负压封闭引流技术在下肢巨大新鲜创面的应用

目的 总结负压封闭引流技术治疗下肢皮肤缺损的疗效。方法 应用负压封闭引流治疗下肢皮肤撕脱和骨筋膜室综合征切开减压术后巨大创面27例。结果 经负压引流1周,伤口均无感染,肉芽新鲜,给予Ⅱ期缝合或植皮愈合。结论 负压封闭引流治疗下肢皮肤缺损效果好。     

负压封闭引流在难愈性创面修复中的临床应用研究

目的:探讨负压封闭引流(VSD)技术在难愈性创面修复中的临床应用及疗效,为难愈性创面的治疗提供依据。方法:对15例皮肤慢性溃疡患者行全身一般治疗,同时局部创面经换药、清创处理后采用负压封闭引流治疗,促进创面愈合,待创面明显改善后通过皮片移植或皮瓣转移修复创面。结果:15例慢性难愈性创面患者经过清创、换药,负压封闭引流治疗后,部分患者直接痊愈,部分患者创面明显改善,通过二期植皮或皮瓣手术修复创面,取得了满意效果。结论:负压封闭引流是外科引流技术的革新,可以应用于治疗难愈性创面,能够彻底去除腔隙或创面分泌物及坏死组织,促进创面愈合,该技术操作简便,易于掌握,疗效远优于常规治疗,值得推广。     

可调节负压引流技术在下肢静脉溃疡治疗中的应用

目的探讨可调节负压引流技术治疗下肢静脉溃疡的临床效果。方法下肢静脉溃疡病人31例,溃疡创面行外科清创后应用可调节负压引流技术进行治疗。结果 13例病人创面经过1～2个负压周期治疗后逐渐愈合,未行后期自体游离植皮术;18例病人创面经过1～3个负压周期治疗在肉芽组织覆盖创面后,行自体游离植皮覆盖创面,并在植皮术后持续负压引流1周,病人植皮区完全成活,愈合良好。结论应用可调节负压引流技术治疗下肢静脉溃疡,能明显提高创面愈合速度、减少换药次数,病人所受痛苦小,且操作简单,疗效可靠。     

持续负压封闭吸引治疗慢性伤口12例

目的观察持续负压封闭引流（VSD）技术治疗慢性软组织缺损的疗效。方法 12例慢性软组织缺损患者,经持续负压封闭引流（VSD）技术治疗,再行植皮或皮瓣推移术。结果 1例直接愈合,6例经植皮后愈合,5例经皮瓣推移覆盖创面而愈合。结论表浅溃疡及褥疮等慢性软组织缺损,经VSD治疗后伤口愈合快,效果良好。     

外伤性皮肤窦道的整形修复及护理

目的:观察手术扩创+封闭负压引流+植皮术治疗长时间不愈合的外伤性皮肤窦道的临床疗效。方法:外伤性皮肤窦道在局麻、臂丛麻醉或硬膜外麻醉下行扩创手术,按创面大小和形状裁剪封闭负压引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)材料覆盖伤口创面,持续引流,7天拆除,伤口为新鲜肉芽组织后行植皮术并行VSD负压引流,7～10天拆除VSD材料。结果:本组82例外伤性皮肤窦道手术扩创后经1～3次封闭负压引流,伤口创面肉芽组织新鲜,经植皮术后皮片成活良好,随访6个月,伤口处瘢痕不明显,部分局部稍凹陷。结论:手术扩创+VSD负压引流+植皮术治疗长时间不愈合的外伤性皮肤窦道,该方法操作简单,痛苦小,疗效肯定,值得临床应用。     

负压封闭引流在下肢慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡修复中的应用

目的:探讨负压封闭引流(VSD)技术在下肢慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡修复中的应用价值。方法:对45例下肢皮肤慢性溃疡患者采用一期手术清创、负压封闭引流覆盖创面(必要时二次或多次手术),二期手术通过中厚皮片或全厚皮片移植修复创面。结果:45例皮肤慢性溃疡患者经过一期手术清创负压封闭引流治疗后,创面坏死组织全部清除,鲜嫩肉芽覆盖外露的肌腱、骨及软骨组织。通过二期手术在鲜嫩肉芽上植皮,皮片全部存活,慢性溃疡创面得以成功修复。结论:负压封闭引流用于治疗下肢慢性难愈性皮肤溃疡,手术操作简便,疗效显著,值得推广。     

