Yield and quality effects of electroplasmolysis and microwave applications on carrot juice production and storage

Electroplasmolysis as a pretreatment and microwave heating as an alternative to traditional heating were used in carrot juice production and the effects of these electrical methods on juice quality were investigated. Electroplasmolysis and microwave applications were optimized by response surface methodology. Optimum conditions were these: voltage gradient of 22.2 V/cm and treatment time of 60 s for electroplasmolysis, and flow rate of 90 mL/min with power of 900 W for microwave heating. Production of carrot juice was carried out by using these optimum conditions. After production, carrot juice samples were stored for 4 mo at +4 °C and analyses were performed at monthly intervals. As a result of electroplasmolysis, a 9.7% increase in juice yield was obtained. In addition, 100% pectin methylesterase inactivation was found with the microwave heating application. The results showed that the highest values for quality characteristics, such as antioxidant capacity and total pectin, total phenolic, and total carotenoid contents, were obtained with the combined applications of the electrical methods. In addition, these quality characteristics were protected better in the group of combined applications of the electrical methods (electroplasmolysis + microwave) during storage.     

Changes of health-related compounds throughout cold storage of tomato juice stabilized by thermal or high intensity pulsed electric field treatments

The effect of high intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) processing (35 kV/cm for 1500 μs in bipolar 4-μs pulses at 100 Hz, with an energy density of 8269 kJ/L) on the main bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of tomato juice was investigated and compared to heat pasteurization (90 °C for 1 min or 30 s) having the fresh juice as a reference. HIPEF and heat treated tomato juices showed higher lycopene and lower vitamin C levels than the untreated juice. However, no significant changes in the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were observed between treated and fresh juices just after processing. Lycopene, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity of both treated and untreated juices decreased exponentially during storage following a first order kinetics (R² = 0.763–0.987), whereas tomato juices maintained their initial phenolic content. HIPEF-treated tomato juice maintained higher lycopene and vitamin C content than the thermally treated juices during the storage time. Hence, the application of HIPEF may be appropriate to achieve nutritious and fresh like tomato juice.

Industrial relevance

HIPEF processing can lead to tomato juice with higher nutritional value than that thermally processed. HIPEF-treated (35 kV/cm for 1500 μs with 4-μs bipolar pulses at 100 Hz, energy input of 8269 kJ/L) tomato juice shows greater lycopene, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity just after the treatment and during the storage time than heat treated (90 °C­30 s and 90 °C­60 s) tomato juice. Therefore, HIPEF technology is a feasible alternative to thermal treatment to obtain tomato juice with a high presence of health-related compounds.     

热处理与微波处理对蓝莓汁品质的影响

采用一级反应动力学模型和Arrhenius经验方程,通过对蓝莓汁分别进行热处理和微波处理,研究了两种处理过程中蓝莓汁中花青素含量、色泽(色度)及抗氧化能力(清除DPPH自由基能力)的变化规律,并建立了相关动力学模型。实验结果表明:热处理和微波处理过程中蓝莓汁中花青素含量、色泽及抗氧化能力的变化均符合一级反应动力学模型(R2>0.9),并可用Arrhenius方程拟合(R2>0.99);热处理温度升高或微波处理功率增大,花青素和色泽的变化速率随之增大,而抗氧化能力随之减小;各模型预测值与实验值之间相对误差均不超过1%,所有模型的预测准确性均较高。     

Assessment of the thermal treatment of orange juice during continuous microwave and conventional heating

The effect of continuous-flow microwave heat treatment of orange juice was evaluated by using parameters of quality (pectin methylesterase (PME) inactivation and ascorbic acid, free amino acids, carbohydrates and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) contents, as well as degree of browning). Results were compared with those obtained using a conventional tubular heat exchanger having the same heating and cooling phases. The continuous microwave process proved to be an effective system for PME inactivation without the inclusion of a holding phase. In general, no differences were found between the two systems used in the majority of the indicators studied, except that a slight decrease was observed in the most reactive amino acids in the case of conventionally heated orange juice. This fact could be due to overheating of the juice at the tubular heat exchanger. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

