地震后截肢患者残肢的临床评定和康复治疗

目的分析地震致截肢患者残肢的特点和原因、观察康复治疗的效果。 方法从残端皮肤情况、残肢形态、残肢长度、残肢肿胀、残肢关节活动度和残肢肌力等方面对52条残肢进行评定，并进行物理治疗、残肢塑形和运动治疗。 结果52条残肢中，残端有溃疡或窦道、残肢肿胀、圆锥形残肢和短残肢分别占76%、73%、34%和40%，残肢关节活动受限者占42%，所有患者残肢肌力明显减退。经康复治疗后，残肢无肿胀、溃疡或窦道完全愈合，残肢形状、关节活动度和肌力明显改善，已达到假肢装配条件，均装配假肢，并获得良好的功能。 结论地震后截肢不良残肢发生率高，综合康复治疗能明显改善残肢条件,早期康复治疗对促进患者康复，安装假肢具有重要意义。     

地震伤员下肢假肢装配前后的综合康复治疗

目的观察地震伤员下肢假肢装配前后综合康复治疗的效果。 方法安装假肢前后对地震伤员采取综合康复治疗,包括:残端处理(按摩和拍打、残肢塑型)、运动疗法(关节活动度训练、肌力训练、平衡功能训练、站立与步行训练等)、物理治疗、心理治疗。 结果42例残肢中，残端有溃疡或窦道、残肢肿胀、髋膝关节屈曲挛缩、残肢痛分别占74%、72%、41%和5%，残肢肌力明显减退。经综合康复治疗后，残肢无肿胀、溃疡或窦道完全愈合，残肢形状、关节活动度和肌力明显改善，已达到假肢装配条件，均装配假肢，并获得良好的功能。假肢行走功能结局,良好：20例（51%）；一般：17例（44%）;较差：2例(5%)。 结论地震后截肢不良残肢发生率高，安装假肢前后对地震伤员采取综合康复治疗, 确保假肢装配成功十分必要。     

现代截肢康复（第四讲）

现代截肢康复（第四讲）中国康复研究中心崔寿昌９残肢并发症及处理一些残肢并发症如残肢端皮肤破溃、窦道、疤痕、角化;骨突出外形不良;关节挛缩;骨关节疾患;残肢痛;幻肢痛等,可影响假肢的穿戴,需要进一步处理,使残肢具备穿戴假肢的良好条件,以发挥最佳的代偿功...     

对截肢问题的探讨

近年来 ,随着生物力学基础理论研究和生物工程学的发展 ,新材料、新工艺的应用 ,假肢制作技术水平的提高 ,尤其是假肢新型接受腔的应用 ,传统的末端开放式接受腔改变成为闭合的、全面接触、全面承重式接受腔 ,并具有残肢承重合理、穿戴舒适、假肢悬吊能力强、不影响残肢血液循环等优点。为了适合现代假肢的良好配戴和发挥最佳代偿功能 ,残肢应具备如下条件 :残肢外形为圆柱状 ,有适当的长度 ,良好的皮肤和软组织条件 ,皮肤感觉正常、无畸形 ,关节活动不受限 ,肌肉力量正常 ,无残肢痛或幻肢痛等。这就要求在截肢部位的选择、截肢手术方法、截…     

小腿残肢与假肢接受腔界面应力的理论研究

安装假肢是截肢患者恢复活动能力和外观的主要康复手段.假肢接受腔作为截肢患者肢体残端和假肢之间载荷传递的唯一通道[1],是影响假肢适配性的重要部件.残肢软组织不适合承重,过高的压力和剪应力会导致残端皮肤和软组织的破坏[2].因此,研究残肢-接受腔之间界面的载荷传递特性对提高假肢性能非常重要.     

小腿截肢残端假体的实验研究

目的：利用残端假体增加下肢截肢后骨残端的横截面积，降低负重时截肢残端皮肤单位面积上的压强，减少由于穿戴假肢所引起的并发症。重建离断肌肉的下位附着点，使之保持肌肉的合适初长和原有肌力，并维持肌力平衡，防止关节挛缩畸形，以保持截肢平面上位关节的正常活动，提高截肢肢体穿戴假肢后的功能。方法：山羊10只，随机分为2组，左小腿膝下截肢后，分为对照组和假体放置组。假体采用超高分子聚乙烯材料制成，呈蘑菇状外观。术后穿戴假肢开始负重。观察站立和行走的时间，残端皮肤情况，并进行骨残端组织学检查。结果：假体放置组羊能在截肢术后较早穿戴假肢，负重站立和行走，无残端皮肤溃疡。假体与残端骨接合紧密，肌腱与假体连接良好，坚固。未发现任何假体放置后的不良反应和并发症。结论：截肢后骨残端安放假体能明显增加骨残端横截面积，很好保持残肢末端的圆锥形，加之假体材料的缓冲作用，明显减少截肢骨残端与假肢接受腔间软组织单位面积上的压强，使之能较早安装假肢，减少穿戴假肢所引起的并发症。增加假肢穿戴后的肢体功能。     

