白银厂块状硫化物矿床成矿地球化学环境

根据稳定同位素地球化学和包裹体测试结果等资料阐述了成矿溶液的性质、成矿物理化学条件及成矿金属组分迁移、沉淀机制,用大本模式图解模拟了成矿过程中物化条件演化趋势,重溯了成矿时的地球化学环境,并在此基础上解释了白银厂矿床为Cu-Zn型矿床的原因。     

内蒙古商都县双井子层控金矿床的成矿流体特征

内蒙古双井子金矿为赋存于浅变质含碳细碎屑岩系地层中的层控型金矿床,其直接赋矿围岩为白云鄂博群中的比鲁特组碳质板岩/碳质千枚状板岩和褐铁矿化的石英岩。这种浅变质含碳细碎屑岩系中广泛存在多期次与金矿化相关的石英脉。本文划分这些与金矿化相关的石英脉体的期次,应用冷热台和原位激光拉曼光谱等分析技术,探讨双井子层控金矿的成矿流体特征。结果表明,根据石英脉体野外穿插关系可将其划分为两个期次:第Ⅰ期是产于比鲁特组碳质板岩中的顺层石英脉,第Ⅱ期石英脉产于比鲁特组褐铁矿化的石英岩中,部分为切过第Ⅰ期碳质板岩顺层石英脉的石英细脉。流体包裹体均一温度集中在180℃~280℃,盐度集中在4.0 wt%Na Clequiv~15.0wt%Na Clequiv,流体的密度范围0.76 g/cm~3~0.98 g/cm~3,推测双井子金矿为中低温、中低盐度层控型热液矿床。激光Raman光谱分析结果表明,双井子矿区成矿流体属于CO_2-CH_4-SO_2-H_2O-NaCl体系。两期流体均具有中低温、中低盐度及弱还原性的特征,且成分复杂,第Ⅰ期可能为深源岩浆与浅部壳体岩层相互反应而产生的混源流体,使地层中成矿组分发生弱富集;第Ⅱ期为主成矿期,其流体很有可能是区内混合了地表水的岩浆期后热液。     

Diatom biostratigraphy of tsunami deposits: Examples from the 1998 Papua New Guinea tsunami

Distinctive diatom assemblages may be associated with tsunami sediments and may often contrast with the assemblages found within sediments underlying the tsunami deposit as well as those associated with the modern coastal environment. Sediments associated with the 1998 tsunami that destroyed much of the Sissano lagoon area in northern Papua New Guinea have been investigated. Surface sediments from three transects across the sediment spit near Warapu have been examined for diatom content and preservation. The preservation is variable, and the data show an, often chaotic, assemblage that can be attributed to the tsunami waves incorporating and depositing diatoms from distinctive habitat zones during their runup and subsequent backwash. The diatoms identified within the Warapu sediments indicate an origin from within the inter-tidal and offshore area rather than from the beach–sand spit complex. The sand deposits disclose a high percentage, in excess of 75%, of broken diatom valves, and a predominance of centric (circular) species due to preferential preservation. The study demonstrates that the application of diatom biostratigraphy to modern tsunami deposits can be used in conjunction with other stratigraphical lines of evidence to interpret the source and provenance of historical and palaeo-tsunami deposits.     

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿特征与控矿因素——以巴布亚新几内亚波尔盖拉金矿为例

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿在全球特别是环太平成矿带中具有重要意义,波尔盖拉金矿位于新几内亚造山带内较为典型的该类型金矿床。矿床的矿化与碱性的波尔盖拉侵入杂岩体有关,矿化主要发育在岩体与白垩纪Chim组的接触部位,矿化作用分为2期,矿化形态主要为脉状和角砾岩矿化,成矿物质和成矿流体具有明显的岩浆来源的特征。与成矿有关的波尔盖拉杂岩体侵入时代为5.99Ma,与成矿时间一致,并来源于被交代富集型的上地幔,该类碱性岩浆对于金的富集具有重要的意义。通过总结该类矿床的控矿因素和找矿标志为中国企业在该地区寻找同类型金矿提供参考。     

