AZ31B镁合金压-压循环载荷下变形行为及变形机制演化EI北大核心CSCD

为探讨AZ31B挤压态镁合金棒材沿径向取样的循环变形特征,开展了0.75%,1.0%,2.0%和4.0%应变幅下应变控制的非对称压-压循环变形实验。结果表明:在小应变幅(0.75%,1.0%)下,循环变形的滞回曲线表现出较好的对称性;在大应变幅(2.0%,4.0%)下,滞回曲线对称性差,且在滞回曲线上出现拐点;随着循环周次增加,塑性应变幅呈现下降趋势,材料均表现出循环硬化行为,在小应变幅下循环拉伸阶段对材料硬化率远大于压缩阶段的硬化率,而在大应变幅下这种区别并不明显。分析表明,沿径向取向的〈1120〉丝织构镁合金,小应变幅下位错滑移在整个寿命周期内作用更大;大应变幅下,随着塑性变形的增加,循环过程中变形机制发生演化,较低临界剪切应力(critical resolved shear stress,CRSS)的基面位错和拉伸孪生不能完全满足变形要求,较高CRSS滑移系启动及残余孪晶使得滞回曲线出现拐点;循环变形过程中不完全的孪生-去孪生过程使基体中存在大量残余孪晶,影响了循环变形过程的硬化率,同时降低了疲劳寿命。     

预变形及退火处理提高AZ31镁合金的塑性

研究了预变形及退火处理对挤压态AZ31镁合金压缩力学性能的影响,结果表明:沿挤压方向进行应变量为0.086的预压缩变形,随后在300℃下进行0.5小时退火处理,可显著提高镁合金的塑性,其压缩率比一次压缩至破碎的压缩率提高约137%。织构及金相分析结果表明:预变形使(0002)基面发生了近90°的转动,由平行挤压方向变为与挤压方向垂直,且产生了大量孪晶组织。退火处理不改变(0002)基面织构,但消除了孪晶且出现了细小再结晶晶粒,因而提高了镁合金的塑性。     

对双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材力学性能各向异性的分析

目的 制备双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板,以改善板材微观组织和弱化基面织构,研究微观组织对力学性能各向异性的影响规律,以提高镁合金板材的成形性能。方法 通过弯曲限宽矫直技术对0°、30°和60°轧向切样的板材进行热加工以预制拉伸孪晶,获得双峰织构类型的AZ31镁合金板材,通过EBSD获取板材的微观组织。对RD、45°和TD方向的原始板材进行室温单向拉伸实验,获得板材的工程应力-应变曲线及力学性能参数,并计算r值（塑性应变比）与n值（应变硬化指数）。结果 弯曲限宽矫直技术可诱发大量拉伸孪晶形成ED偏转织构,将偏转织构与基面织构共存的板材称为双峰织构类型AZ31镁合金板材。拉伸孪晶的出现显著细化了晶粒,弱化了基面织构强度,使板材的屈服强度下降,极大提升了材料塑性。其中30°轧向切样的板材ND面塑性力学性能各向异性的改善效果最好,其r值最小、n值最大。结论 双峰织构类型能够弱化AZ31镁合金板材基面的织构强度,提高材料塑性。拉伸孪晶含量越高,板材的强度与塑性越好,力学性能各向异性的改善效果也越显著。     

预时效对变形镁合金组织与力学性能的影响

与铸造镁合金相比,变形镁合金可获得更高的强度、更好的延展性以及更多样化的力学性能,从而满足多样化镁合金结构件的应用需求.但由于变形镁合金绝对强度低、塑性变形能力差,其应用范围受到了极大的限制.近期研究发现,对变形镁合金进行预时效处理能够显著提高合金的综合力学性能,因此总结和归纳预时效对变形镁合金的影响具有重要的理论参考价值和实践指导意义.预时效是在塑性加工前进行时效处理的一种时效方法,预时效处理可通过欠时效、峰值时效和过时效等工艺调控析出相的大小、形状、分布和位向,析出相在后续的加工变形过程中具有改善材料组织与性能的重要作用.预时效提供的析出相,在后续塑性加工变形过程中为动态再结晶提供形核核心,促进动态再结晶,细化晶粒,激活非基面滑移,弱化基面织构,且晶界析出相可显著抑制晶粒长大,有效阻碍位错运动,也可使位错累积增多,小角度晶界增多.此外,增加析出相含量能减小晶粒尺寸,抑制{1012}拉伸孪晶的形核和长大,增加{1011}压缩孪晶和{1011}-{1012}双孪晶含量,这些孪晶增加了动态再结晶的形核核心,改变了晶粒取向,进而大幅提高了合金的强度、屈服应力和峰值应力,同时也保证了合金的延展性,极大地改善了镁合金的综合力学性能.本文针对Mg-Al系、Mg-Zn系、Mg-Sn系和Mg-RE系等四系合金,总结分析了预时效对变形镁合金组织与性能的影响,着重从压缩、拉伸、挤压和轧制等变形工艺角度进行综述,为制备综合力学性能优良的镁合金提供参考.此外,本文指出了预时效变形镁合金在未来的发展动态和研究重点.     

