S对铸造高温合金K417G凝固行为的影响

在1 340～1 230℃采用等温凝固实验,研究了w[S]分别为0.000 1%、0.001 8%和0.003 7%对K417G合金凝固特性的影响。结果表明,S降低合金的固相线温度,扩大固液两相区,当w[S]从0.000 1%增加到0.003 7%时,合金的固相线温度由1 255℃降低至1 245℃。在凝固过程中S元素偏析于液相,并在终凝区析出Y相,且S促进Al、Cr元素在固液界面处的富集。在相同等温温度下,S元素对MC碳化物和γ+γ’共晶的析出温度与形貌无明显影响,但S含量的增加促使MC碳化物、γ+γ’共晶和Y相数量的增加,且Y相的析出温度从1 230℃提升至1 240℃。     

镍基高温合金GH4738的凝固偏析和碳化物析出行为

高温合金铸锭凝固过程内部各区域散热条件不同,冷却速率存在明显差异。采用差示扫描量热分析(DSC)、高温共聚焦显微镜(HT-CLSM)原位观察和定向凝固(DS)的方法,研究了宽冷速范围下GH4738合金的凝固偏析和碳化物析出行为。结果表明, GH4738合金的凝固顺序为L→γ+L,L→γ+L+MC,L→γ+MC+η+(γ+γ′),其中MC型碳化物、η相和(γ+γ′)共晶相为合金凝固过程中的主要偏析产物;Ti、Mo元素是合金的主要枝晶间偏析元素;提高冷却速率能有效降低凝固前沿残余液相中的溶质富集程度;铸态组织中的的碳化物主要为富Ti的MC型碳化物(TiC、Ti(N)C)和以TiN或Al₂O₃为核心的MC型复合碳化物(Al₂O₃-TiC、TiN-TiC);随着冷却速率降低,碳化物平均尺寸增大,体积分数减小,形貌由小块状向长条状、汉字状和大块状演变。     

K445高温合金的微观组织特征研究

研究了K445高温合金微观组织特征.结果表明,K445铸态合金的主要组织为γ基体、粗大的γ'相、花辩状的γ+γ'共晶组织以及晶界上和晶内的MC碳化物;经过热处理后的K445合金的主要组织的形貌和分布有较大改变,成分偏析程度减轻,粗大的γ'相变得细小而弥散,在晶界上及晶内都分布着一定数量的M23C6及少量的MC碳化物.     

镍基高温合金GH4151的偏析及相析出行为

摘要：利用电子探针(EPMA)、场发射扫描电镜（SEM）及差热分析（DTA）研究了GH4151合金的元素偏析行为、铸态组织特征以及析出相种类,并对合金凝固过程进行讨论。结果表明：GH4151合金凝固过程中,W元素偏聚于枝晶干,Mo、Nb、Ti元素偏聚于枝晶间,Co、Cr、Al元素几乎不发生偏析,Nb、Ti元素偏析较重。GH4151铸锭心部为粗大的等轴晶,主要析出相包括强化相γ′相、一次碳化物、η相、（γ+γ′）共晶相以及Laves相,其中枝晶间分布的η相、（γ+γ′）共晶相和Laves相为低温脆性相在凝固末期形成,扩大了合金的凝固区间,从而导致合金热裂敏感性增加。     

热处理工艺对U720LI合金中γ''''相析出的影响

研究了连续冷却过程中的中断淬火和时效处理对于U720LI高温合金中γ'相析出规律的影响.结果表明,该合金自1175℃快冷(800℃/min)至室温时,组织中仍有非常细小的一次γ'相析出;而当合金自1175℃缓慢冷却(55℃/min)至1010℃以下温度再中断快冷至室温时,合金中会发生多次析出,形成不同尺寸的γ'相.对于快冷试样,时效后发现有更细小的γ'相析出,析出相的平均尺寸将减小;而对于先缓冷再中断快冷的试样,时效后没有明显的细小γ'相析出,析出相的平均尺寸将增大.     

