NiCrMoV钢中铬和氮的非平衡晶界共偏聚

 在非平衡晶界共偏聚理论基础上,分析了NiCrMoV钢中铬和氮在700~900 K下的共偏聚动力学。结果表明,氮在时效过程中出现的非平衡偏聚特征是铬非平衡偏聚诱发的结果;铬、氮二者的晶界共偏聚行为属非平衡共偏聚。分析结果为非平衡晶界共偏聚理论提供了证据。     

低作用应力引起的溶质在晶界非平衡偏聚或贫化

提出了关于应力时效（高温及作用应力）引起溶质原子的晶界非平衡偏聚或贫化机理的一个新模型。此模型基于如下假设：晶界相对于完整晶体而言在强度上是弱化区。当多晶体受到一个在弹性范围内的作用应力时,晶界优先变形。若压应力作用时,晶界作为激发射空位;若拉应力作用时,晶界作为阱吸收空位,应力引起的过饱和空位与溶质原子形成复合体,此复合体在基体中的扩散速率远高于溶质原子。作用应力对晶界溶质偏聚或贫化的影响,是由复合体的扩散和溶质原子的反向扩散之间的平衡所决定。根据此模型,应力时效过程中存在一个临界时间,在此时间,应力引起的晶界偏聚或贫化程度将达到一个极大值。此模型已由ShinodaT等所作的磷在钢中的应力时效实验和MisraR D K所作的硫在钢中的应力时效实验结果所证实。     

不锈钢热塑性降低的非平衡偏聚机理

Mintz于1997年报道了一个有趣的试验现象:随着拉伸应变速率的增加,奥氏体钢韧性降低,铁素体钢韧性反而提高。其机制未得到解释。通过计算试验钢中P原子的非平衡晶界偏聚临界时间,结果发现奥氏体钢拉伸前热过程的等效时间短于其临界时间,而铁素体钢的等效时间长于其临界时间。由于奥氏体钢和铁素体钢分别在850和800℃等效时间最接近临界时间,韧性最低,即试验钢的热塑性降低都是由于非平衡晶界偏聚的临界时间造成的。应变速率降低,弹性应力作用时间增加。晶界偏聚量改变,热塑性降低的程度也随之改变。即热塑性降低的程度随应变速率的改变是由应力引起的非平衡晶界偏聚决定。     

Gleeble模拟热轧工艺对磷非平衡晶界偏聚的影响

 采用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机研究了轧制和卷取温度下磷元素晶界偏聚与热轧板高温热塑性的关联机制。研究结果表明,含磷钢中磷元素晶界偏聚符合空位-磷原子复合体非平衡共偏聚理论,800 ℃以上轧制温度对磷元素晶界偏聚引起的钢板脆性影响较小,而在500～650 ℃温度范围存在磷元素偏聚导致的热塑性低谷区,且在该温度区施加1%拉伸预应变将加剧磷元素晶界偏聚和钢板脆性。因此,本试验成分含磷钢热轧生产中卷取温度设定应避免550 ℃塑性低谷。     

磷元素在钢中的晶界偏聚

磷元素在钢中的晶界偏聚可以分为两类,即平衡偏聚和非平衡偏聚.介绍了这两类偏聚现象以及偏聚理论.以磷对晶界结合力、晶界扩散和晶界能的影响机理为基础,分析了磷元素对钢力学性能的影响和磷在钢中发生晶界偏聚的原因.     

磷在12Cr1MoV钢中非平衡晶界偏聚动力学的实验研究

以工业用12Cr1MoV钢为研究对象,通过俄歇电子能谱分析方法（AES）,对磷在恒温过程中的非平衡晶界偏聚浓度进行了测定.获得的磷在钢中的非平衡晶界偏聚动力学曲线直接验证了非平衡晶界偏聚动力学理论中的Xu-Song模型.     

NiCrMoV钢中铌和锡的非平衡晶界共偏聚

 结合偏聚理论的最新进展,对R.D.K.Misra等认为Ni和Sn的晶界偏聚动力学曲线相互平行,而且2种元素可同时达到一个晶界浓度极大值的实验结果重新进行了分析。分析结果证实,Ni和Sn在恒温过程中发生的是一非平衡晶界共偏聚现象,Ni的非平衡偏聚是由Sn的非平衡偏聚引起的。     

一个强韧化钢的新概念--非平衡晶界共偏聚

基于固溶体中溶质原子间及溶质原子与过饱和空位的交互作用,提出了非平衡晶共偏聚的概念。在一个由溶质２和溶剂３组成的固溶体中,若溶质２与空位的结合能超过适于发生非平衡晶界偏聚的范围时,极少或没有溶质２的非平衡晶界偏聚在２－３固溶体中发生。     

分步冷却过程中磷的非平衡晶界偏聚

研究了分步冷却过程中12Cr1MoV钢磷的非平衡晶界偏聚。从理论上计算了磷的晶界偏聚等效时间和晶界偏聚量，并用实验验证了根据动力学计算得出的磷的晶界偏聚浓度。试验结果与理论计算值相符．可为预测钢在实际服役状况下的晶界脆性提供依据。     

