猪苓营养菌丝与栽培菌核蛋白质成分的分析

对猪苓(Polyporus umbellate)营养菌丝与栽培菌核中蛋白质的氨基酸种类及含量进行了测定。结果表明,猪苓营养菌丝中各物质质量分数是:粗蛋白325.9g·kg-1,必需氨基酸总量34.924 g·kg-1,氨基酸总量91.956 g·kg-1;栽培菌核中各物质质量分数是:粗蛋白49.1 g·kg-1,必需氨基酸总量8.465 g·kg-1,氨基酸总量35.847 g·kg-1。营养菌丝中所含粗蛋白、氨基酸的量显著高于栽培菌核中粗蛋白、氨基酸的量。     

双孢蘑菇子实体营养成分分析

测定了双孢蘑菇子实体中氨基酸、矿质元素、多糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、粗纤维、核苷酸、维生素C和SOD等含量。结果表明,粗蛋白含量为37．86％,在测定的18种氨基酸中含有17种氨基酸,8种必须氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的42．30％;必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值（E／N）为0．73。还含有丰富的多糖、纤维素、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和核苷酸类物质。     

甘薯薯干高淀粉资源的鉴定及综合评价

通过对332份新征集甘薯品种资源薯干粗淀粉含量的分析测定,鉴定得到58份高淀粉种质资源。通过烘干率测定,得到36份兼具高干的高淀粉种质资源。通过抗病性、时逆性鉴定,得到5份兼抗多病的优异高淀粉品性种质资源,5份兼具耐旱性的高淀粉种质资源,29份兼具耐贮性的高淀粉种质资源。     

云南三种燕窝与进口燕窝成份的比较研究

本文报道了云南常用的３种燕窝的成份。蛋白质含量分别为４５．２８％、４７．７８％和４２．２１％;氨基酸总量分别为４０．３８％、４０．０２％和３２．５３％;必须氨基酸含量分别为１５．０９％、１４．３７％和１２．２２％。此外还分析了它们的脂肪、总糖、ＶＡ、ＶＤ、ＶＣ和常量元素与微量元素的含量,并与进口燕窝的相应成份进行了比较,表明常用的３种燕窝营养成份全面,与进口燕窝的近似程度为：短嘴金丝燕燕窝＞白腰雨燕燕窝＞小白腰雨燕燕窝。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对西花蓟马生长发育及其寄主四季豆营养成分的影响

为了阐明大气CO2浓度升高对西花蓟马种群动态的影响,利用人工气候箱研究了CO2浓度倍增条件下西花蓟马生长发育、繁殖及其寄主植物四季豆叶片营养成分的变化。结果表明:CO2浓度升高显著影响了四季豆叶片的营养成分含量,其粗蛋白含量明显下降,而总糖、组织淀粉、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量却显著升高。与对照CO2浓度(400!L·L-1)相比,800μL·L-1CO2浓度处理下的西花蓟马卵期、1龄若虫期、2龄若虫期的发育历期均显著缩短,而单雌平均产卵量增加了9.74%(P0.05)。高CO2浓度处理下西花蓟马的净生殖率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)、周限增长率(λ)比对照依次升高了7.40%、8.86%和1.32%(P0.05);而平均世代周期(T)、种群加倍时间(DT)比对照分别降低了1.42和0.38d(P0.05)。西花蓟马R0、rm、λ与四季豆粗蛋白含量呈显著负相关,而与总糖/粗蛋白、淀粉呈显著正相关;西花蓟马T、DT与四季豆粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关,而与总糖/粗蛋白、淀粉、游离氨基酸呈显著负相关。说明未来高CO2浓度的大气环境会改变四季豆叶片的营养成分,并影响西花蓟马的生长发育与繁殖。     

北虫草栽培残基中主要活性物质含量分析及评价

对北虫草栽培残基中蛋白质、虫草素等主要营养及活性物质含量分析,为其资源化合理利用研究提供参考。采用反相高效液相色谱法测定氨基酸含量,半微量凯氏定氮法测定粗蛋白,稀酸碱处理法测定粗纤维含量,旋光度法测量淀粉含量,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定矿质元素钙及磷含量,苯酚硫酸法测定多糖的含量,高效液相色谱法测定虫草素。结果显示,北虫草栽培残基中主要营养成分氨基酸、粗蛋白、粗纤维、淀粉、含量检测分别为8. 17%、18. 4%、4. 9%、43. 1%;矿质元素钙及磷含量分别为0. 09%、0. 46%;主要活性成分虫草多糖含量可达4. 8%,与子座含量(5. 1%)相当;虫草素含量0. 318%,显著高于子座(0. 166%)中虫草素含量。结果表明,北虫草栽培残基中除富含蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉等营养物质外,还含有虫草素、虫草多糖等北虫草特有的活性物质,具有较大营养价值。北虫草栽培残基综合利用资源化研究应用前景广阔。     

