评价表面活性剂溶液泡沫性能的方法—真球气泡法北大核心CSCD

通过真球气泡法测定了不同价数和浓度的无机盐体系下十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)表面活性剂溶液的表面张力和表面扩展黏度;通过Ross-Miles法测定了相应同一溶液的发泡力和泡沫稳定性;结果表明:SDS溶液的表面张力值随着各种无机盐浓度的增加而减小至不变,此时的无机盐浓度作为相对浓度100%来考察时,发现临界胶束浓度(CMC)值与添加盐的种类无关,只随无机盐的相对浓度的增加而减少;即CMC值随着无机盐的相对浓度的增加从不含无机盐时的8.3 mmol/L均收敛至最小值3.0 mmol/L;表面张力值和对应的发泡力值呈负线性关系,由此推断表面张力值可以评价发泡力;表面扩展黏度值和对应的泡沫稳定性值呈正线性关系,由此推断表面扩展黏度可以评价泡沫稳定性;无机盐种类对SDS表面活性剂发泡力和泡沫稳定性的影响力随阳离子价数(Na^(+)、Cu^(2+)、Fe^(3+))增加而增加。     

多相光催化分解H2S中阴离子表面活性剂对半导体催化剂CdS表面的影响

研究了在H₂S碱性溶液中,CdS粉末催化剂存在时,光催化分解H₂S释氢和生成硫反应。考察了阴离子表面活性剂——十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对催化剂的表面性质和催化活性的影响。通过模拟该反应体系,用电化学方法测定了单晶CdS电极在上述反应体系中加入SDS(浓度低于临界胶团浓度CMC值)后的平带电位的变化。结果表明:单晶CdS电极的平带电位,由于该体系加入SDS而正移,与n型多晶半导体CdS在加入SDS的H₂S碱性溶液中,光催化分解H₂S的释氢量减少相一致。并探讨了在该体系中,由于表面活性剂的阴离子与S^2-在单晶CdS电极表面上的竞争吸附,而引起单晶CdS电极的平带电位正移。     

表面活性剂对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺溶液抗盐性的影响

通过实验研究了阴离子表面活性剂(SDS)、非离子表面活性剂(OP-10)、两性表面活性剂(C12BE)浓度及KCl浓度对部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(阴离子型,HPAM)水溶液黏度的影响规律,进而分析各因素对聚合物溶液抗盐性的影响。实验结果表明:当表面活性剂浓度低于临界缔合浓度CAC时,聚合物溶液黏度变化不大;高于CAC后,随着表面活性剂浓度增大,聚合物溶液黏度急剧增加;当表面活性剂浓度达到聚合物饱和浓度PSP时,聚合物溶液黏度达到最大值;再加入阴离子和两性表面活性剂,将导致黏度降低,而加入非离子表面活性剂不再改变聚合物溶液的黏度,无机盐KCl对聚合物溶液有双重作用,低浓度KCl促进聚合物溶液黏度升高,高浓度KCl则导致聚合物溶液黏度急剧降低后趋于稳定,在相同KCl浓度下,三种表面活性剂的抗盐能力表现为:SDSOP-10C12BE。     

一种金属络合性表面活性剂及其cu(ⅱ)配合物的合成和抗菌性

以对甲酚、月桂酸、乙二胺等为原料,通过酰化、Fries重排、磺化和缩合等反应,合成了一种含席夫碱结构的新型络合性表面活性剂,合成总产率为39．2％,以该表面活性剂为配体与Cu~(2 )作用形成配合物,产率为87．6％。测定了该表面活性剂在20℃时不同浓度下的表面张力和发泡高度,结果表明该物质具有较高的表面活性,其临界胶束浓度CMC为2．5×10~(-4)mol/L,其水溶液的最低表面张力为30 mN/m;用可见分光光度法测定了该表面活性剂铜配合物在25℃0．01 mol/L硼砂缓冲溶液中的生成稳定常数β为1．91×10~8,实验表明该表面活性剂与Cu~(2 )易形成稳定的配合物;用浓度稀释法测试了该配合物对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌的抗菌活性,实验表明该配合物对白色念珠菌的抗菌力最高,其最小杀灭浓度为96．1×10~(-6)g/mL。     

新型疏水缔合聚合物P(AM/POEA)与表面活性剂的相互作用

采用粘度法、荧光探针和透射电镜研究了新型疏水缔合聚合物P(AM/POEA)和表面活性剂SDS和CTAB在水溶液中的相互作用. 聚合物P(AM/POEA)结构中, 疏水体(2-苯氧乙基丙烯酸酯)呈嵌段状无序地分布在聚丙烯酰胺主链上. 这类聚合物很容易和表面活性剂相互作用, 通过疏水缔合, 形成混合胶束状聚集体, 导致溶液粘度剧增. 随聚合物溶液中SDS的加入, 溶液粘度发生大幅度起伏变化, 出现最大值. 粘度最大值对应的表面活性剂浓度c_S,max位于表面活性剂CMC附近, 并发现它的位置不随聚合物微结构而变化. 然而它们缔合作用的增粘程度却与聚合物疏水体含量X_H及疏水嵌段尺寸N_H有关. 在实验浓度范围内, X_H和N_H愈大, 溶液的粘度越高. 此外用透射电镜直接观察到聚合物/表面活性剂体系中聚集体的交联结构形貌.     