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿特征与控矿因素——以巴布亚新几内亚波尔盖拉金矿为例

与碱性岩有关的浅成低温热液型金矿在全球特别是环太平成矿带中具有重要意义,波尔盖拉金矿位于新几内亚造山带内较为典型的该类型金矿床。矿床的矿化与碱性的波尔盖拉侵入杂岩体有关,矿化主要发育在岩体与白垩纪Chim组的接触部位,矿化作用分为2期,矿化形态主要为脉状和角砾岩矿化,成矿物质和成矿流体具有明显的岩浆来源的特征。与成矿有关的波尔盖拉杂岩体侵入时代为5．99Ma,与成矿时间一致,并来源于被交代富集型的上地幔,该类碱性岩浆对于金的富集具有重要的意义。通过总结该类矿床的控矿因素和找矿标志为中国企业在该地区寻找同类型金矿提供参考。     

Geochemistry,mineralogy and tectonic setting of deerite‐bearing meta‐ironstones from the Emo Metamorphics of Papua New Guinea

The geochemistry of two deerite‐bearing meta‐ironstones from the Emo Metamorphics of Papua New Guinea suggests that they were deposited as metalliferous cherts enriched in manganese and iron by hydrothermal exhalative activity in an ocean ridge system. Subsequent blueschist facies metamorphism resulted in the formation of the assemblage deerite‐quartz‐albite‐iron oxides‐alkali amphiboles‐spessar‐tine‐stilpnomelane‐apatite, with calcium‐manganese carbonates in one specimen. Assemblages in associated metabasites suggest P‐T conditions of 7 kb at 320°C, which overlap with the P‐T field defined by one of the meta‐ironstones. Oxygen fugacity was probably an important control in determining variations in mineralogy and mineral chemistry. Preliminary data on the trace element geochemistry of associated metabasites are consistent with an ocean ridge environment for the formation of the meta‐ironstones.     

四川省拉拉铜矿田矿床成因模型

四川省会理县拉拉铜矿田处于川滇被动大陆边缘裂谷系的构造环境,成矿作用受会理-东川裂陷槽构造-岩浆演化控制。矿体产于古元古界河口群富钠质的细碧-角斑岩系中。矿石中金属硫化物的δ34S值集中分布在-1‰~4‰之间,均接近0,具塔式分布特征,表明硫主要来自火山喷发作用。矿床与火山喷流沉积型矿床的流体类型相似,其包裹体基本为早期石英硫化物中的Ⅰ型包裹体及后期方解石、石英硫化物中的Ⅱ和Ⅲ型包裹体,Ⅰ型包裹体反映为火山喷发沉积期的主成矿阶段;而Ⅱ型和部分Ⅲ型包裹体反映了晚期流体混溶现象,显示矿床经历了后期改造。根据同位素测年数据,将矿床的成矿过程大致分为火山喷流作用（1600~1800 Ma）、变质变形作用（1000~1100 Ma）和热液叠加改造作用（770~900 Ma）3个阶段。初步认为拉拉铜矿田矿床成因类型属海相火山岩型铜矿床,但河口群不同的火山喷发旋回具有不同的矿化样式。     

Copper‐gold mineralisation in New Guinea: Tectonics,lineaments, thermochronology and structure

