碲锌镉面元辐射探测器堆积载流子屏蔽效应

 采用铑(Rh)靶45 kV X射线源进行了碲锌镉(CdZnTe)面元像素阵列探测器成像实验。实验结果表明：在探测距离1 mm,管电压45 kV条件下,管电流增大至20 μA时,辐照中心区域像素单元信号丢失,出现围绕辐照中心区域的边缘高事件计数环形探测图像。随着管电流的增大,无响应像素区域扩大,探测器总体事件计数明显降低。进一步根据泊松方程建立了CdZnTe晶体内部电势分布模型,仿真结果表明：单位面积光子通量为5×10⁵ mm^-2·s^-1时,由于CdZnTe晶体较低的空穴迁移率,晶体内部存在堆积空穴载流子形成的高空间电荷密度分布区域。晶体内部电场产生扭曲,电子载流子无法迁移至对应阳极位置,导致辐照中心区域产生信号屏蔽效应。     

Visibility in differential phase-contrast imaging with partial coherence source

This paper gives theoretical analysis of visibility of fringes, which is influenced by distances, temporal and spatial coherence of source, in hard x-ray differential phase-contrast imaging with microfocus x-ray source. According to the character of longitudinal periodicity of the interferogram, the setup is insensitive to mechanical drift and vibrations. The effect of temporal coherence of x-ray source is investigated and its related bandwidth is derived. Based on the theory of partially coherent light, it shows that the requirement for the spatial coherence of x-ray source is not strict and can be met by the general microfocus x-ray tube for x-ray differential phase-contrast imaging.     

锥束CT成像质量影响因素研究

CT成像质量受诸多因素影响,有必要系统地研究各因素带来的影响以得到更好的成像效果。基于兰州大学核科学与技术学院研制的锥束CT系统,在近探测器几何条件下,采用一铝制标准件,通过对比实验研究了投影采集范围及步长、管电压及管电流、焦点尺寸、样品在转台位置、硬化校正和图像优化等因素对CT系统成像质量的影响。结果表明,当投影采集完备时,投影采集范围对成像质量影响较小,减小扫描步长能提高成像质量;适当提高管电压能降低硬化伪影,提高管电流能减小图像噪声;较小的焦点尺寸能提高图像空间分辨率,但在近探测器几何条件下不明显;样品在转台位置不影响CT系统还原样品结构;硬化校正能明显消除硬化伪影;最后,对于单一材质样品通过阈值去噪能优化图像质量。以上研究为CT系统的研制和应用提供了参考。     

硬X射线相位光栅的设计与研制

针对在普通实验室和医院实现40—100keVX射线相衬成像的需求,考虑到成像系统参数、X射线源空间相干特性及光栅衍射效率,设计出硅基相位光栅结构参数.利用我们已发展的光助电化学刻蚀技术研制出直径为5英寸的相位光栅,其空间周期为5.6μm,线宽为2.8μm,深度为40—70μm.在理论分析的基础上,通过提高硅片两端有效工作电压和修正Lehmann电流密度公式,解决了实际刻蚀过程中出现的钻蚀问题.由实验结果可知,本方案对制作大面积高精度相位光栅十分有效。     

X射线皮秒变象管分幅相机研究

本文介绍了我们提出的一种新的实现皮秒分幅摄影的技术方案,其优点是对控制线路要求不高,给出了用计算机对此方案进行数值模拟的结果和新设计的用于这种分幅方案的变象管特性,用直流X射线源测出该变象管的静态空间分辨率为20lp/mm。用激光打靶产生的脉冲X射线测量了相机动态特性,已得到了四幅动态像,每幅曝光时间150ps,空间分辨率3lp/mm。     

Elemental sensitivity in soft x-ray imaging with a laser-plasma source and a color center detector

Elemental sensitivity in soft x-ray imaging of thin foils with known thickness is observed using an ultrafast laser-plasma source and a LiF crystal as detector. Measurements are well reproduced by a simple theoretical model. This technique can be exploited for high spatial resolution, wide field of view imaging in the soft x-ray region, and it is suitable for the characterization of thin objects with thicknesses ranging from hundreds down to tens of nanometers.     