表面活性剂胶束化物理化学性质研究

通过电导法考查温度和盐浓度对十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)临界胶束浓度(CMC)的影响,研究表面活性剂形成胶束过程的物理化学性质。根据拟相分离模型求得胶束化热力学函数,并讨论体系电导活化能随温度和SDS浓度变化关系。结果表明:SDS的CMC随温度升高而增加,随氯化钠浓度增大而减小。在热力学上SDS在水溶液中形成胶束是一个自发、放热、熵增的过程;在动力学上,SDS溶液电导率与温度关系符合Arrhenius公式,通过电导活化能信息可揭示离子型表面活性剂形成胶束的机理特征。     

双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵水溶液CMC值的测定

采用电导法和荧光法测定了阳离子表面活性剂-双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵(DODAC)的临界胶束浓度(CMC), 在温度为14 ℃时, 电导法测得DODAC溶液的临界胶束浓度为5.24×10-5 mol/L, 荧光法测得DODAC溶液的临界胶束浓度为9.67×10-5 mol/L.     

四-(4-羧基苯基)卟啉在SDS胶束体系中的光谱研究

本文采用紫外-可见光谱法,研究了四-(4-羧基苯基)卟啉(TCPP)在阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)胶束中的光谱行为。结果表明,由于TCPP的诱导作用,使SDS临界胶束浓度(CMC)值降低了。体相pH值由中性变化到酸性,TCPP在SDS胶束溶液中伴随着明显的质子化现象及跨膜转移过程。     

改性二氧化硅纳米颗粒提高二氧化碳泡沫稳定性的研究

通过纳米二氧化硅的硅烷化改性, 使其在高矿化度盐水中可以稳定存在的前提下, 研究了改性纳米颗粒与阳离子表面活性剂十二烷基三甲基氯化铵混合体系的溶液稳定性及协同稳定CO₂泡沫的效果. 研究结果表明, 无机盐离子对改性纳米颗粒与阳离子表面活性剂间的静电吸引力具有屏蔽作用, 且矿化度越高, 屏蔽效果越明显, 从而混合溶液更易于在高盐水中稳定; 纳米颗粒表面的活性剂吸附层受二者浓度的影响, 进而影响了颗粒的亲/疏水性; 当混合体系中的表面活性剂浓度低于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时, 混合溶液与CO₂的界面张力高于单独活性剂溶液, 而当活性剂浓度高于CMC时, 对CO₂-溶液界面张力几乎无影响, 最低界面张力可降至6 mN/m左右; 改性纳米颗粒的加入可以进一步提高CO₂体相泡沫半衰期一倍以上, 但受二者浓度比例的影响; 纳米颗粒的加入有效提高了多孔介质中泡沫的表观黏度, 最大增幅由20 mPa·s增至55 mPa·s左右, 泡沫黏度增加接近3倍, 增强了CO₂泡沫驱的封堵作用.     

微乳电动毛细管色谱分离分析氟喹诺酮类药物

建立了一种同时分离7种氟喹诺酮类药物(FQs)的微乳液电动毛细管色谱(MEEKC)。用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为表面活性剂,系统考察了缓冲溶液浓度和pH、SDS、助表面活性剂和油相的浓度、温度等对分离的影响。最佳分离条件为:1%正庚烷(V/V),100mmol/LSDS,10%正丁醇(V/V)和8mmol/L磷酸盐-四硼酸钠缓冲溶液(pH7.30)。以氧氟沙星(OF)作内标,FQs标准水溶液和标准血清溶液的线性范围分别为1.2×10-6~5.0×10-4mol/L和2.0×10-6~5.0×10-4mol/L,检出限(S/N=3)均为9.7×10-7mol/L。方法直接应用于滴眼液中环丙沙星(CPF)的测定,精密度和准确度高;应用于血液中加替沙星(GTF)的测定涉及固相萃取预处理样品,萃取平均回收率为90.6%,日内、日间精密度分别为3.3%和3.6%,结果满意。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

解决能源问题的新途径——光解水制氢的研究

面对日益枯竭的能源危机,氢能是一种洁净、最有前景的替代能源。目前在各种制氢的方法中光催化分解水制氢的研究最多,光解水过程中催化剂最关键,本文对利用太阳能光解水的途径、提高光催化反应效率以及光催化剂的开发研究进行了综述。