Corrosion behavior of rare earth cerium based conversion coating on aluminum alloy

The present paper focused on the use of the salt of rare earth cerium as corrosion inhibitor of aluminum by using cathodic electrolytic passivation method.The corrosion resistance and the microphology of the cerium passivation film were studied by the methods of electrochemical method,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis.From the results,it was shown that good corrosion resistance of cerium-based passive coating was obtained when the compositions were as follows:CeCl3·7H2O,0.05 mol/L;H2O2,30 ml/L;current density,1.1 mA/cm2;temperature,40 oC;time,9 min.SEM and EDS revealed that the cerium conversion coatings formed on the surface of aluminum alloy were related to cerium hydroxide/hydrated oxide depositions.     

Formation and characterization of cerium conversion coatings on magnesium alloy

Chemical conversion treatment by rare earth metal salt solution was considered as an alternative to chromium chemical conversion treatment to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this study, cerium conversion coatings formed on AZ31 magnesium alloy were characterized and the formation mechanism was discussed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis showed that cerium conversion coating consisted of cerium hydroxides/oxides, in which both tetravalent cerium Ce（Ⅳ） and trivalent cerium Ce（Ⅲ） species co-existed. Cerium conversion coating was a two-layer structure. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） images revealed that the morphology of the inside layer was different from that of the outside one, which was responsible for the inherent adhesive weakness of the coating. Corrosion potential （Ecorr） measurements indicated that poor adhesion limited the improvement of the corrosion resistance of the coating. During the treating process, the increased pH value of the cerium salt solution led to the precipitation of cerium hydroxides/oxides. The formation kinetics of the coating followed a parabolic curve.     

Study of corrosion protection of the composite films on A356 aluminum alloy

Composite films were fabricated on A356 aluminum alloy by combined anodizing and rare earth deposition.The corrosion protection effect and corrosion behavior of the composite films in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS).SEM observation indicated that the rare earth Ce film completely sealed the porous structure of the anodic film,and the compositefilms composed of anodic film and Ce film were compact and integrated.According to the characteristics of EIS,the EIS plots of the composite films at different immersion times were simulated using the equivalent circuits of Rsol(QceRce)(QaRa),Rsol(QceRce)(QpRp)(QbRb) andRsol(QpRp)(QbRb) models,respectively.The test results showed that the Ce film at the outer layer of the composite films had good protectioneffect at the initial stage of the immersion corrosion.It effectively helped the anodic film at the inner layer to prevent chloride irons frompenetrating the aluminum alloy matrix.After 18 days,the Ce film lost its anticorrosive property,and the anodic film took the leading role ofthe corrosion protection.When the corrosion time was up to 42 days,the aluminum matrix was not corroded yet.Thus,the higher protectiondegree of the composite films for A356 aluminum alloy was attributed to the synergism effects of anodic film and rare earth Ce film.     

2195铝锂合金力学性能和组织与冷热变形过程的相关性

采用力学性能测试、光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及透射电镜(TEM),研究了 5 mm厚度2195铝锂合金挤压板材和后续2 mm厚度冷轧薄板T8时效态力学性能及微观组织的演化.研究结果表明:相同T8时效(3.8％预变形,148℃,38 h)条件下,5 mm厚度挤压板材抗拉强度及屈服强度比后续2mm厚度冷轧薄板...     

Effect of samarium on microstructure and corrosion resistance of aged as-cast AZ92 magnesium alloy

The effects of samarium（Sm） on microstructure and corrosion resistance of AZ92 magnesium alloy were characterized and analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray diffraction, mass loss test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and potentio-dynamic polarization test. The results showed that the added Sm could promote continuous precipitation of β-Mg17Al12 phase in grains, and meanwhile restrain discontinuous precipitation of the same phase along the grain boundaries. Thus, the precipitations distributed more uniformly in the aged AZ92 magnesium alloys. When the content of Sm was 0.5 wt.%, the corrosion resistance of aged AZ92 alloy tended to be the best, which was due to the β-phase distributes more homogeneous reducing the galvanic corrosion. The corrosion product film had more integrality and compactness than AZ92 alloys without Sm. However, it resulted in worse corrosion resistance of AZ92 alloy because of the formation of mass cathodic Al2 Sm phase coming from excess Sm in AZ92 alloy.     

2195铝锂合金轧制工艺研究

通过2195铝锂合金热轧、中间退火及冷轧试验，确立了合金适宜的热轧加热温度和退火温度，认为该合金冷轧变形量在不大于60％范围内对成品板材力学性能影响不大。     

2195铝锂合金大规格薄壁管材的研制

介绍了 2 195铝锂合金的特点及用途 ,分析了开发 36 0× 15 m m大口径高强铝锂合金管材的主要生产工艺　　和难点。     

Effect of cerium and lanthanum additives on plasma electrolytic oxidation of AZ31 magnesium alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation（PEO） coatings on AZ31 magnesium（Mg） alloy were developed using the aqueous solution with alkaline silicate and sodium hydroxide as a base electrolyte system.The effects of cerium（Ce） nitrate and lanthanum（La） nitrate additives on the voltage response,microstructure,compositions and corrosion resistance of PEO coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,energy-dispersive spectrum（EDS）,X-ray diffraction（XRD） and potentiodynamic polarization tests,etc.The results showed that Ce and La additives increased the stable voltage and compactness of the PEO coatings,while,those did not change the compositions of the PEO coatings.The corrosion resistance of the PEO coating obtained in solutions with La nitrate of 0.1 g/L was the best,followed by that with Ce nitrate of 0.1 g/L and that without additives.     