标定脉冲星导航探测器的荧光X射线光源

为标定X射线脉冲星导航用探测器, 设计了一种荧光X射线源, 该射线源的工作原理是 用X射线管的出射线轰击特定荧光靶材, 从而获得能量一定的荧光X射线, 并以此作为标定探测器的荧光X射线光源. 采用硅漂移半导体探测器在大气环境下测试了按上述原理搭建的荧光X射线光源的能谱分布和光子流量, 从光子流量入手推算了该荧光X射线光源用于真空系统中对探测器进行标定的可行性. 研制出了荧光X射线光源样机, 并在真空系统中对荧光X射线光源样机光子流量做了测试. 在探测距离D_x=300 cm, X射线管管流I_a=200 μA时, 所测得的荧光X射线光源光子流量可达19.57 ph/s@4.51 keV, 25.22 ph/s@5.41 keV, 33.27 ph/s@8.05 keV, 确认了所提方法的可行性, 获得了标定探测器的荧光X射线光源.     

X射线脉冲星导航系统模拟光源的研究

介绍了X射线脉冲星导航地面模拟光源研究的必要性及非伺服的机械调制方法所存在的问题和缺陷, 提出了基于栅控X射线球管的X射线脉冲星辐射脉冲模拟方法, 通过电子光学设计计算, 对栅控X射线管的电极结构进行设计优化, 研制了栅控X射线管和脉冲星模拟光源装置.实验测试了栅控球管的性能, 测试结果与理论计算结果基本相符, 实现了对X射线的调制; 通过基于FPGA的直接数字频率合成方法, 产生脉冲星的任意形状脉冲轮廓电压信号, 加载至球管控制栅极, 并对其出射脉冲轮廓进行测试, 结果表明产生的X射线脉冲轮廓逼真程度在95%以上, 模拟源频率稳定度约为2×10^-11. 关键词： 脉冲星导航 X射线球管 栅极控制     

X射线的电离剂量率测量实验

结合Leybold教具公司生产的X射线装置通过测量平行板电容间的X射线电离离子剂量率使学生了解气体探测器的测量原理，继而了解X射线电离离子剂量率与管高压和管发射电流的关系．     

Phase-contrast imaging of nanostructures by soft x rays from a femtosecond-laser plasma

The possibility of phase-contrast imaging of nanostructures has been analyzed with the use of a femtosecond-laser plasma as a spatially coherent soft x-ray source and a LiF crystal as an x-ray detector having both the submicron spatial resolution in a wide field of view and a high contrast. It is demonstrated that the spatial coherence length of radiation in the wavelength range 1–13 nm at a distance of 30 cm from the femtosecond-laser plasma source is ?1.5 μm. The achieved spatial coherence of the source is sufficient to obtain high-quality phase-contrast x-ray images of foils with various chemical compositions and a thickness of ?100 nm.     

Single-shot dual-energy x-ray imaging with a flat-panel sandwich detector for preclinical imaging

We describe a multi-layer (“sandwich”) configuration detector consisting of two x-ray imaging flat-panel detectors for single-shot (single-kV) dual-energy imaging. An intermediate copper filter is used to increase spectral separation between the two detectors to improve contrast at the expense of image noise. Monte Carlo and cascaded-systems analyses of the signal and noise performance are described that quantify performance characteristics. Image quality of dual-energy images obtained from a prototype sandwich-detector system is evaluated using a figure of merit (FOM), defined as the squared contrast-to-noise ratio normalized by x-ray exposure for a mouse phantom for preclinical imaging. Demonstration dual-energy bone and soft-tissues images of a postmortem mouse are obtained using the prototype system. While the FOM with the single-shot detector is lower than that achieved using a conventional dual-shot (dual-kV) method, the single-shot approach may be preferable when imaging speed or insensitivity to motion artifacts is a primary concern.     

