微生物的原生质体融合及应用

微生物的原生质体融合及应用辛明秀,马玉娥（北京师范大学生物系,北京１００８７５）（河北涞源第一中学,涞源１０２９００）原生质体融合起源于６０年代。１９６０年法国的Ｂａｒｓｋｉ￣［１］研究小组在两种不同类型的动物细胞混合培养中发现了自发融合现象。同时日...     

真菌原生质体融合技术的新进展

原生质体融合具有许多常规杂交方法所无法比拟韵独到之处,生物学研咒手段的不断创新,使原生质体融合技术正在逐步完善。近几年来,在原生质体融合的基础研究及应用研究领域中,都有相当大的进展。     

芽孢杆菌原生质体融合技术

微生物原生质体融合技术是近20年来国内外细胞工程领域的一个研究热点。1972年匈牙利学者Ｆｅｒｅｎｃｚｙ率先进行了微生物原生质体融合的研究[1]。在1976年匈牙利学者Ｆｏｌｄｅｒ和Ａｌｆｏｌｄ则首次报道了用ＰＥＧ或新生态磷酸钙诱导巨大芽孢杆菌(Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｍｅｇａｔｅｒｉｕｍ)种内株间原生质体融合[2];同年法国的Ｓｃｈａｅｆｆｅｒ等也用ＰＥＧ诱导枯草芽孢杆菌(Ｂ.ｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ)进行种内株间原生质体融合获得成功[3]。有关芽孢杆菌原生质体融合的研究,在国内直至1981年才见报道[4]。经典改变微生物遗传性状的手段有两…     

螯合剂对原生质体融合的影响

螯合剂对原生质体融合的影响王建华（中国农业科学院饲料研究所北京１０００８１）赵学慧（华中农业大学食品微生物学研究室武汉４３００７０）自从Ｋａｏ［１］发现聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）能高效介导植物原生质体融合以来,至今它仍不失其作为植物、微生物原生质体促融合剂的...     

原生质体融合技术应用进展

本文着重介绍了原生质体融合技术在有关领域中应用的进展,分析了原生质体融合应用于作物改良的障碍及该领域今后的重点研究方向。     

Carrot protoplast fusion

Conclusion Carrot protoplasts have been used successfully in many protoplast fusion studies. These studies have demonstrated 1) whether or not the expression of certain resistances is dominant or recessive, 2) the development of a “universla hybridzer,” 3) the use of chemicals to inactivate one parent, 50 the complementation of albino mutants, 5) interspecific, intergeneric, and interkingdom fusions, and 6) the dominant expression of plant regeneration ability, and 7) the occurrence of somatic segregation in fusion hybrids.     

Laser-induced tobacco protoplast fusion

Laser tweezers can manipulate small particles, such as cells and organdies. When coupling them with laser microbeam selective fusion of two tobacco protoplasts containing some chloroplast was achieved. Physical and biological variables that affect laser trapping and laser-induced fusion were also discussed. The results show that the effect of chloroplast content and distribution on the yield of cell fusion is remarkable.     

Laser-induced tobacco protoplast fusion

Laser tweezers can manipulate small particles, such as cells and organelles. When coupling them with laser microbeam selective fusion of two tobacco protoplasts containing some chloroplast was achieved. Physical and biological variables that affect laser trapping and laser-induced fusion were also discussed. The results show that the effect of chloroplast content and distribution on the yield of cell fusion is remarkable.     

原位杂交一章的知识框架和衔接

对原位杂交一章知识框架结构进行设计,并提出如何处理好这些教学内容,对重点内容的衔接和处理进行了较为详细的介绍,同时简述了原位杂交的最新进展.     

Electrochemical protoplast fusion in citrus

We report here the development of a novel protoplast fusion method for citrus somatic hybridization. This new procedure, which we have named electrochemical protoplast fusion, is based on chemically induced protoplast aggregation, using a low concentration of polyethylene glycol, and DC pulse-promoted membrane fusion. Based on the results of nucleus and mitochondria molecular analyses, we were successful in using this method to regenerate both symmetric somatic hybrids and cybrids. Various parameters, including pulse intensity, pulse length, and composition of the fusion media, were tested, and the optimum fusion condition selected consisted of two 100-s pulses of 1,500 V cm^–1. Our conclusion is that electrochemical fusion is a reliable and reproducible method that combines the best features of both the chemical and electrical methods, thereby promoting cell division and high embryogenesis rates of the fused cells. It represents a new approach to citrus somatic hybridization. Various interesting features of this new approach are presented and discussed.     

Organelle segregation following plant protoplast fusion

Organelle segregation and genome recombination can lead to the production of novel nuclear—cytoplasmic genome combinations following plant protoplast fusion. These unique hybrids are potentially useful in crop improvement.     

Enhanced intraspecific protoplast fusion in yeast

Intraspecific hybrid production from the polyethylene glycol induced fusion of yeast protoplasts was greatly increased when calcium propionate was included as the source of the requisite Ca2+. The use of calcium propionate, as opposed to the more commonly employed calcium chloride, resulted in substantially greater yields of hybrids from intraspecific fusions of protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans. It is postulated that the ability of calcium propionate to enhance the fusion frequency is due to the anion binding to the etheric oxygen of PEG and potentiating the fusogenicity of the polymer.     

Interspecific protoplast fusion in fission yeasts

Protoplasts of auxotrophic mutants isolated fromSchizosaccharomyces pombe andSchizosaccharomyces octosporus were fused. The fusion products were capable of complementation and growth on minimal medium, but the morphological observations suggested a disturbed physiological balance, which was reflected in low viability, osmotic sensitivity, and the formation of incomplete cell wall. Their asymmetric segregation indicated thatSchizosaccharomyces octosporus might be dominant in the fused cells.     

Brassica carinata resynthesized by protoplast fusion

Brassica carinata (bbcc) was resynthesized by protoplast fusion betweenB. nigra (bb) andB. oleracea (cc). In two fusion experiments 64 hybrid plants were obtained and identified to be true hybrids by isoenzyme analysis, nuclear DNA content, chromosome number, and intermediate morphology. Of these plants 56% were normal amphidiploids with 2n=34 chromosomes and a DNA content equivalent to that of naturalB. carinata. The remaining plants were polyploid, morphologically abnormal, and infertile. The majority of the hybrids contained both chloroplasts and mitochondria fromB. nigra, but some plants combined chloroplast and mitochondria from the different progenitors. Hybrids with a DNA content equivalent to that ofB. carinata had a wide range of male fertility (4–98%), but consistently low female fertility. Only a few selfed seed were produced, but these germinated and grew into vigorous plants.Salaries and research support provided by State and Federal funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University. Journal Article No. 296-92