Investigation of Formation and Inhibition Mechanism of Cerium Conversion Films on Al 2024 Alloy

To study the mechanism of formation and inhibition of Ce conversion films on A1 2024-T3 alloy, scanning microreference electrode technique (SMRE) is used to probe the potential map on A1 2024-T3 in CeC13 solution, the localized corrosion of A1 alloy decreases with immersion time and disappears finally, which results from the competition of Cl^- aggression and Ce^3 inhibition on alloy surface. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate that the Ce conversion films consist of Al2O3, CeO2 and Ce2O3 (Ce(OH)3), and CeO2/Ce2O3 ratio decreases with the immersion time. When a critical pH for Ce(OH)3 formation was reached, Ce(OH)3 will precipitate on the micro cathodic area on alloy surface. Consequently, H2O2, the product of the catholic reaction will oxidize a part of Ce(OH)3 to CeO2, which appears a better corrosion resistance for Al alloys.     

2195合金轧制板材的显微组织研究

采用金相、SEM和TEM并借助力学性能测试,对2195合金三种典型状态的轧制产品的显微组织与性能进行了分析。SEM及能谱分析发现,在所有状态的板材中,均存在粗大、不规则形状的Al 7 Cu 2Fe结晶相,所有的中间热处理工序均不能消除这种有害相。金相和TEM显示,热轧板的显微组织是以含细小多变化亚结构的纤维态组织为特征,冷轧板的显微组织则是以含高密度位错胞的扁平晶粒组织为特征。TEM观察表明,时效态产品中主要含弥散、片状T1（Al2 CuLi）相,并伴以少量片状（Al 2Cu）相;拉伸试验结果显示,近峰值时效的2195-T851薄板可获得理想的综合力学性能。本文结合生产条件对2195合金不同产品状态的显微组织的形成及其演变进行了讨论。     

Effect of rare earths on corrosion resistance of Cu-30Ni alloys in simulated seawater

Cu-30Ni-xRE(x=0-0.213 wt.%) alloy was prepared by adding rare earths(RE) in melted Cu-30Ni alloy using metal mould casting method.The effects of RE on corrosion resistance of the alloy in simulated seawater were investigated using optical microscope,scanning electronic microscope with energy-dispersive spectrometer and electrochemical measurement system.The results showed that the corrosion resistance of Cu-30Ni alloy was greatly improved by adding proper amount of RE,whereas excess addition of RE worsened ...     

Influence of silicon coating on the corrosion resistance of Zn-Al-Mg-RE-Si alloy

The electric arc spraying method was used to prepare the Zn-Al-Mg-RE-Si alloy coating with different content of silicon.The corrosion resisting property was measured by copper accelerated salt spray(CASS) and corrosion weightless test.The influence of silicon content on the corrosion resisting property was investigated by XRD,SEM,polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and the electrochemical property of coating in the corrosion process was analyzed.The results showed that the density of coating was improved significantly since the major nonequilibrium glass-like state phase was composed of silicon and other metals existed in the Zn-Al-Mg-RE-Si alloy coating,which prevented the corrosive medium and retarded the corrosion velocity because of compact corrosion products in the corrosion embryo.The Zn-Al-Mg-RE-Si coating had better corrosion resistance than the Zn-Al-Mg-RE because of more positive potential,half corrosion current density and double electrochemical reaction resistance.     

Comparison of effects of cerium, yttrium and gadolinium additions on as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn magnesium alloy

The effects of Ce, Y and Gd additions on the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn alloy were investigated and compared by using optical and electron microscopies, X-ray diffraction analysis, and tensile and creep tests. The results indicated that the microstructure of the Mg-3Sn-1Mn alloy with the addition of 0.87 wt.%Ce was refined while the microstructures of the alloys with the additions of 0.79 wt.%Y or 0.84 wt.%Gd were coarsened. Furthermore, adding 0.87 wt.%Ce to the Mg-3Sn-1...     

Effect of cerium on microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion properties of Al-Zn-Mg alloy

The effects of trace Ce on the microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Al-Zn-Mg alloy were studied by means of metallographic analysis,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),mechanical tensile test,slow strain rate tensile test,cyclic polarization curve test,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test and anodic oxidation test.The results show that the addition of trace Ce has little effect on the strength of Al-Zn-Mg alloy,but can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of the alloy;The mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the alloys decrease significantly with the addition of excessive Ce;the addition of 0.04 wt%Ce can reduce significantly the self-corrosive current density of AlZn-Mg alloy and increase obviously passivation film resistance of the alloy.The stress corrosion sensitivity index decreases from 0.612 to 0.219,which improves the corrosion resistance properties significantly.     

