不同光照条件下形成光生电子、羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)和单线态氧(~1O_2)的能力.结果表明,在光照过程中,n Al_2O_3、n CuO、n Ti O_2和n ZnO能够生成·OH和~1O_2,n Fe_2O_3只生成了~1O_2.其中,n Ti O_2生成的光生电子和·OH最多,n CuO仅次于n Ti O_2,n Al_2O_3和n ZnO能够生成·OH,但生成量很少.本实验结果可为预测和评价纳米金属氧化物的光催化性能及环境风险提供一定的理论支持.     

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of Carassius auratus lymphocytes induced by nonplanar （PCB153） and coplanar （PCB169） polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in vitro

Among all the 209 kinds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners, nonplanar and coplanar PCB congeners have di erent levels of toxicity on mammal cells such as neuronal cells, but little is known about their toxicity on fish cells although PCB congeners usually have high bioaccumulation abilities in the detected fish bodies. This study showed that 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB153, nonplanar congener) and 3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-hexacholorbiphenyl (PCB169, coplanar congener) caused apoptosis on the isolated crucian carp (Carassius auratus) lymphocytes and the induced cytotoxicity was structure-dependent. According to the laser confocal microscope observations, apoptosis was clearly distinguished by condensation of nucleus, shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. DNA fragmentation was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. These typical morphological and biochemical characteristics indicate the occurrence of apoptosis on fish lymphocytes. According to the flow cytometry analysis, after the cells were exposed to 10 mol/L PCBs for 3 h, the apoptotic percentage induced by PCB153 was 23.41%, while that induced by PCB169 was even higher (31.03%). Furthermore, incubating PCBs with fish lymphocytes enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), clearly indicating the presence of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Our data also demonstrate that the di erent cytotoxic e ects induced by coplanar and nonplanar PCBs were correlated with their structural characteristics and the coplanar congener was more cytotoxic than nonplanar congener. This study suggests that cytotoxicity mechanisms of the PCB congeners on fish lymphocytes depend on their planarity and chemical structures.     

Variation in levels of reactive oxygen species is explained by maternal identity, sex and body-size-corrected clutch size in a lizard

Many organisms show differences between males and females in growth rate and crucial life history parameters, such as longevity. Considering this, we may expect levels of toxic metabolic by-products of the respiratory chain, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), to vary with age and sex. Here, we analyse ROS levels in female Australian painted dragon lizards (Ctenophorus pictus) and their offspring using fluorescent probes and flow cytometry. Basal level of four ROS species (singlet oxygen, peroxynitrite, superoxide and H₂O₂) measured with a combined marker, and superoxide measured specifically, varied significantly among families but not between the sexes. When blood cells from offspring were chemically encouraged to accelerate the electron transport chain by mitochondrial uncoupling, net superoxide levels were three times higher in daughters than sons (resulting in levels outside of the normal ROS range) and varied among mothers depending on offspring sex (significant interaction between maternal identity and offspring sex). In offspring, there were depressive effects on ROS of size-controlled relative clutch size, which relies directly on circulating levels of vitellogenin, a confirmed antioxidant in some species. Thus, levels of reactive oxygen species varies among females, offspring and in relation to reproductive investment in a manner that makes its regulatory processes likely targets of selection.     

重金属对淡水生物生态风险的物种敏感性分布评估

应用生态风险评价中的物种敏感性分布(SSD)方法构建了6种常见重金属元素(Cd,Cu,Hg,Pb,Zn和Mn)对淡水生物的SSD曲线.在此基础上,计算了6种重金属对不同生物的5%危害浓度(HC5)及其不同暴露浓度对生物的潜在影响比例(PAF),比较了脊椎动物和无脊椎动物(包括鱼类,甲壳类等)对6种重金属的敏感性以及不同重金属的急性生态风险(简称生态风险),并且评价了3个典型水体中常见重金属的联合生态风险.结果表明,6种重金属元素的HC5值的大小顺序为Cu相似文献   

沿面放电氧活性物质注入协同SCR脱除烟气中NO_x

为了提高选择性催化还原(SCR)在低温区(200℃)的脱硝性能,提出利用插在烟道中的沿面放电反应器生成氧活性物质,部分氧化NO以实现低温快速SCR脱硝过程.同时,研究了氧活性物质注入实现快速SCR的脱硝性能,考察了氧活性物质注入降低二氧化硫和水蒸汽对SCR反应的影响.实验结果表明:在模拟烟气温度为150℃时,采用氧活性物质注入,部分氧化烟气中的NO以实现快速SCR反应条件下(NO/NO2浓度比为1),脱硝效率为51.9%,比标准SCR提升23%;当模拟烟气中存在SO2或H2O时,氧活性物质注入可有效降低SO2、H2O对SCR脱硝效率的影响.     

金属离子介导活性氧引起DNA氧化损伤及机制研究

应用高效液相色谱 电化学检测技术 ,以及单细胞凝胶电泳技术 ,研究了 11种不同价态金属离子体外诱导核酸 (DNA)氧化损伤产生 8 羟基脱氧鸟苷和DNA链断裂的化学机制 .结果表明 ,能够氧化为高价态的金属离子如Fe2 + 、Cu2 + 、Cr3 + 等能够介导活性氧造成DNA的氧化损伤 ,介导能力呈现Fe2 + Cu2 + >Cr3 + 的顺序 .另外一些金属离子 ,如V3 + 、Ni2 + 、Cd2 + 、Zn2 + 、Co2 + 、Fe3 + 等 ,不能介导核酸氧化损伤形成 8 OH dG加合物及引发DNA断裂 ,但可能诱导核酸链交联的发生 .不同金属离子介导活性氧氧化DNA能力的差异是由其催化Fenton反应及与DNA结合能力的不同引起的     

Mechanism of Deca-BDE-induced apoptosis in Neuro-2a cells: Role of death-receptor pathway and reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a prevalent polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener known to have neurotoxicity. Effects of BDE-209 on Neuro-2a cells were performed in the present study and the possible apoptotic pathway was discussed. Results indicated that BDE-209 induced Neuro-2a cell apoptosis, increased the protein expression of Fas and Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) and activated the caspase-8 and -3 activities in a concentration-dependent manner, inferring the death-receptor pathway was involved in the apoptotic process. Meanwhile, BDE-209 exposure increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and decreased the cellular mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) which led to cytochrome C released to the cytoplasm. The intracellular caspase-9 was elevated simultaneously, which caused downstream caspase cascade and triggered cell apoptosis. Moreover, BDE-209 exposure increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in a concentration-dependent manner and the addition of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), known as ROS scavengers, obviously reduced the apoptotic rate and a positive relationship was observed between the degree of apoptosis blocking and the loss of MMP and ROS production. We thus concluded that BDE-209 induced Neuro-2a cell apoptosis via the combination of the death-receptor signaling pathway and the mitochondrial signaling pathway. The elevated ROS production was considered to magnify the intracellular apoptosis signal and played a crucial role in apoptosis of Neuro-2a cells induced by BDE-209.