Analysis of solvent effects on polyphenols profile,antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of mulberry (Morus alba L.) extracts

A systematic study about the solvent effect on the mulberry polyphenol (MP) profile, antioxidant and antiproliferation capacities against human hepatoma HepG2 cells was conducted. Results indicated that MP profiles showed significant differences as a function of solvents including AA/W (acetic acid/water), MeOH/AA/W (methanol/ acetic acid/water), EtOH/AA/W (ethanol/ acetic acid/water) and ME2CO/AA/W (acetone/ acetic acid/water). Among the solvents, EtOH/AA/W took advantage in obtaining MP with the highest yield (49.81 mg GAE g^?1 dw), and cellular antioxidant capacity in the PBS no‐wash protocol (63.2 μmolQE/100 g), as well as low cell cytotoxicity (≥50.0 mg mL^?1). ME2CO/AA/W was the best choice for extracting MP with the most various compositions (two phenolic acids, four anthocyanins and four flavonols), greatest potential in inhibiting proliferation of HepG2 cells (EC₅₀ = 28.2 mg mL^?1) and highest intracellular antioxidant activity (38.0 μmolQE/100 g). Results provide baseline information for efficient solvent extraction to obtain MP that is promising as natural antioxidants and antitumor agents.     

In vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of three rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract formulations

Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of three rosemary extract formulations (VivOX 20, VivOX 40 and Inolens 50) with different contents of carnosic acid, carnosol and methylcarnosol were tested in vitro. Electron spin resonance measurements revealed that Inolens 50 extract that contained highest amount of carnosic acid was the most potent scavenger of hydroxyl (concentration of extract where 50% of its maximal scavenging activity is observed, that is, EC₅₀, 109.54 μg mL^?1), superoxide anion (EC₅₀ = 7.94 μg mL^?1) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (EC₅₀ = 27.4 μg mL^?1)‐free radicals. Comparison of the radar charts of standard antioxidants and rosemary extracts showed similarity between antioxidant characteristics of Inolens 50 and chlorogenic and caffeic acids. Tested rosemary extracts exhibited significant (P ≤ 0.01) antiproliferative effect in cervix epitheloid carcinoma (HeLa), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) and colon adenocarcinoma (HT‐29) cell lines. In both MCF7 and HeLa cell lines, the extracts yielded very low IC₅₀ values (concentration of extract needed to inhibit cell growth by 50%), the most pronounced being for Inolens 50 in MCF7 (IC₅₀ = 9.95 μg mL^?1) and VivOX 20 in HeLa cell line (IC₅₀ = 10.02 μg mL^?1). The obtained results may provide support for the use of tested rosemary extracts as nutraceuticals and phytopharmaceuticals.     

Accumulation of phenolics,antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) during kernel maturation

Phenolic profiles and gene expression pattern in their synthetic pathway, total antioxidant activities and antiproliferative activities in two genotypes of sweet corn (YT16 and YT28) during kernel maturation were analysed. Results showed that increasing trends of phenolics and flavonoids in the two genotypes of kernels from 10 to 30 days after pollination (DAP). Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were identified and quantified as the main phenolic compounds in both genotypes of kernels. High expressing levels of C4O and PAL resulted in the increasing phenolic contents. Higher expressing levels of CHS in YT28 led to higher flavonoid contents than that in YT16. The phenolic contents, antioxidant capacities and antiproliferative abilities of the two genotypes of sweet corn were competitive comparing to many fruits and vegetables. In addition, the maturation process of sweet corn could raise the kernel’s bioactive ability as well as nutritional values.     