超低碳贝氏体钢快速加热奥氏体长大过程中移动晶界上硼的反常偏聚

利用径迹显微照相技术研究了超低碳贝氏体钢焊接热影响区在焊接热循环快速加热过程中硼在奥氏体晶界上的偏聚行为。发现以高密度位贝氏体为原始组织的材料进行快速加热时，新形成的奥氏体晶粒边界上在很高温度下仍会出现反常的晶界硼偏聚。用晶界位错驰原制对这种新的非平衡现象进行了讨论。     

加钛的镍铬钢回火脆性的锑非平衡晶界偏聚机理

回火脆性的溶质非平衡晶界偏聚机理的本质是溶质非平衡晶界偏聚的临界时间引起回火脆性的临界时间.在此基础上,研究了加钛的镍铬钢回火脆性的临界时间、回火脆性的极大值和充分回火后2.7J脆-韧转变温度随回火温度的变化,并结合锑的非平衡晶界偏聚量的测量结果,论述了加钛的镍铬钢中回火脆性的锑的非平衡晶界偏聚机理.     

2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢回火脆化过时效现象的研究

研究了2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢在回火温度下时效处理时,发生回火脆化和回火脆化的过时效反偏聚现象。应用非平衡偏聚的动力学理论,确定了成分(%)为0.15C、2.32Cr、0.95Mo、0.009P的2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢在650℃140 h回火时钢中磷的非平衡晶界偏聚规律。试验得出,2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢650℃磷非平衡偏聚的临界时间t_c为20 h,晶界磷的原子浓度,由初始状态的0.016%提高至最大值2.79%。根据试验数据进行的动力学计算,得出的计算曲线与试验结果吻合,验证了非平衡晶界偏聚空位-复合体模型的扩散机制。     

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The hot ductility for C-Mn steels has been a focus of interest for a long time in materials science and engineering. However, the mechanism of loss in hot ductility is still unclear. The previous experiment data on hot ductility in C-Mn steels were studied to find out the mechanism, including the formation of ductility trough, ductility healing phenomenon, the effect of difference between solution treatment temperature and test temperature during tensile test on ductility trough, the effect of cooling rate on hot ductility and the formation of cavities at grain boundaries. Analysis for the data and calculated results show that non-equilibrium segregation of impurities at grain boundary results in the loss of hot ductility in C-Mn steels.     

Stress enhanced grain boundary segregation of impurity elements in a low alloy steel

Grain boundary segregation isotherms determined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) have been employed to elucidate the effect of applied stress on grain boundary chemistry of a low alloy 2.6 NiCrMoV steel. A comparison of grain boundary segregation isotherms of low alloy steel isothermally heat treated at 773 K under constant load and unstressed conditions strongly indicates that stress accelerates grain boundary segregation of impurity elements N, P and S. This enhancement of grain boundary coverage of elements N, P and S is explained in terms of structure of grain boundary, described commonly as an array of linked deltahedra containing holes of varying size and shape.     

Relationship Between Grain Boundary Segregation of Antimony and Temper Embrittlement in TitaniumDoped Nickel-Chromium Steel

 The observations given by Ohtani et al are analyzed in the present paper and it is concluded that the kinetics of temper embrittlement in titanium-doped low carbon NiCr steel agree well with those of non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation of Sb. Besides, the mechanism of non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation of Sb is determined to be the most satisfactory one among the existed mechanisms in the literature to interpret the Sb-induced embrittlement kinetics in the NiCr steel. Based on the conclusion and the determination, the activation energy and frequency factor of diffusion of Sb-vacancy complexes are obtained for the first time according to the concept of critical time in non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation theory. The calculated results can give theoretical basis for predicting and controlling over the Sb-induced embrittlement in steels.     

微量硼对热轧低焊接裂纹敏感性钢力学性能的影响

采用相同轧制工艺试制低焊接裂纹敏感性钢,对比分析了微量硼元素对显微组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明:含硼钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度比无硼钢分别要高150和105MPa,但冲击韧性明显低于无硼钢.显微组织分析可知,硼的偏聚机制使组织中保留了明显的原始奥氏体晶界,并获得具有较大有效晶粒尺寸的板条贝氏体束,同时在贝氏体板条晶界上分...     

Long-time isothermal temper embrittlement in Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels

Four commercial purity Ni-Cr-Mo-V steels of closely comparable bulk chemistry and grain size, but tempered to various strength levels, were embrittled by exposure at 600°, 750°, and 850°F for times up to 35,000 hr. Maximum temper embrittlement occurred at 850°F in all steels. Severe cases of embrittlement resulted in a marked decrease in tensile ductility and an intergranular tensile fracture. Auger electron emission analysis showed that P, Sn, Ni, and Cr were segregated at prior austenite boundaries in the steels exposed to 750° and 850°F. Increased segregation of phorphorus and tin was always accompanied by increased segregation of nickel and chromium. The severity of grain boundary segregation increased with increasing values of fracture transition temperature. Despite comparable bulk chemistry and grain size, the degree of segregation was different in different steels. Under exposure conditions causing severe embrittlement, the FATT values displayed a strong dependence on the strength level of the steel. In a giyen steel, while the composition and morphology of carbides at austenite boundaries were the same as in the matrix, the density and size of carbides were much higher at the austenite boundaries. The preference of these boundaries as fracture sites would seem to arise from two considerations, namely, a high degree of impurity and alloy element segregation and the fact that the density and size of carbides at these boundaries is higher than that in the matrix. On educational leave from Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pa.