加工和储藏条件对橙汁芳香成分的影响

橙汁的怡人香气是由多种挥发性化合物混合而成。鲜榨橙汁经热加工后性质更稳定,但对芳香物质影响较大。热处理会降低香气活性化合物含量,并产生异味物或其前体物。乙烯基愈创木酚、对伞花烃和香芹酮等异味物都是化学反应的产物,而丁二酮、愈创木酚和2,6-二氯苯酚则是微生物污染物。文中简述了橙汁的芳香物质组成,重点介绍了不同的加工方法、包装、储藏和微生物污染对橙汁芳香物质的影响的研究进展,并探讨了研究中存在的问题和未来的研究方向。     

微波杀菌对果汁品质的影响

微波杀菌作为一种新型的杀菌技术,其利用微波的热效应和非热效应的双重作用抑制或消除微生物,不仅能够提高果汁的灭菌速率,还能有效地提升果汁的安全性、稳定性和新鲜度,使果汁的品质与原汁更接近,因而受到人们广泛的关注。目前,微波杀菌是果汁杀菌领域的研究热点,亦是极具工业化应用前景的杀菌技术之一。因微波参数对果汁的杀菌效果及品质存在较大的影响,所以在选择微波参数时需要针对不同的果汁通过试验确定最优的杀菌方案。本文介绍了微波杀菌的机制,综述了微波杀菌对果汁微生物的影响,微波频率、微波功率、微波时间对微波杀菌效果的影响及微波杀菌对果汁理化指标和感官指标的影响,并对微波杀菌未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期为后续微波杀菌的技术发展提供参考。     

微波和巴氏灭菌对猕猴桃汁品质影响的比较

为了探讨不同灭菌方式在达到商业杀菌要求的基础上对猕猴桃汁营养成分及理化性质的影响。选取贵州修文地区所产的\     

微生物絮凝剂BN-25的特性及其在甘蔗混合汁澄清工艺中的应用

对实验室筛选得到的一种微生物絮凝剂BN-25的特性及化学成分进行了研究。研究发现其絮凝活性物质主要分布在发酵液中,具有良好的热稳定性,100℃下连续沸水浴30min,絮凝活性保持不变。紫外光谱（UV）、红外光谱扫描（FTIR）和化学测定结果表明,微生物絮凝剂BN-25含有大量的氨基、羟基、羧基、硫酸根等有利于絮凝的基团,多糖为其主要成分,含量达89.5%。通过正交实验和方差分析确定了微生物絮凝剂BN-25与聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）复配处理甘蔗混合汁的最佳工艺条件为中和p H6.8,二次加热温度100℃,BN-25添加量12mg/L,PAM添加量1.0mg/L。处理后蔗汁色值仅为273IU,浊度仅为84MAU,澄清效果明显优于PAM单独应用,并降低PAM的添加量75%以上,为微生物絮凝剂应用于制糖行业提供了基础数据和理论依据。      

超高压与高温短时杀菌对甘蔗汁品质的影响比较

研究了超高压(HHP,500 MPa/4 min)和高温短时(HTST,95℃/15 s)对甘蔗浊汁和清汁p H、可滴定酸(TA)、可溶性固形物(TSS)、总酚、色泽、褐变度、澄清度、浊度和微生物指标的影响,并分析了4℃,贮藏15 d内甘蔗汁品质的变化。结果表明:HTST和HHP处理对甘蔗汁均具有较好的杀菌效果,HHP和HTST甘蔗清汁p H显著降低,HTST甘蔗清汁可滴定酸(TA)含量升高,HHP和HTST对甘蔗清汁和浊汁的可溶性固形物(TSS)和总酚含量无影响,与HTST相比HHP对甘蔗汁颜色的影响较小,HHP处理后甘蔗清汁澄清度升高,甘蔗浊汁浊度下降,HHP甘蔗汁感官性能优于HTST甘蔗汁。经在4℃贮藏15 d,甘蔗浊汁的菌落总数显著升高,但浊汁和清汁的霉菌和酵母菌数基本保持稳定,贮藏期间甘蔗清汁和HTST甘蔗浊汁p H降低,总酚含量均有明显升高,甘蔗清汁的澄清度和甘蔗浊汁的浊度有所降低,HHP甘蔗清汁的b*值和褐变度增加,HTST甘蔗汁颜色稳定。结论:超高压杀菌有利于保持甘蔗汁品质,是适合甘蔗汁的加工技术。      