截肢患者术后残肢功能重建与综合康复

目的 探讨截肢后残肢功能重建的综合康复治疗效果。方法 通过22例截肢功能训练，肢体理疗，按摩，中药外敷及再手术原因进行分析探讨。结果 22例截肢患通过综合康复指导治疗，使残端愈合时间，残端定型，关节功能，穿用假肢后肢体功能等诸方面均有明显提高。结论 采用综合康复治疗，使残肢残而不废，尽量发挥最大功能。     

截肢患者术后残肢功能重建与综合康复

目的探讨截肢后残肢功能重建的综合康复治疗效果。方法通过22例截肢者功能训练、肢体理疗、按摩、中药外敷及再手术原因进行分析探讨。结果22例截肢患者通过综合康复指导治疗,使残端愈合时间,残端定型,关节功能,穿用假肢后肢体功能等诸方面均有明显提高。结论采用综合康复治疗,使残肢残而不废,尽量发挥最大功能。     

地震后下肢截肢患者综合康复治疗的疗效分析

目的：观察综合康复治疗对地震后下肢截肢患者的疗效。方法：收治16例地震后下肢截肢患者,其中小腿截肢5例,大腿截肢11例。采用防止关节挛缩、残端脱敏塑形、关节松动术、残肢肌力训练、作业疗法、心理治疗,以及物理因子治疗进行综合康复治疗。康复治疗前后测定膝和髋关节活动范围,以Barthel指数（BI）评定日常生活活动（ADL）,以VAS量表评定幻肢痛。结果：进行综合康复治疗后患者膝和髋的ROM增大,ADL能力改善,幻肢痛减轻,康复治疗前后的差异有显著意义（P<0.05）。结论：综合康复治疗后下肢截肢患者幻肢痛明显减轻,下肢功能改善,达到生活基本自理。     

截肢患者幻肢与幻肢痛的护理

幻肢与幻肢痛是患者截肢后的特殊心理不适应。这种心理不适应反应与患者文化程度、心理素质以及截肢前是否存在肢体疼痛密切相关。在64例截肢患者进行护理后,总结经验得出：对患者提供恰当的心理护理是消除患者心理不适反应的重要措施,重视护患之间的沟通交流,建立良好的信任的护患关系是帮助患者减轻或消除心理不适反应的基本保证。术前与术后的精心护理,提供整洁舒适的环境,让患者的心理、生理处于一个最佳状态,可帮助截肢患者减轻和消除幻肢与幻肢痛这一特殊的心理不适反应;对截肢残端施行恰当的冷热敷叩击以及理疗等综合措施可有效缓解幻肢痛,加强残肢运动,尽早安装假肢,是消除幻肢与幻肢痛的有力措施。     

下肢截肢的非理想残肢及临床处理

对５９例下肢截肢患者理想残肢与非理想残肢进行了复习，其中非理想残肢５０例（８４．７％），分为不良残肢及残肢并发症２种，列举了它的各种表现，说明了非理想残肢对假肢穿戴的主要影响和临床处理方法。从非理想残肢发生率之高，强调了外科医生应重视截肢与假肢的现代理论与技术的必要性。现代假肢为闭合的全面接触全面承重的接受腔，故传统的截肢方法造成的园锥形残肢已不适用于现代假肢接受腔的安装。     

Bone overgrowth in the adult traumatic amputee

Bone overgrowth of the residual limb after an amputation is a well documented complication in the pediatric amputee population. Bone overgrowth can cause pain, problems with skin breakdown, and poor prosthetic fit. There have been few reports of bone overgrowth in the adult amputee. Two cases of traumatic transfemoral amputations after extensive tissue damage are presented. Both patients successfully completed an in-patient amputee rehabilitation program and achieved functional ambulation with their prostheses. However, each developed distal residual limb pain within a year after their amputations that significantly limited the amount of time they could wear their prostheses and the distance they could walk. Radiographs demonstrated additional bone growth from the residual femur into adjacent soft tissues in both patients. These case examples demonstrate that bone overgrowth should be considered in the differential diagnosis of residual limb pain in the adult amputee.     