In New Guinea, the upper crust is rich in Late Miocene and Pliocene copper‐gold deposits, yet the host intrusives are mainly in the New Guinea Fold Belt and are of mantle origin and not directly subduction‐related. Structural, thermochronological and geodynamic analyses of the Grasberg, Porgera, Ok Tedi and Frieda River deposits show that the richest deposits occur along the eastern edge of the intersections between long‐lived crustal transfers perpendicular to strike and strike‐parallel crustal extensional faults that were strongly inverted during Late Miocene ‐ Pliocene orogenesis. The deposits are all associated with north‐northeast‐trending transfers, parallel to the aeromagnetic grain in basement, across which the continent‐ocean suture shows >50 km horizontal separation, as identified by the southern limit of the central New Guinea ophiolites. In the fold belt, the transfers coincide with the termination of regional anticlines or uplifts that are 150–200 km long and 30–60 km wide. Balanced sections reveal that the southern limit of these regional anticlines is commonly fault‐bound and coincides with major facies and thickness changes, indicating long‐lived, crustal extensional faults that were inverted. Fission track and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages show that mineralisation occurred during inversion of these faults and, hence, correlates with propagation of orogenesis from northeast to southwest. It is proposed that the pre‐compression New Guinea margin comprised step‐like promontories and embayments delineated by long‐lived crustal fracture zones, as on Australia's North West Shelf. During Late Miocene ‐ Pliocene compression the crust was thickened, accompanying melting of the underlying mantle, and the crustal fracture zones were reactivated as transfers. Where the transfers intersected crustal extensional faults that were being inverted, local zones of dilation occurred, allowing emplacement of mantle magmas and associated mineralisation. When the deformation propagated southwards, so did the crustal thickening and the reactivation of major faults, allowing emplacement of younger magmas and mineralisation.     

巴布亚新几内亚镍元素地球化学特征及成矿潜力

巴布亚新几内亚位于太平洋板块和印度-澳大利亚板块的汇聚边缘,由3个构造单元组成。巴布亚新几内亚发育两种镍矿化类型。2015—2018年开展的巴布亚新几内亚国家尺度地球化学填图,在高地地区、巴布亚半岛和新几内亚群岛采集了1 399件水系沉积物样品。本文研究了巴新镍的地球化学背景、空间分布特征和成矿潜力。巴新镍含量在2.7~2 430.0 μg/g之间,中位数(地球化学基准值)为42.0 μg/g,接近上地壳镍元素丰度,高于欧洲、澳大利亚、北美和中国的镍地球化学基准值。由于广泛发育镁铁质-超镁铁质岩浆岩,由巴布亚褶皱带、新几内亚冲断带、奥罗褶皱带、东部褶皱带、东巴布亚复合地体、巴布亚群岛、伯瓦尼-托里塞利地体和菲尼斯特雷地体组成的中央弧陆碰撞带的镍基准值高于美拉尼西亚岩浆弧。地球化学图中,四月蛇绿岩、马鲁姆蛇绿岩和巴布亚超镁铁质岩带等蛇绿杂岩体与高镍含量的区域具有高度耦合对应关系。通过本次工作,圈定了7处镍地球化学省和8处镍地球化学异常区,主要分布于新几内亚逆冲带。8处异常区均具有发育红土型镍矿的潜力,可作为下一阶段巴新镍矿找矿方向。     

浙江西裘铜块状硫化物矿床火山-热泉沉积成矿的地质地球化学证据

浙江西裘矿区新元古代火山－热泉活动强烈,矿石Ｃｕ：Ｚｎ：Ｐｂ原子百分比与火山岩和热水沉积硅质岩相似。矿床δ＾３４Ｓ值为－６．５‰～２．８‰,δ＾１８Ｏ值为８．１４‰～２２．３２‰,铅同位素示踪主要为下地壳铅;矿石具较高的Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｂｉ、Ｇａ、Ｚｎ、Ｂａ等含量;具较低的Ａｌ／（Ａｌ＋Ｆｅ＝Ｍｎ）比值,Ｚｎ（Ｐｂ＋Ｚｎ）比值接近１,均表现出火山－热泉沉积成矿地球化学特征。     

巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床大地构造背景、成因类型与成矿特征

巴布亚新几内亚地质构造格架复杂,包括地台、碰撞造山带、外来地体、俯冲带、岛弧和海底扩张中心。巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床类型主要为斑岩型铜金矿床、浅成低温热液型金银矿床和夕卡岩型铜金矿床(三者之间具有密切的时间、空间和成因关系),其次为海底块状硫化物矿床。铜金矿床分布比较集中,主要产出于碰撞造山带和岛弧上,其次产出于现代海底扩张中心。铜金矿床大多规模巨大或较大,埋藏较浅,易于勘探和适合露天开采。与铜金矿床有关的岩浆岩大多为钙碱性火山岩和浅成侵入岩,少数与富钾碱性火山岩（橄榄玄粗岩）或侵入岩伴生。铜金矿床蚀变带发育且分带性明显,大多与斑岩体系和/或火山机构有关。虽然许多铜金矿床的矿物成分比较复杂,但是其矿石较易处理和利用。     