Antioxidant and functional properties of a high dietary fibre powder from carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) pomace

The use of carambola pomace as a raw material for the production of a high dietary fibre powder (HDFP) was investigated. A face‐centred design was used to study the effects of extraction conditions, namely water‐to‐pomace ratio, time and temperature, on both reducing sugars (RS) and total extractable polyphenols (EPP) contents of fibre concentrate. RS content decreased by increasing extraction times and water‐to‐pomace ratios, while EPP tend to diminish by increasing temperature and contact time (P < 0.01). Selected HDFPs showed an EPP content in the range of 5.0–6.1 g GAE 100 g^?1 dry basis (db), with antioxidant activities between 386.2–443.9 and 204.7–228.6 μmol Trolox equivalents g^?1 db according to FRAP and ABTS assays, respectively. HDFP obtained at 55 °C, 5 min and 2:1 water‐to‐pomace ratio exhibited the highest EPP content, total dietary fibre (84.0% db) and dietary indigestible fraction (61.3% db). This product can be considered as a potential valuable food ingredient considering their oil retention and swelling capacities.     

Effect of dehydration on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) pomace

This study examined the effect of dehydration on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) pomaces (DBP) subjected to hot air oven drying (HOD), industrial rotary drying (IRD) and freeze drying (FD). Temperature and residence time were evaluated for HOD, whereas air-on and air-off temperature, ratio of drum rotor speed to air speed and particle size were evaluated for IRD. The highest total anthocyanins (ATC) and flavonols (FLV) were obtained in particle size of> 5.0 mm using IRD at 475°C/97°C (air-on/air-off) and higher ratio of drum rotor speed to air speed. Smaller size particles were found susceptible to degradation due to high temperature and retention time applied in IRD, resulting in loss of phenolic compounds in DBP, and thus, HOD was deemed more suitable. Overall, drying method selection and parameters of operation are key in preserving the concentrations of individual HCA and FLV in DBP.     

Phytochemical composition,cellular antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity in mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp and peel

Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and inhibition of hepato‐cellular carcinoma (HepG2) proliferation were evaluated for the first time in the pulp and peel of mango cultivars. Comparatively, peel had high flavonoids and tocopherols content and showed significant antioxidant activity. Among all the studied cultivars, the Xiao Tainong peel was predominant with highest fistein, mangiferin and alpha‐tocopherol content and significant cellular antioxidant activity value 2986 ± 380 μmol QE/100 g FW. The HepG2 cells antiproliferation was maximum in the peel of Da Tainong and pulp of Aozhou with lowest EC₅₀ values, 2.35 ± 0.65 (peel) and 185.4 ± 10.9 (pulp) mg mL^?1, in a dose‐dependent manner. Negative associations of flavonoids and tocopherol compounds with CAA and antiproliferative activity in mango confirmed synergistic, additive or antagonistic actions of phytochemicals. The current study suggests that mango peel could be used as a value added ingredient or functional food and may contribute considerably to promote consumer health.     

Phenolic and antioxidant composition of by-products from the cider industry: Apple pomace

Eleven different cider apple pomaces (six single-cultivar and five from the cider-making industry) have been analysed for low molecular phenolic profiles and antioxidant capacity. The Folin index ranged between 2.3 and 15.1 g gallic acid per kg of dry matter. Major phenols were flavanols, dihydrochalcones (phloridzin and phloretin-2′-xyloglucoside), flavonols and cinnamic acids (chlorogenic and caffeic acids). The group of single-cultivar pomaces had higher contents of chlorogenic acid, (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2 and dihydrochalcones, whereas the industrial samples presented higher amounts of up to four unknown compounds, with absorption maxima between 256 and 284 nm. The antioxidant capacity of apple pomace, as determined by the DPPH and FRAP assays, was between 4.4 and 16.0 g ascorbic acid per kg of dry matter, thus confirming that apple pomace is a valuable source of antioxidants. PLSR analysis gave reliable mathematical models which allowed to predict the antioxidant activity of apple pomace as a function of the phenolic profile. The variables with the higher modelling power were phloridzin > procyanidin B2 > rutin + isoquercitrin > protocatechuic acid > hyperin.     