Amputation stump management: A narrative review

In this review intended for medical staff involved in patient rehabilitation, we provided an overview of the basic methods for managing amputation stumps. After the amputation surgery, it is imperative to optimize the remaining physical abilities of the amputee through rehabilitation processes, including postoperative rehabilitation, desensitization, and continuous application of soft or rigid dressings for pain reduction and shaping of the stump. Depending on the situation, a prosthesis may be worn in the early stage of recovery or an immediate postoperative prosthesis may be applied to promote stump maturation. Subsequently, to maintain the range of motion of the stump and to prevent deformation, the remaining portion of the limb should be positioned to prevent contracture. Continuous exercises should also be performed to improve muscle strength to ensure that the amputee is able to perform activities of daily living, independently. Additionally, clean wound or edema management of the stump is necessary to prevent problems associated with wearing the prosthesis. Our review is expected to contribute to the establishment of basic protocols that will be useful for stump management from the time of completion of amputation surgery to the fitting of a prosthesis to optimize patient recovery.     

假肢穿戴后的适合性检查

假肢装配是个非常复杂的人-机-环境相结合的过程。截肢者需要终生使用假肢。假肢装配后,穿戴在截肢者身上进行反复的适合检查、修改、调整是保证假肢装配质量,尽量减少长期使用假肢引起并发症的重要方法。假肢适合检查分为初检、终检两个阶段。初检的假肢是初步组装的半成品,便于修改、调整,应当反复检查,反复修改。终检的假肢是已完成的产品。文章介绍了小腿假肢、大腿假肢适合检查的主要内容,检查方法、基本要求和常见问题。     

A study of the physical rehabilitation and psychological state of patients who sustained limb loss as a result of terrorist activity in Northern Ireland 1969-2003

Objective. To benchmark the psychological state and physical rehabilitation of patients who have sustained limb loss as a result of terrorist activity in Northern Ireland and to determine their satisfaction with the period of primary prosthetic rehabilitation and the artificial limb.

Method. All patients who sustained limb loss as a result of the Troubles and were referred to our rehabilitation centre were sent a questionnaire. The main outcome measures were the SIGAM mobility grades, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) and three screening questions for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Results. Out of a 66% response rate, 52 (69%) patients felt that the period of primary prosthetic rehabilitation was adequate; 32 (54%) lower limb amputees graded themselves SIGAM C or D; 45 (60%) patients stated that they were still having significant stump pain. Significant stump pain was associated with poorer mobility. Nine (56%) upper limb amputees used their prosthetic limb in a functional way; 33 (44%) patients showed “psychiatric caseness” on the GHQ 12 and 50 (67%) had symptoms of PTSD.

Conclusions. Most patients felt that the period of physical rehabilitation had been adequate; those who did not were more likely to be having ongoing psychological problems. A high percentage of patients continue to have psychological problems and stump pain.     

A study of the physical rehabilitation and psychological state of patients who sustained limb loss as a result of terrorist activity in Northern Ireland 1969 – 2003

Objective.?To benchmark the psychological state and physical rehabilitation of patients who have sustained limb loss as a result of terrorist activity in Northern Ireland and to determine their satisfaction with the period of primary prosthetic rehabilitation and the artificial limb.

Method.?All patients who sustained limb loss as a result of the Troubles and were referred to our rehabilitation centre were sent a questionnaire. The main outcome measures were the SIGAM mobility grades, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) and three screening questions for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Results.?Out of a 66% response rate, 52 (69%) patients felt that the period of primary prosthetic rehabilitation was adequate; 32 (54%) lower limb amputees graded themselves SIGAM C or D; 45 (60%) patients stated that they were still having significant stump pain. Significant stump pain was associated with poorer mobility. Nine (56%) upper limb amputees used their prosthetic limb in a functional way; 33 (44%) patients showed “psychiatric caseness” on the GHQ 12 and 50 (67%) had symptoms of PTSD.

Conclusions.?Most patients felt that the period of physical rehabilitation had been adequate; those who did not were more likely to be having ongoing psychological problems. A high percentage of patients continue to have psychological problems and stump pain.     