700℃以上超超临界电站锅炉过热器管材用典型镍基合金的平衡析出相规律

利用热力学计算软件Thermo-Calc及镍基合金数据库,计算了三种700℃以上超超临界电站用过热器管道材料Inconel740、Inconel617和GH2984合金的热力学平衡相图,并对比了三种材料主要析出相的析出行为.计算结果表明:三种合金主要的析出相包括γ、γ'、碳化物、σ、η、δ、μ及α-Cr等,凝固过程中Mo、Nb和Ti元素偏析严重,会降低合金的初熔点,因此后期均匀化退火处理十分重要.另一方面,750℃时Inconel740合金γ'相析出量大于另外两种合金,并且Al和Ti含量对γ'相和η相析出行为有较大影响.碳化物的计算表明,Inconel617合金一次碳化物与另两种合金不同,并且其二次碳化物的析出温度范围最大.GH2984合金中Fe含量较大时会导致σ相出现,对合金的性能产生不利影响.      

GH4710合金的相析出特征及其与热加工塑性损伤的关联性

利用Thermal Calc热力学软件、光学金相显微镜、扫描电镜等手段分析了GH4710合金原始态和不同条件热物理模拟变形后的析出相及加工损伤特征,系统研究了析出相特征与该合金热加工塑性损伤及开裂的关联性.结果表明:GH4710合金的原始组织主要由γ'、MC及M₂₃C₆碳化物、γ+γ共晶组织组成;热加工时微孑洞等损伤在MC碳化物及γ+γ共晶组织处形核后沿晶界扩展,最终相互连接导致合金大面积破坏;γ'相优先在MC碳化物及共晶组织附近析出,并通过其共格应力场的作用增加了损伤形核和扩展阻力,使合金在较低温度下的塑性损伤值明显小于高温条件下.      

镍基高温合金GH4706析出相的热力学计算与分析

应用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件,模拟元素含量及热处理温度对镍基高温合金GH4706平衡相析出规律的影响。结果表明:平衡析出相的种类和析出温度范围与微观组织观测和差热分析的实验结果基本一致。MC碳化物的初始析出温度随Nb、Ti含量增加而降低,而析出量主要受C含量影响;η相初始析出温度与析出量随Ti含量增加而增大,受Nb、Fe影响较小;γ'相初始析出温度与析出量随Al含量增加而升高,受Ti、Nb含量影响较小;合金凝固过程中Nb、Ti会产生显著正偏析,Cr产生负偏析;Nb、Ti含量增加提高合金初熔点,降低合金的终熔点,使凝固温度范围变窄。     

UNS N10276合金电渣重熔凝固组织及成分偏析研究

研究了UNS N10276合金大规格电渣重熔锭铸态组织、合金元素偏析行为以及合金中析出相的析出规律,并结合热力学计算系统分析了电渣重熔凝固组织及偏析的形成原因。研究结果表明,UNS N10276合金电渣锭具有典型枝晶组织,电渣锭头部的二次枝晶间距明显大于尾部。合金在凝固过程中,Mo、Mn、Si、C等元素富集于枝晶间,属于正偏析元素;Fe、W、Cr等元素富集于枝晶干,属于负偏析元素。Mo是偏析最严重的元素且在电渣锭头部偏析量最大。UNS N10276合金电渣锭中的主要析出相为枝晶间和沿晶界分布的大尺寸μ相和M6C碳化物相。Mo元素是析出相主要形成元素,且在电渣锭头部析出数量多,析出相尺寸大。因此,为改善UNS N10276合金冶金质量及其热加工性能,在成分设计和实际生产中应尽量减少Mo元素偏析,并尽可能地减少其析出相的形成。     