连续柱状晶Cu-ECAP中的晶界演变及其与剪切带的交互作用

金属发生塑性变形时形成的剪切带在高应变状态下会被分割为孪晶-基体片层状组织,而纳米尺度的孪晶界能实现材料强塑性的高度匹配。因此,利用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)技术研究剪切带的形成与作用可为材料的强塑性匹配提供有效支持。通过对具有特殊晶界角度的连续柱状晶纯Cu进行1道次ECAP变形,研究变形过程中晶界的演变,分析变形过程中剪切带的形成机制及与晶界的交互作用,测试了不同晶界角度试样变形后的力学性能。结果表明:ECAP变形后,0°晶界发生弯折,内角处晶界顺时针转动50°,30°晶界顺时针转动5°,45°晶界弯曲并呈现出"汤匙"状,60°晶界中心发生弯曲,90°晶界未发生变形。试样变形过程具有多个受力区域,各区域应力状态不同,多种应力交替作用使变形过程中的应变分布极不均匀,从而导致宏观变形存在较大差异。拉伸实验结果表明,具有0°晶界的晶体抗拉强度最高,达到325 MPa,其次是具有45°晶界的晶体,达到295 MPa,而具有60°晶界的晶体抗拉强度最小,为230 MPa。晶体变形后晶粒内形成大量的剪切带,剪切带与晶界的交互作用使晶界发生弯曲。剪切带与晶粒取向及晶界夹角的不同是造成材料变形后抗拉强度产生较大差异的因素之一。     

工业纯钛低温拉伸和循环变形中的孪生行为

在-196℃下对钛进行了拉伸和低周循环变形,观察分析了变形后试样的微观组织.结果表明,工业纯钛在-196℃拉伸变形后,强度比在室温下拉伸变形有了明显的提高,塑性也有明显的增加;在-196℃下循环变形时,循环应力-应变曲线位于-196℃静拉伸应力-应变曲线的上方,显示出明显的循环硬化特征.微观组织观察表明,-196℃拉伸及循环变形试样中存在着大量的孪晶,且孪晶数量随着循环应变幅及循环周次的增加而增加.在工业纯钛-196℃下的拉伸及循环变形中孪生起重要作用.     

新型复合挤压工艺中温度对AZ61组织和性能的影响

针对镁合金棒材的工业化制备和加工,提出了一种新型的复合挤压方式,将正挤压(Extrusion)和剪切(Shear)结合(简称ES)。对经过不同温度下ES变形后AZ61镁合金棒材进行微观组织观察、硬度测试、室温拉伸性能测试及SEM,研究了ES变形工艺中变形温度对AZ61挤压棒材组织及性能的影响。结果表明:温度由380℃升至400℃时,动态再结晶进行得更充分,组织为细小等轴晶粒,但温度升至440℃时,晶粒出现长大;三个温度下断口均呈现塑性断裂特征,400℃时棒材的综合力学性能最好,其抗拉强度为296.7MPa,屈服强度为158.9MPa,伸长率为15.4%。     

超细晶奥氏体在两相区大变形后的瞬态组织

将一种低碳结构钢循环加热淬火得到超细晶粒奥氏体,再以20℃/s的速率将其冷却至两相区进行真应变量为2的大变形,分析了形变后的瞬态组织.结果表明:用该工艺制备的超细晶奥氏体在两相区的高速大变形的后期,始终呈现应变硬化特征,并伴随有一定程度的形变诱导相变或铁素体动态再结晶等软化行为;同时,在较低温度快速大变形容易在试样的个别碳过饱和区导致应变诱导孪晶马氏体组织的生成,且随着形变温度降低孪晶马氏体量增加-循环加热淬火前的原始组织影响奥氏体内碳浓度分布,在一定程度上影响冷却变形过程的应力应变行为和形变后的瞬态组织.     