A simple model for calculating tsunami flow speed from tsunami deposits

This paper presents a simple model for tsunami sedimentation that can be applied to calculate tsunami flow speed from the thickness and grain size of a tsunami deposit (the inverse problem). For sandy tsunami deposits where grain size and thickness vary gradually in the direction of transport, tsunami sediment transport is modeled as a steady, spatially uniform process. The amount of sediment in suspension is assumed to be in equilibrium with the steady portion of the long period, slowing varying uprush portion of the tsunami. Spatial flow deceleration is assumed to be small and not to contribute significantly to the tsunami deposit. Tsunami deposits are formed from sediment settling from the water column when flow speeds on land go to zero everywhere at the time of maximum tsunami inundation. There is little erosion of the deposit by return flow because it is a slow flow and is concentrated in topographic lows. Variations in grain size of the deposit are found to have more effect on calculated tsunami flow speed than deposit thickness. The model is tested using field data collected at Arop, Papua New Guinea soon after the 1998 tsunami. Speed estimates of 14 m/s at 200 m inland from the shoreline compare favorably with those from a 1-D inundation model and from application of Bernoulli's principle to water levels on buildings left standing after the tsunami. As evidence that the model is applicable to some sandy tsunami deposits, the model reproduces the observed normal grading and vertical variation in sorting and skewness of a deposit formed by the 1998 tsunami.     

巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床大地构造背景、成因类型与成矿特征

巴布亚新几内亚地质构造格架复杂,包括地台、碰撞造山带、外来地体、俯冲带、岛弧和海底扩张中心。巴布亚新几内亚铜金矿床类型主要为斑岩型铜金矿床、浅成低温热液型金银矿床和夕卡岩型铜金矿床（三者之间具有密切的时间、空间和成因关系）,其次为海底块状硫化物矿床。铜金矿床分布比较集中,主要产出于碰撞造山带和岛弧上,其次产出于现代海底扩张中心。铜金矿床大多规模巨大或较大,埋藏较浅,易于勘探和适合露天开采。与铜金矿床有关的岩浆岩大多为钙碱性火山岩和浅成侵入岩,少数与富钾碱性火山岩（橄榄玄粗岩）或侵入岩伴生。铜金矿床蚀变带发育且分带性明显,大多与斑岩体系和／或火山机构有关。虽然许多铜金矿床的矿物成分比较复杂,但是其矿石较易处理和利用。     

巴布亚新几内亚陆缘火山岛弧成矿带铜金成矿规律

巴布亚新几内亚陆缘火山岛弧成矿带形成于印澳板块与太平洋板块的边界带,其演化涉及俯冲与火山岛弧（岩浆弧）的形成、弧陆碰撞与造山、俯冲陆壳折返、岩浆侵入、成矿作用等多种地质作用。该成矿带的铜金成矿时代比较年轻,成矿集中于23～12（Ma）、7～1（Ma）及0.5～0（Ma）三个成矿高潮期。空间上可以分为6个成矿亚带,分别为奥克泰迪-波尔盖拉成矿亚带、弗里达河-拉穆成矿亚带、海登山谷-凯利门戈成矿亚带、托鲁库玛-比尼山成矿亚带、瓦普鲁-伍德拉克成矿亚带、利希尔-潘古纳成矿亚带。成矿带主要铜金矿床类型为斑岩型、浅成低温热液型和矽卡岩-斑岩型。成矿受控于俯冲作用、弧陆碰撞造山作用、侵入杂岩体、褶皱和断裂、破火山口等因素。