负压封闭引流联合负载万古霉素硫酸钙与自体骨治疗慢性骨髓炎的临床研究

目的 :研究负压封闭引流联合负载万古霉素硫酸钙与自体骨在治疗慢性骨髓炎中的疗效。方法 :2013年6月至2016年12月治疗35例慢性骨髓炎患者,男23例,女12例;年龄11~65岁,平均34岁;病程8~46个月,平均26个月。所有患者为开放性创伤导致的慢性骨髓炎,病灶局部有反复红肿及脓液穿破皮肤病史。32例窦道分泌物细菌培养阳性,3例窦道分泌物细菌培养阴性。影像学检查显示病灶存在骨破坏、骨缺损,周围有骨质增生硬化。Ⅰ期行彻底清创,清除病灶坏死及炎性组织,负压封闭引流敷料完全覆盖创面,以促进创面的修复。Ⅱ期将负载万古霉素硫酸钙与自体髂骨松质骨混合为移植骨复合体,均匀填充病灶。观察患者伤口愈合情况,并对病灶进行X线检查,了解硫酸钙吸收及新骨生长情况。结果:26例行1次清创加负压封闭引流,6例行2次清创加负压封闭引流,3例行3次清创加负压封闭引流。32例伤口甲类愈合,2例乙类愈合的患者经抗感染、伤口换药等治疗后伤口完全愈合。1例丙类愈合的患者于术后4周时再行清创,伤口正常愈合。所有患者病灶处未再次出现皮肤红肿及破溃,X线片显示植入的硫酸钙4周左右开始逐步吸收,8周左右有新骨生成,6~24个月病灶区骨缺损完全愈合。结论:负压封闭引流联合负载万古霉素硫酸钙与自体骨治疗慢性骨髓炎,临床疗效良好、可靠,值得临床推广。     

采用可冲洗负压封闭引流技术治疗肿瘤患者难愈性伤口

目的 探讨可冲洗负压封闭引流技术治疗肿瘤患者难愈性伤口的护理方法和效果.方法 对17例肿瘤患者严重感染的难愈性伤口,予可冲洗负压封闭引流技术治疗,即在持续负压引流的同时,间断给予庆大霉素加生理盐水进行创面灌洗,配合相关护理措施.结果 11例难愈性伤口经2次治疗后进行二期缝合;4例3次治疗后使用免缝胶带粘合伤口,愈合良好;2例继续以湿性方式换药后伤口愈合.结论 可冲洗负压封闭引流技术治疗难愈性伤口,可有效控制感染、促进创面愈合.     

负压封闭引流联合组织瓣及骨移植治疗小腿骨及软组织缺损

目的 探讨小腿骨及软组织复合缺损的修复方法.方法 对小腿骨及皮肤缺损的开放胫腓骨骨折5例,经彻底清创,外固定架固定,创面负压封闭引流,待肉芽组织新鲜后早期植骨,再次负压封闭引流,5～7 d后去除负压封闭引流,组织瓣转移修复创面.结果 移植组织瓣全部成活,术后创面渗液经换药愈合,待骨痂生长后去除外固定架,6～12个月骨折愈合,伤口无感染.随访9～38个月,膝、踝关节功能无明显障碍,负重行走肢体无变形.结论 对5 cm以内骨缺损,大块皮肤缺损经彻底清创,负压封闭引流后早期植骨,可缩短创面及骨折愈合时间,降低致残率.     

负压封闭引流联合组织瓣及骨移植治疗小腿骨及软组织缺损

目的 探讨小腿骨及软组织复合缺损的修复方法.方法 对小腿骨及皮肤缺损的开放胫腓骨骨折5例,经彻底清创,外固定架固定,创面负压封闭引流,待肉芽组织新鲜后早期植骨,再次负压封闭引流,5～7 d后去除负压封闭引流,组织瓣转移修复创面.结果 移植组织瓣全部成活,术后创面渗液经换药愈合,待骨痂生长后去除外固定架,6～12个月骨折愈合,伤口无感染.随访9～38个月,膝、踝关节功能无明显障碍,负重行走肢体无变形.结论 对5 cm以内骨缺损,大块皮肤缺损经彻底清创,负压封闭引流后早期植骨,可缩短创面及骨折愈合时间,降低致残率.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.