Direct detection at submillimetre wavelengths using superconducting tunnel junctions

Superconducting tunnel-junction direct detectors are considered in some detail. For frequencies below twice that of the gap there is some bias voltage for which the input impedance is real, the responsivity quantum limited, and the dynamic range high. A susperconducting detector saturates for two reasons: intrinsic saturation due to the relative increase in two-photon tunnelling processes, and extrinsic saturation due to the input match changing with bias voltage. The responsivity of a detector with a resistive RF source is least sensitive to bias-voltage changes and has the greatest dynamic range when operating with a sloping load line. In the case of an inductive source, the dynamic range can be higher than the intrinsic saturation rate would suggest. Ideally, superconducting tunnel-junction detectors should be biased in a constant-voltage mode. If the responsivity is to be depressed by no more than a few percent, the photon step should have a height which is no more than one quarter of the total current turn-on at the gap. Superconducting direct detectors can be used to make precise and well-calibrated optical measurements at submillimetre wavelengths.     

The time dependence of the temperature of an electron of a low-pressure discharge for a change in the voltage of the source

If a variable periodic or non-periodic electric current passes through a gas discharge there is a certain phase difference between this current and the corresponding voltage on the electrodes. The magnitude of this phase difference is dependent both on the conditions existing inside the discharge and on the external electric circuit. It is obvious that apart from the shape of the tube and the type and pressure of the neutral gas, the behaviour of the discharge will be determined by the concentration and temperature of the electrons and by the following external conditions: the voltage of the source and the character of its dependence, and the stabilising resistance or impedance. In this paper a theoretical study is made of the change in temperature and concentration of electrons at a glow discharge, stabilised by ohmic resistance, as a function of the change in voltage of the source.The author wishes to thank Prof. J. B. Slavík, director of the department of physics of the Electrotechnical Faculty, for making this work possible.     

The microcalorimeter X-ray detector: A true paradigm shift in X-ray spectroscopy

The microcalorimeter x-ray detector registers the heat deposited in an absorber from individual x-ray photons by means of a sensitive thermometer. It combines advantages of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive detectors: relatively high energy resolution over a broad energy spectrum. Operating at very low temperatures reduces the noise, making the high energy resolution possible. The absorber can be tailored to any energy range, from soft x-rays to gamma rays. After many years of development, several designs have reached a level of performance and reliability that makes them competitive x-ray detectors for many kinds of experiment. We survey current microcalorimeter detectors using several different thermometers. Their applications already run from chemical analysis to plasma physics and x-ray astronomy. We describe two examples of how the microcalorimeter detector can enable novel determinations in x-ray physics.     

DT聚变脉冲中子产额的活化测量法

设计了一个测量高强度DT聚变脉冲中子产额的活化探测器.该探测器由中子慢化体、天然银片、塑料闪烁体和光电倍增管组成,其输出电流通过一个小电流计来获取.通过分析探测器在直流标定和脉冲测量两种状态下输出电流的变化曲线,求解出了特征参数,进而推导计算出DT聚变脉冲中子源的产额.实践证明,这种测量方法与传统的活化法相比,减少了对...     

多层石墨烯纳米带光电探测器理论与性能分析

多层石墨烯具有超宽的光谱吸收范围及独特的光电性能,是制作下一代光电探测器件的理想材料。以石墨烯的带间隧穿理论为基础,提出了一个多层石墨烯纳米带结构的光电探测器模型,纳米带的两端与源极和漏极相连,夹在半导体基质和上下栅极之间。利用这个模型,建立了多层石墨烯纳米带探测器的光电转换机制,讨论了上栅极电压不同时探测器的工作原理,研究了源-漏极间光电流及暗电流与入射光能量的关系,探讨了探测器的偏置电压,耗尽层长度以及带隙取值对暗电流的影响,并分析了不同参数下探测器响应率以及探测率随入射光能量的变化关系。结果表明,探测器的响应率随纳米带层数的增加而增加,受带隙,耗尽层长度和偏置电压的影响,最大的响应率约为103 A·W-1; 通过限制上栅压,带隙等变量可以控制系统暗电流,增大探测器的探测率,最高探测率约为109 cm·Hz1/2·W-1。多层石墨烯纳米带结构可以增强探测器对入射光的吸收,提高探测器的灵敏度以及对弱光的探测能力,实现对太赫兹到远红外波段入射光的有效探测,探测性能远高于许多量子结构和窄带半导体结构的光电探测器。     