Mg-3Zn-2Gd合金轧制态和退火态的组织与力学性能

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分析了热轧态及退火态Mg-3Zn-2Gd合金的组织,并测试了其室温拉伸力学性能。结果表明:合金板材经应变为23%~67%的轧制后组织得到细化,平均晶粒尺寸由10μm减至轧制应变为67%时的4μm。初始组织中的大量孪晶和剪切带逐渐减少;随着轧制应变增至67%,剪切带消失,组织由动态再结晶晶粒和少量孪晶组成。拉伸力学性能显著提高,抗拉强度σb和屈服强度σ0.2分别由未轧制时的255 MPa和215 MPa提高至轧制应变为67%时的305 MPa和300 MPa,而伸长率δ先提高后降低。再经573 K退火处理1 h后,合金组织发生静态再结晶,变形不均匀区域消失,由细小均匀等轴晶组成;σb和σ0.2分别降至265 MPa和235 MPa,δ提高至19.0%;拉伸断口呈现大量韧窝,表现为韧性断裂。     

ZK60和ZK60-1.0Er镁合金热压缩变形和加工图

采用Gleeble-1500D热模拟试验机对ZK60和ZK60-1.0Er镁合金进行了热压缩实验,分析了合金在温度为160~420℃,应变速率为0.0001~1.0s-1条件下的流变应力变化特征。结果表明:两种镁合金在热压缩过程中的流变应力随变形温度的降低和应变速率的升高而增加,在流变应力达到峰值后随即进入稳态流变;稀土Er的加入使得平均变形激活能珚Q值由183kJ/mol降到153kJ/mol,应力指数n值由6提高到8;发生动态再结晶的临界应力σc值随变形温度升高和应变速率降低而降低,在420℃/1.0s-1高温高应变速率时,稀土Er的加入使得ZK60镁合金发生动态再结晶的临界应力值σc由76MPa降到50MPa。通过动态模型构建热加工图并结合金相组织观察可知:稀土Er的加入缩小了ZK60镁合金的热加工失稳区,增加了热加工安全区的功率耗散效率峰值η_(max),由35%增大到45%,促进了动态再结晶晶粒的形核,但抑制了再结晶晶粒的长大。     

Low cycle fatigue of an extruded Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.5Zr magnesium alloy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate strain-controlled cyclic deformation behavior of an extruded Mg–3Nd–0.2Zn–0.5Zr (NZ30K) magnesium alloy. The microstructure of this alloy consisted of a bimodal microstructure with equiaxed recrystallized grains and unrecrystallized coarse grains along with a large number of smaller second-phase particles present inside the grains and larger particles along the grain boundaries alongside a characteristic precipitate free zone (PFZ). The average grain size was about approximately 5–7 μm. It was observed that unlike the higher RE-containing Mg–10Gd–3Y–0.5Zr (GW103K) magnesium alloy, the NZ30K alloy exhibited asymmetrical hysteresis loops in tension and compression in the fully reversed strain-control tests at a strain ratio of R_ε = −1. This was mainly due to the presence of relatively stronger crystallographic texture, PFZ, and the resultant twinning–detwinning activities during cyclic deformation. While this alloy exhibited cyclic softening at lower strain amplitudes and cyclic hardening at higher strain amplitudes, it had an equivalent fatigue life to that of other extruded Mg alloys. Fatigue crack was observed to initiate from the specimen surface with some isolated facets of the cleavage-like planes near the initiation site. Crack propagation was basically characterized by serrated fatigue striations.     

径锻压下率对镁棒热力参数及组织演变的影响

目的 通过径向锻造工艺制备大尺寸镁合金棒料,并研究ZK60镁合金稳定变形区轴向截面边部位置的组织演变规律.方法 基于轴对称模型,利用数学解析方法建立不同压下率下的镁棒应变分量数学模型;使用弹塑性有限元分析软件对不同压下率下的镁棒径锻过程进行热力耦合分析;采用GFM-SSP32径锻机对铸态ZK60镁合金棒材进行阶梯锻造实验.结果 随着径向压下量的增大,晶粒细化明显.当压下率达到62.29％时,孪生动态再结晶机制开动;与模拟结果相比,数学模型预测的平均相对误差约为8.4％,可较准确表征径锻镁棒的应变分布情况.结论 径向锻造工艺完全可以制备ZK60镁合金棒材,并可有效解决镁合金塑性变形过程中的易开裂、散热快等问题.     