蓝莓叶多酚与蓝莓果渣多酚提取物抗氧化活性研究

通过7种方法比较了蓝莓叶多酚（Blueberry leaves polyphenols,BBLP）提取物、蓝莓果渣多酚（Blueberry pomace polyphenols,BBPP）提取物以及对照品Rutin的抗氧化活性。在ABTS⁺清除能力、还原力、亚硝酸盐清除能力、FRAP值、ORAC值方面,BBLP与BBPP均高于Rutin或者与其相当。而三种样品DPPH·清除能力顺序为BBLP>Rutin>BBPP,·OH清除能力顺序为Rutin>BBLP>BBPP。除亚硝酸盐清除能力和ORAC值与BBPP相当、·OH清除能力弱于BBPP外,BBLP在其余4种方法中表现出的抗氧化活性均强于BBPP。结果表明,BBLP与BBPP具有较强的抗氧化作用,可用于开发天然抗氧化剂。      

酿酒葡萄皮渣中白藜芦醇的提取及抗氧化、抗肿瘤活性研究

为了提高酿酒葡萄皮渣的综合利用价值,开发白藜芦醇新产品,对酿酒葡萄皮渣中白藜芦醇提取工艺进行研究。通过纤维素 酶水解和乙酸乙酯萃取法提取自酿葡萄酒皮渣中的白藜芦醇,利用响应面分析法优化白藜芦醇提取的工艺条件并测定了白藜芦醇的 抗氧化活性及对3种癌细胞（Hela、A549、PC-3）的生长抑制作用。 结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为酶添加量70 U/μL、体积分数95%乙 醇与葡萄皮渣液固比20∶1（mL∶g）、酶解时间150 min、酶解温度40 ℃,在此优化条件下,提取得到白藜芦醇的提取率为144.13 μg/g; 抗氧化试验结果表明,白藜芦醇具有清除自由基的能力,当样品质量浓度为1.2 mg/mL时,对DPPH和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率分 别为（65.12±3.88）%和（54.13±3.11）%;体外抗肿瘤活性显示,其对Hela、A549和PC-3细胞的生长均具有抑制作用,半抑制浓度（IC50） 值分别为128.29 μmol/L、108.35 μmol/L和25.31 μmol/L。     

Phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity in pomace from selected red grapes (Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis labrusca L.) widely produced in Brazil

The phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity of pomace from the vinification of grape varieties widely produced in Brazil (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Bordeaux and Isabel) were investigated with a view to their exploitation as a potential source of natural antioxidants. Cabernet Sauvignon grape pomace was found to have the highest content of total phenolic compounds (74.75 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g), the highest antioxidant activity (determined using the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging methods; 485.42 and 505.52 μMol Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/g, respectively), and the highest reducing power (determined using the FRAP method; 249.46 μMol TEAC/g). The Bordeaux variety showed the highest oxidation inhibition power (41.13%), determined using the β-carotene/linoleic acid method and the highest content of total anthocyanins (HPLC; 29.17 mg/g). Catechin was the most abundant non-anthocyanic compound identified in the grape pomace (150.16 mg/100 g) for all varieties. In this study, pomaces of the red wine vinification of Cabernet Sauvignon and Bordeaux varieties showed the highest potential as a source of antioxidant compounds and natural colourants, respectively.     

野生蓝莓酒皮渣花色苷及其抗氧化活性研究

该研究比较了蒸馏前后野生蓝莓酒皮渣中的总酚及花色苷含量、花色苷单体的组成和抗氧化活性。结果表明,蓝莓酒皮渣中总花色苷含量为（8.64±0.13） mg/g,总酚含量为（77.24±1.42） mg/g,抗氧化活性为Trolox当量浓度（3.59±0.11） μmol/g;单体花色苷含量较多的是二甲花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（29.90%）、3′-甲基花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（21.31%）和花翠素-3-O-葡萄糖苷（20.44%）。蒸馏后,皮渣中的总酚及花色苷含量分别下降为（68.11±1.20） mg/g和（5.05±0.09） mg/g,其单体降解率变化在21.64%～43.47%。其中,二甲花翠素-3,5-O-二葡萄糖苷稳定性最差,降解率为43.47%;花青素-3-O-葡萄糖苷较为稳定,降解率为21.64%;Trolox当量浓度下降为（3.07±0.07） μmol/g,皮渣抗氧化能力也降低了14.64%。因此,野生蓝莓果酒发酵产生的皮渣具有较高的利用价值,开发时应尽量避免高温处理。