微束斑X射线源及X射线光学元件

高质量的X射线源,尤其高亮度的微纳束斑X射线源是现代X射线光学高清晰成像最为关键的部件之一,在工业无损探伤、生命科学、材料科学等科学研究和实际应用中具有重要的意义。简单介绍了微束斑X射线源的产生方法及发展历史,并对微束X射线光学涉及到的聚焦X射线光学元件（如X射线掠入射反射镜、布拉格法反射镜、多层膜反射镜、多层膜光栅、X射线波带片、毛细管聚焦透镜和复合折射透镜等）的主要特点作了简要的系统介绍。最后展望了微细束X射线在微纳检测与分析等方面的应用前景。     

Lensless ghost imaging through the strongly scattering medium

Lensless ghost imaging has attracted much interest in recent years due to its profound physics and potential applications. In this paper we report studies of the robust properties of the lensless ghost imaging system with a pseudo-thermal light source in a strongly scattering medium. The effects of the positions of the strong medium on the ghost imaging are investigated. In the lensless ghost imaging system, a pseudo-thermal light is split into two correlated beams by a beam splitter. One beam goes to a charge-coupled detector camera, labeled as CCD2. The other beam goes to an object and then is collected in another charge-coupled detector camera, labeled as CCD1, which serves as a bucket detector. When the strong medium, a pane of ground glass disk, is placed between the object and CCD1, the bucket detector, the quality of ghost imaging is barely affected and a good image could still be obtained. The quality of the ghost imaging can also be maintained, even when the ground glass is rotating, which is the strongest scattering medium so far. However, when the strongly scattering medium is present in the optical path from the light source to CCD2 or the object, the lensless ghost imaging system hardly retrieves the image of the object. A theoretical analysis in terms of the second-order correlation function is also provided.     

快前沿紧凑型X光机研制

介绍了一种基于Marx发生器原理设计的快前沿紧凑型X光机,采用Marx发生器直接驱动X射线管的线路设计,封装在一个直径约为15 cm、长约1.2 m的不锈钢圆筒内。Marx发生器设计为15级单极性同轴结构,利用锐化开关与屏蔽外筒间的杂散电容来减小脉冲前沿,同时采用紧凑低电感设计来获得窄脉冲的输出。Marx发生器最大储能90 J,在充电电压为30 kV的情况下,75Ω负载上获得了前沿10 ns、脉宽40 ns、幅度360 kV的高压脉冲。实验结果表明X光机设计合理,实现了设备小型化目标,获得了快前沿高幅度的高压脉冲。研制的X光机的主要的参数为:脉宽35 ns;0.3 m处剂量约2.58×10~(-5)C/kg;焦斑2 mm。     

A VUV isochromat spectrometer for surface analysis

A vacuum ultraviolet isochromat spectrometer employing an energy selective Geiger-Müller photon counter is described. The mean energy of the spectrometer is 9.7 eV with a standard deviation of ±0.23 eV. Together with the thermal energy distribution of the electrons emitted from a directly heated tungsten cathode, an overall resolution of ±0.33 eV is obtained. Pulsed operation of the x-ray tube avoids additional broadening due to the voltage drop across the filament. Further, pulsed operation of the accelerating voltage is employed to avoid counting losses due to the relatively large dead time of the radiation detector. Operating frequencies of up to 2 kHz are possible. With sensitivities of typically 10⁷ pulses per Coulomb, the anode currents are in the range of 100–200 μA. These attractive properties suggest to employ the method to study surface electronic properties of solids.