Microstructure evolution of Mg-Zn-Zr magnesium alloy against soft steel core projectile

The study aimed to shed light on the post deformation and damage behavior of an extruded Mg-Zn-Zr alloy under a ballistic impact.The results revealed that the initial microstructure consisted of both{0001} basal and {10(1)0} prismatic fiber texture.After impact,adiabatic shear bands,pronounce dif-ferent twinning in big grains,,,and types of dislocations,and grain refinement through twinning induce recrystallization accommodated the strain,and absorbed ～65.7 ％ of the energy during impact carried by a soft steel projectile.Interestingly,the deformation behavior at the top broad sides of the crater was entirely different.The weak basal texture was changed to a strong prismatic texture,which was further proved by typical sigmoidal compressive stress-strain curves.A revised model for the development of the ultra-fine grains adjacent to the crater has been proposed.The microhardness and yield strength was ～33 ％ and ～40 ％ higher and chiefly ascribed to strain hardening in ultra-fine grained near the surface of the perforation path.The exit of the perforation path was severely damaged and forms onion-shaped concentric rings which were comprised of melted zones,dimples,and cracks.Based on the all interesting findings,this study can be a clue for the development of the lightweight Mg alloy for military and aerospace applications.     

AZ31镁合金的变形织构和协调变形机理

进行变形速率可控的单向拉伸试验,研究了变形织构与滑移和孪生等协调变形机理对AZ31镁合金综合性能的影响。结果表明:在沿挤压方向拉伸过程中,变形织构使{0002}晶面Schmid因子较低,基面滑移难以开动,屈服强度高。在沿45°拉伸过程中,变形织构使柱面取向晶粒处于发生{0002}滑移的最佳位置,基面取向晶粒的棱柱面滑移也处于最佳位置,屈服强度低而延伸率高。沿横向拉伸的力学性能主要受孪晶影响,由于大量孪晶诱发裂纹,延伸率最低。试样在45°和横向拉伸时产生的大量拉伸孪晶,是出现{0002}双峰织构的诱因。     

Reversible motion of twin boundaries in AZ31 alloy and new design of magnesium alloys as smart materials

Attractiveness of magnesium alloys for structural applications is caused by their intrinsic properties i.e. low density and high specific strength. The main challenge in development of magnesium alloys is connected with requirement to fulfill the main function of structural materials i.e. to bear load. Wrought magnesium alloys possess strong basal texture which causes anisotropy of mechanical properties. It would be interesting to find out the way how to benefit from this anisotropic behavior of magnesium alloys. One way is to take into account strong basal texture and {1 0 –1 2} twinning in magnesium alloys under compressive deformation. Parallelepiped samples of AZ31 magnesium alloy were successively deformed in compression with 3.5% strain along two perpendicular directions. During first compression the sample contracts along the RD direction parallel to compression axis, elongates only in one perpendicular ND direction and no deformation is observed in third perpendicular TD direction. Subsequent compression along the ND direction recovers the initial shape of the sample. Microstructure analyses shows that the {1 0 –1 2} twinning is the main deformation mode during compression along the RD direction and twin variants which gives 0% strain to TD direction are predominant in microstructure. Twin-free microstructure is observed after subsequent compression along the ND direction. Crystallographic analyzes and calculations explain why reversible motion of twin boundaries is more favorable than nucleation of other twin variants in matrix grains during compression along the ND direction. The experiment presented in this article profile wrought magnesium alloy as smart material and emphasize the importance of strong {0 0 0 1} <1 0 –1 0> texture and {1 0 –1 2} twinning in obtaining the properties characteristic for smart materials. In the presented case, it is the ability to produce and recover significant strains in a controlled manner under compressive stress.     