残肢与接受腔的三维建模及力学分析

目的：对残肢与接受腔进行三维重建及力学分析，寻求残肢与接受腔间生物力学交互作用，为假肢接受腔的设计提供科学依据。方法：利用CT扫描、图像处理和反求技术重构骨骼、皮肤及接受腔三维模型建立残肢与接受腔的有限元模型．进行有限元受力分析。结果：残肢的主要受力部位是膑韧带、后肌群、胫骨内凸、胫骨远端、腓骨头及腓骨远端；骨骼对力的传递作用显著。结论：残肢受力由穿戴受腔引起，通过骨骼从接受腔传递给软组织，通过改变接受腔形状可以改变残肢的受力分布，残肢与接受腔力学分析是假肢接受腔制定的前提和基础。     

Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation for Residual and Phantom Limb Pain: A Case Series

Residual limb pain (RLP) and phantom limb pain (PLP) can be debilitating and can prevent functional gains following amputation. High correlations have been reported between RLP and the stump neuromas following amputation. Many treatment methods including physical therapy, medications, and interventions, have been used with limited success. Pulsed radiofrequency ablation (PRFA) has shown promise in treating neuropathic pain because of the inhibition of evoked synaptic activity. We present 4 amputees who were treated with PRFA after failing conservative management for their RLP and PLP. All 4 patients underwent PRFA and demonstrated at least 80% relief of RLP for over 6 months. One patient reported a complete resolution of phantom sensation while another patient had significantly decreased frequency of spontaneous PLP and resolution of evoked PLP. In addition, all patients reported improved overall function including increased prosthetic tolerance and decreased oral pain medications. This case series suggests that PRFA is a viable treatment option which might be used for long‐term relief of intractable RLP and/or PLP.     

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Phantom Pain and Stump Pain in Adult Amputees

Abstract Following amputation, 50% to 90% of individuals experience phantom and/or stump pain. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may prove to be a useful adjunct analgesic intervention, although a recent systematic review was unable to judge effectiveness owing to lack of quality evidence. The aim of this pilot study was to gather data on the effect of TENS on phantom pain and stump pain at rest and on movement. Ten individuals with a transtibial amputation and persistent moderate‐to‐severe phantom and/or stump pain were recruited. Inclusion criteria was a baseline pain score of ≥3 using 0 to 10 numerical rating scale (NRS). TENS was applied for 60 minutes to generate a strong but comfortable TENS sensation at the site of stump pain or projected into the site of phantom pain. Outcomes at rest and on movement before and during TENS at 30 minutes and 60 minutes were changes in the intensities of pain, nonpainful phantom sensation, and prosthesis embodiment. Mean (SD) pain intensity scores were reduced by 1.8 (1.6) at rest (P < 0.05) and 3.9 (1.9) on movement (P < 0.05) after 60 minutes of TENS. For five participants, it was possible to project TENS sensation into the phantom limb by placing the electrodes over transected afferent nerves. Nonpainful phantom sensations and prosthesis embodiment remained unchanged. This study has demonstrated that TENS has potential for reducing phantom pain and stump pain at rest and on movement. Projecting TENS sensation into the phantom limb might facilitate perceptual embodiment of prosthetic limbs. The findings support the delivery of a feasibility trial.     

Residual limb osteomyelitis: A case series from a national prosthetic centre

Purpose. To examine the impact of residual limb osteomyelitis (RLO) on the rehabilitation of lower limb amputees.

Method. Retrospective review of the casenotes of patients with RLO. Information sought included details of amputation, clinical features of investigations for and management of RLO and its effect on rehabilitation.

Results. There were seven transfemoral and three transtibial amputees. Indications for amputation were vascular disease in nine cases, trauma in one. In each case, delayed wound healing or residual limb pain prompted radiological, hematological and microbiological investigations. Average time between amputation and diagnosis was 187 days. One patient died before treatment commenced. Two transtibial amputees were treated with intravenous antibiotics while rehabilitating using pylons. The remaining seven transfemoral amputees required surgical intervention and intravenous antibiotics. Five achieved independent ambulation following modification to or replacement of the originally cast prosthesis, averaging 408 days between amputation and commencement of rehabilitation. Two patients have not engaged in rehabilitation.

Conclusion. RLO delays rehabilitation and has significant financial implications, incurred by prolonged hospitalisation, radiological investigations and prosthetic modifications. RLO should be considered in any case of delayed wound healing or residual limb pain in amputees, as earlier diagnosis may reduce the time to commencement of rehabilitation and subsequent independent ambulation.