菠萝浓缩汁带皮生产过程中多酚变化的研究

首先采用比色法测定了菠萝浓缩汁带皮榨汁生产过程中各工序下样品的褐变指数、总酚及原花青素的含量及变化情况,同时进一步用HPLC法确定了菠萝汁中单酚物质的种类和含量变化情况。研究表明,菠萝浓缩汁带皮加工过程中,总酚及原花青素含量与褐变指数是成正向相关的。     

柠檬汁对猪腰枣低温贮藏效果的影响

以柠檬汁为保鲜材料,以1-MCP为阳性对照,在4℃条件下(相对湿度95%)将武隆猪腰枣低温贮藏40d,贮藏期间每5d测定猪腰枣果实的腐烂指数、质量损失率、VC、可溶性固形物、丙二醛、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)等果实品质和生理指标,并运用主成分分析法对保鲜效果进行综合评价。结果表明,1-MCP与柠檬汁都能不同程度地延长猪腰枣采后货架期,降低果实的腐烂率、质量损失率、细胞膜脂过氧化程度,维持果实硬度、VC、有机酸和糖类物质的较高水平,增加果实内的抗氧化物酶活性,与综合评价得分结果一致。用柠檬汁处理更有利于保持猪腰枣的品质,维持更高的营养价值,可以显著延长枣果的保鲜周期。     

氮源及无机盐对蔗汁酒精发酵的影响

对蔗汁培养基组成对酿酒酵母菌株CICC1308酒精发酵的影响进行了初步研究,结果表明,最佳氮源为尿素,最适浓度为0．05％;除此之外,无需添加其它无机盐。KH2PO4的添加对酵母无毒害作用,但不能提高酒精得率;MgSO4的添加对酵母生长和发酵有一定抑制作用。     

Effect of sonication on orange juice quality parameters during storage

Freshly squeezed orange juice was sonicated at various amplitude levels (40%, 70%, 100%), treatment times (2, 6 and 10 min) at a constant frequency of 20 kHz. Samples were stored for periods of up to 30 days at 10 °C. The combined effect of amplitude level, treatment time and storage period on pH, ^oBrix, titratable acidity, colour values ( L* , a* , b* ), non-enzymatic browning (NEB), cloud value and ascorbic acid content were investigated. Second order polynomial models were employed to investigate the effect of independent variables. No significant differences ( P <  0.05) in ^oBrix and titratable acidity were observed. Significant changes were observed in juice pH and colour values. During storage NEB increased while both cloud value and ascorbic acid content decreased. Predictive models developed for colour values, cloud value, NEB and ascorbic acid content were highly significant and were closely correlated to experimental data. Degradation mechanisms are proposed for the key quality parameters.     

不同品种甘蔗及处理方式对甘蔗酒风味的影响

以甘蔗为研究材料,考察不同品种甘蔗及处理方式对甘蔗蒸馏酒风味的影响。结果表明,不同品种及原料处理方式对甘蔗蒸馏酒风味有显著影响,带渣发酵和不带渣发酵之间风味物质和高级醇的含量有较大差别。其中,不带渣处理的新台糖22号甘蔗酒中乙酸乙酯含量为1.16 mg/mL,显著高于带渣处理的0.48 mg/mL（P＜0.05）,乙醛含量为0.31 mg/mL,显著高于带渣处理0.29 mg/mL（P＜0.05）。另外,感官评定结果显示,新台糖22号不带渣发酵甘蔗酒感官评定得分最高为83.9分,均高于其他五种甘蔗蒸馏酒,新台糖22号不带渣发酵甘蔗蒸馏酒的整体风味最佳。     

蔗汁西瓜皮果酒发酵工艺研究

通过单因素试验初步确定了蔗汁～西瓜皮混合果浆酒精发酵的工艺条件;然后通过正交实验进一步优化了工艺参数,确定了蔗汁一西瓜皮果浆酒精发酵的最佳工艺组合为：PH为5．5,初始糖度为20％,发酵温度为27℃,酵母用量（m／m）为0．50％,发酵时间为48h。