Analyses of deformation twinning in the extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 after compressive and cyclic loading

The influence of different loading conditions on the microstructural development of extruded magnesium alloy AZ31 was investigated by optical microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. Extruded magnesium profiles exhibit a significant asymmetry in the mechanical properties, due to the low activation energy of the extension twinning system \( \left\{ {10\overline{1} 2} \right\}\langle {10\overline{1} 1}\rangle,\) when compressing along the extrusion direction. For the analyses of this twinning system, compression tests with different applied strains 0.4 ≤ ε ≤ 11% were performed for two extrusion products exhibiting different microstructures. The main deformation mechanisms during cyclic loading are the formation of extension twins during compression and the detwinning during subsequent tensile loading. The strain-controlled fatigue tests were carried out with applied strain amplitudes 0.3 ≤ ε_A ≤ 5%. The tests were stopped at characteristic numbers of cycles N in the tensile or compression maximum of the hysteresis loop. The microstructural investigations deliver information about the type of twinning and the size, shape, local distribution, and volume fraction of twins as a function of the plastic deformation. These results will be discussed with regard to the microstructure of the initial state material and to the applied load.     

Effect of initial texture on fatigue properties of extruded ZK60 magnesium alloy

The effect of initial texture on cyclic deformation behavior of extruded ZK60 magnesium (Mg) alloy was experimentally investigated under strain‐controlled loading with the strain amplitudes at 4%, 1%, and 0.35%. The testing specimens were taken from extrusion direction (ED), transverse direction (TD), and a material precompressed to 9.4% along the ED (ED_?9.4%). At a high strain amplitude of 4%, the cyclic deformation modes of ED and ED_?9.4% specimens are similar, and they experience twinning exhaustion → slip and detwinning exhaustion → slip during each loading cycle. At a medium strain amplitude of 1%, twinning‐detwinning is involved in the cyclic deformation, but different deformation mechanisms were observed in the 3 different specimens. Partial twinning‐complete detwinning mode dominates the cyclic deformation in the ED specimen, while partial detwinning‐retwinning mode occurs in the ED_?9.4% specimen. For the TD specimen, both basal slip and tension twinning occur during cyclic deformation. At a low strain amplitude of 0.35%, dislocation slips dominate the deformation for the ED specimen with a few observable tension twins. For the ED_?9.4% specimen, initially twined texture increases the ductility of the material and enhances fatigue life as compared with the other 2 specimens.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of AZ31 magnesium alloy fabricated by squeeze casting

Cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue life of squeeze-cast AZ31 magnesium alloy was studied under stress amplitude-control at room temperature. Low and high cycle fatigue tests with engineering stress amplitudes in the range from 40 to 110 MPa were conducted. Analysis of hysteresis curves was performed. Tension–compression asymmetry of hysteresis loops was not observed; the alloy exhibited cyclic hardening in tension and compression. The fatigue life in the low cycle fatigue region was expressed by Wöhler and derived Manson–Coffin curves. Experimental data in both, the low and high cycle fatigue regions were fitted by means of regression functions. S–N curves exhibited a smooth transition from the low to the high cycle fatigue regions and significant scattering of experimental points was observed. Furthermore, metallographic and fractographic analyses were performed. Crack initiation occurred from the specimen surface or on clusters of secondary particles; the region of final fracture was characterized by a transgranular ductile fracture.It can be concluded that the fatigue properties of squeeze cast magnesium alloy AZ31 are significantly improved comparing to materials prepared by common methods of casting. Squeeze casting also enables the cost-effective fabrication of complicatedly shaped parts.     

Cyclic shear deformation and fatigue of extruded Mg-Gd-Y magnesium alloy

Deformation and fatigue of extruded Mg-8.0 Gd-3.0 Y-0.5 Zr(GW83, wt%) magnesium(Mg) alloy were experimentally investigated under cyclic torsion using tubular specimen fabricated along the extrusion direction. The controlled shear strain amplitudes ranged from 0.606% to 4.157%. Twinning and detwinning of extension twins are observed to take place during cyclic torsion and the shear stress-shear strain hysteresis loops display a perfectly symmetric shape at all tested strain amplitudes. Marginal cyclic softening is observed when the shear strain amplitude is higher than 1.732%. The strain-life fatigue curve shows two kink points, corresponding to the shear strain amplitude of 1.040% and 1.732%, respectively.When the shear strain amplitude is higher than the upper kink point, early fatigue crack is found to initiate on the maximum shear plane. When the strain amplitude is lower than the lower kink point,fatigue cracking is parallel to the maximum tensile plane. At an identical equivalent strain amplitude,the fatigue life under pure shear is much higher than that under tension-compression. The fatigue life of extruded GW83 alloy is much higher than that of extruded AZ31 B alloy at the same plastic strain energy density.