0Cr20Ni65Ti3AlNb合金平衡析出相热力学计算

利用JMatPro热力学计算软件,对0Cr20Ni65Ti3AlNb合金的平衡析出相和非平衡凝固过程进行了模拟计算。结果表明：合金的主要平衡析出相有γ相、γ′相、MC和M₂₃C₆型碳化物相、η相,合金的非平衡凝固过程中Nb、Ti元素偏析比较严重,会降低合金的初、终熔点;Al含量对γ′相析出温度和析出量影响最大;C是MC和M₂₃C₆型碳化物相主要形成元素,对其析出温度和析出量起决定作用;η相的开始析出温度和析出量主要受Ti含量影响,过多的η相析出会影响合金的机械性能,因此,在成分设计过程中需合理控制合金的Ti含量。     

高合金钢Vanadis4凝固过程及组织

通过激光扫描共焦显微镜、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针、微区成分能谱分析和差示扫描量热法,研究了高合金Vanadis4(V4)模具钢(%:1.5C、8.0Cr、1.5Mo、4.0V)的凝固过程及其微观组织。结果表明,V4钢基体为马氏体和残余奥氏体,基体中碳化物主要为MC与M₇C₃型。杆状、棒状或团块状VC分布在晶界。该钢在凝固时,首先发生结晶过程L→γ从液相中析出初生γ相,随着γ相不断析出,剩余液相中合金元素含量不断富集,达到共晶成分后将先后发生L→γ+MC与L→γ+M₇C₃共晶反应。     

Influence of rare earth elements on solidification behavior of a high speed steel for roll using differential scanning calorimetry

The influence of rare earths(RE) on solidification behavior of a high speed steel for roll was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) in combination of microstructure analysis.It was found that the sequence of solidification was L→γ,L→γ+MC,L→γ+M2C,L→γ+M6C,respectively.The start temperature and the latent heat liberated by unit mass of L→γ and L→γ+MC increased with increase of RE addition,indicating that RE could trigger the crystallization of the primary γ and the MC carbide more effectively.The promoting effect of RE on the heterogeneous nucleation was believed to be an important cause of this effect.Grain refinement,discontinuous network of eutectic carbides and disperse and finer MC were observed in the samples with RE addition,moreover,RES could act as the heterogeneous nucleus of the MC.RE addition was favorable for stable M6C at the expense of the metastable M2C.     

冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应(L+δ→γ)在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.      

Mo含量对第四代单晶高温合金 组织及稳定性的影响

为优化第四代单晶高温合金的Mo含量，在真空定向凝固炉中采用选晶法制备1 % Mo和3 % Mo的2种单晶高温合金, 采用JMatPro软件计算了不同Mo含量合金相图，通过扫描电镜和能谱仪研究Mo含量对合金凝固特征，铸态组织，热处理组织和1 100 ℃/1 000 h长期时效组织的影响.结果表明，随着Mo含量增加，固液相线下移，糊状区变宽，γ′相和TCP相含量增加；铸态合金中共晶含量减少，γ相尺寸减小，其均匀化和立方化程度稍有增加；此外，热处理组织中γ′相立方化程度增加，长期时效组织中TCP相析出量增加，合金的组织稳定性下降.      

Influence of Rare Earth Elements on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast High-Speed Steel Rolls

The influence of rare earth （RE） elements on the solidification process and eutectic transformation and mechanical properties of the high-V type cast, high-speed steel roll was studied. Test materials with different RE additions were prepared on a horizontal centrifugal casting machine. The solidification process, eutectic structure transformation, carbide morphology, and the elements present, were all investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectrometry （SEM-EDS）. The energy produced by crack initiation and crack extension was analyzed using a digital impact test machine. It was found that rare earth elements increased the tensile strength of the steel by inducing crystallization of earlier eutectic γ-Fe during the solidification process, which in turn increased the solidification temperature and thinned the dendritic grains. Rare earth elements with large atomic radius changed the lattice parameters of the MC carbide by forming rare earth carbides. This had the effect of dispersing longpole M C carbides to provide carbide grains, thereby, reducing the formation of the gross carbide and making more V available, to increase the secondary hardening process and improve the hardness level. The presence of rare earth elements in the steel raised the impact toughness by changing the mechanism of MC carbide formation, thereby increasing the crack initiation energy.     

FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变与析出行为

借助Thermo-calc软件对FeCrAl不锈钢所属的Fe-（18~21） Cr-（3~5） Al-（0~0.03） C-（0~0.2） Si-（0~0.2） Mn多元体系在凝固过程中的相变及析出行为进行了研究.采用Thermo-calc中TCFE7数据库对该体系的垂直截面图进行计算,分析了不同组元对凝固和冷却过程中相变的影响,并得到FeCrAl不锈钢的平衡凝固相变路径图.结果表明FeCrAl不锈钢由1600℃平衡冷却至300℃的过程中完整的平衡相变路径为:L→AlN+αδFe→AlN+αδFe+Cr₇C₃→AlN+αδFe+Cr₇C₃+Cr₂₃C₆→AlN+αδFe+Cr₂₃C₆→AlN+αδFe+Cr₂₃C₆+σ→AlN+αδFe+Cr₂₃C₆+σ+α'→AlN+αδFe+Cr₂₃C₆+α'.凝固过程中Cr₇C₃与σ相是否析出分别取决于体系中C、Si含量;Al含量的提高可扩大αδFe+Cr₇C₃的稳定区,降低α'相的析出温度,抑制σ相的析出;Cr含量的提高可以减小αδFe+Cr₇C₃的稳定区,扩大σ相和α'相的稳定区.      

Solidification mechanism of martensitic stainless steel

Abstract

In an unidirectional solidification experiment, an 8 kg stainless steel ingot with the composition 0·25%C, 17%Cr, and 1%Mn was solidified under continuous casting conditions. The dwell time of primary cooling was varied, followed by secondary spray cooling. Metallographic investigation, heat transfer, and segregation were carried out to study the solidification mechanism. The partition ratio of the elements present in ferrite and in austenite (martensite) was determined. It was indicated that the solidification follows: L → L + δ → L + δ + γ → δ + γ + carbides. Under high cooling rates γ austenite solidifies as a leading phase. The beginning of spray cooling has the main effect in controlling the obtained microstructures. Carbide thickening is observed in the rapidly cooled zone between the ferrite and the martensitic matrix. Tempered martensite increases by lowering the cooling rate, which gives more time for carbide dissolution and for carbon to diffuse into the ferrite, eventually increasing the austenite (martensite) fraction in the final matrix at the expense of ferrite.     

In Situ Observation of P91 High-Alloy Steel Solidification Characteristics at Different Cooling Rates

To clarify the effect of different radial cooling intensities on the formation of central cracks in large round bloom continuous casting, it is necessary to study the solidification characteristics and dynamics of P91 high-alloy steel at different cooling rates (CRs) to improve the central defects. In this article, the solidification characteristics of P91 high-alloy steel at different CRs are studied by using the Thermo-Calc software, high-temperature laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. Meanwhile, the growth kinetics of δ-Fe and γ-Fe phases under different CRs are determined. The results show that the solidification path of P91 high-alloy steel is L(L + δ-Fe) → (L + γ-Fe + δ-Fe) → (δ-Fe + γ-Fe). The δ-Fe and γ-Fe phase precipitation process is divided into two stages. Stage I is the nucleation and rapid growth phase, in which a high undercooling is required. Stage II is the slow growth stage, where the undercooling decreases and remains constant. The initial growth linear velocities of the δ-Fe phase are 0.51, 2.72, and 2.09 μm s⁻¹ at CRs of 10, 50, and 100 °C min⁻¹, respectively, while those of the γ-Fe phase are 0.10, 1.42, and 1.41 μm s⁻¹.