插套用导电CuSn合金耐腐蚀性能提升研究

用半连续铸造法制备5种合金。通过力学性能测试、盐雾腐蚀失重实验和直观颜色对比,优化出新耐腐蚀插套用导电CuSn合金成分。结果表明,若考虑综合力学性能、电性能、中性盐雾腐蚀失重率、制造成本等因素,合金成分控制范围为(质量分数)：Sn为0.8%～1.2%、Ni为0.8%～1.2%、Al为0.4%～0.6%、Zn为0.5%、Si为0.15%、Zr为0.05%,其余是Cu和不可避免的杂质元素。     

Effects of rare earth on inclusions and corrosion resistance of 10PCuRE weathering steel

The types,morphologies and distributions of nonmetallic inclusions in Cu-P weathering steels with and without rare earth were analyzed through a quantitative image analyzer,scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)attached to SEM.Solid-soluble content of rare earth in the steels was analyzed by non-aqua electroanalysis and ICP.The results showed that rare earth modified the types and the morphologies of inclusions in the weathering steels.The small spherical rare earth oxysulfides and rare earth sulphides replaced the elongated MnS inclusions in the RE weathering steels.The rare earth inclusions dispersedly distributed and most inclusions were smaller than 2 μm in size.The optimum content of RE was 0.0065%-0.016% for 10PCuRE weathering steels containing about0.002% oxygen and 0.004% sulfur.Solid-soluble content of rare earth in steels was(14-20)x 10-6,which can act as a micro-alloying element.The corrosion resistance of 10PCuRE weathering steels and Q235 were studied by dry-wet cyclic immersion test.Their corrosion rates were obtained respectively.The polarization curves and pitting corrosion behaviors of weathering steels with and without rare earth were measured by electrochemical methods.The corrosion resistance of Cu-P weathering steels was improved by adding an appropriate amount of rare earth.Less and fewer rare earth inclusions largely decreased pitting susceptibility and rate of pit propagation.The pitting potential and the resistance against pitting corrosion of the RE weathering steel were significantly improved due to the modification of rare earth to inclusions.     

Preparation and Performance of Rare Earths Chemical Conversion Film on Magnesium Alloy

Golden yellow cerium conversion film was obtained on magnesium alloys surface by immersion method and the preparation parameters were established. The influence of different process parameters on the surface morphology and performance of the conversion film were analyzed by means of SEM and electrochemical method. Formation dynamics about cerium conversion film on magnesium alloy in solution containing cerium salt and the anti-corrosion behavior of the conversion film in 3.5% NaCl solution were studied by electrochemical method respectively. The results shows that the conversion film is more compact at room temperature when concentration of cerium sulfate is 10 g·L-1 in the solution; the open circuit potential of the magnesium sample moves up to positive direction about 100 mV, the surface of conversion film becomes even and lustrous, and the adhesion intensity of conversion film increases when adding aluminum nitrate into the solution containing cerium salt. The pH value of the solution and immersion time of the sample in the solution also affect the surface morphology and anti-corrosion property of the conversion film. After covered by rare earths conversion film, the anti-corrosion property of magnesium alloy is obviously improved. Rare earth conversion film has self-repairing capability in corrosion medium.     

Influence of crystallization on corrosion resistance of Al86Ni6La6Cu2 amorphous alloy

The influence of crystallization on the corrosion behavior of Al86Ni6La6Cu2 amorphous alloy in 0.01 M NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical techniques. The Al86Ni6La6Cu2 amorphous alloy was prepared by melt spinning method, and the partially and fully crystallized states were obtained by controlled annealing. The evolution of the crystallization process after annealing was characterized by differential scanning calorimeter （DSC） and X-ray diffraction. The polarization curves revealed that all samples exhibited spontaneous passivation. The fully amorphous Al86Ni6La6Cu2 sample exhibited the best corrosion resistance. Partial and full crystallization resulted in deterioration of corrosion resistance in comparison with that of the as-spun amorphous state.     

Influence of rare earth elements on corrosion resistance of BFe10-1-1 alloys in flowing marine water

The corrosion behavior of BFe10-1-1 alloy with different rare earth (RE) contents in simulated flowing marine water was investi-gated by X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was demonstrated that the corrosion rate of BFe10-1-1 alloy with the same chemical compositions in faster flow velocity of marine water was higher than that in a lower flow velocity of marine water. Fixing the flow velocity, BFe10-1-1 alloy had the best flushing corrosion resistance when the RE content was 0.04wt.%. The consequence of such good corrosion resistance was attributed to the formation of compact protective film on alloy surface containing RE phase such as CeNi5- The RE-contained film combines with other corrosion products firmly, which was difficult to fall off from the alloy surface in the flowing marine water. Additionally, SEM analysis confirmed that pitting mechanism, which would be transformed to spalling mechanism gradually with further increasing RE content, was the prevalent mechanism when the alloy contained 0.04wt.%RE.