粗缩病对玉米产量和籽粒品质的影晌

以6个对玉米粗缩病（MRDV）表现不同抗性的玉米品种为材料,研究了粗缩病对玉米产量性状和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,在供试品种中,‘青农105’和‘青农8’为抗病品种,‘登海3622’和‘农大108’为中抗品种,‘先玉335’和‘郑单958’为感病品种。感病后,玉米果穗穗长、行粒数、穗粒重和产量显著降低,且损失程度表现为抗病品种〈中抗品种〈感病品种：籽粒中粗淀粉含量显著降低,粗蛋白含量升高,粗脂肪含量变化不明显。回归分析表明,通过旃情指数可以准确预测玉米粗缩病导致的产量损失。     

苦豆子游离氨基酸的成份测定

本文分析和鉴定了苦豆子中游离氨基酸的成份,测定出１６种游离氨基酸,总量为１６４．５２μｇ／１００ｍｇ,其中谷氨酸含量最高为４７．６８μｇ／１００ｍｇ,蛋氨酸含量最低为０．２０μｇ／１００ｍｇ,人体必须氨基酸有７种,占游离氨基酸总量的１７．３３％。     

经大豆DNA溶液处理的水稻后代种子的粗蛋白的氨基酸含量分？…

以大豆为外源ＤＮＡ供体,用浸种及幼苗期浇灌法和花粉管通道法直接将大豆总ＤＮＡ导入受体水稻,经常规栽培获得水稻后代种子。采用微量凯氏定氮法和氨基酸自动分析仪进行水稻后代种子糙米的粗蛋白含量和氨基酸含量的测定。结果显示：三组经大豆ＤＮＡ溶液处理获得的水稻后代种子糙米粗蛋白平均含量分别为１６．４２％、１６．８０％和１９．８７％,与对照组相比有明显提高,统计分析都达到极显的差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）;在氨基酸     

国家地理标志产品—邳州白蒜的营养成分分析

通过对邳州白蒜的主要营养成分检测,并和普通品种大蒜各主要营养成分的比较,可知邳州白蒜的粗蛋白、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、磷、铁等营养指标是普通品种大蒜的1.3到3倍,这表明邳州白蒜营养价值更高,具有进一步开发利用的巨大空间。     

大菱鲆鱼皮的氨基酸分析及评价

用常规方法测定了大菱鲆鱼皮的基本营养成分,用氨基酸自动分析仪分析其氨基酸构成,并对大菱鲆鱼皮中的氨基酸组成进行了营养学评价。结果表明,大菱鲆鱼皮蛋白质含量为14.8%,脂肪含量为1.8%,氨基酸含量为27.24%,其中含量较高的是甘氨酸、丙氨酸、脯氨酸和精氨酸,占总氨基酸的59.73%;必需氨基酸、甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和涩味氨基酸的含量分别占总氨基酸的20.81%、60.61%、30.07%、10.43%和0.01%。甜味氨基酸、苦味氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸是大菱鲆鱼皮氨基酸的主要部分,构成了大菱鲆鱼皮的主要味道,大菱鲆鱼皮是一种口感柔滑、味道鲜美的理想补强食品。     

Assessment of risk of introduction of Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Coleoptera: Brentidae) into weevil-free areas in the southern United States

We assessed the risk associated with introduction of sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), from infested areas to noninfested areas via shipment of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.), roots within the southern United States. Our study quantifies the effectiveness of risk mitigation procedures of sweet potatoes before shipment in relation to introduction of the weevil. The risk assessment relied on literature and expert information to determine appropriate parameters. Using a computational model, Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to estimate the likelihood of introduction of sweet potato weevil. Risk management options were incorporated and the risk analyses were performed to assess how the risk could be reduced. The study found the risk of introduction of the weevil for both domestic shipment and imports of sweet potatoes into new areas within the southern United States to be low. Sensitivity analysis was performed to assess model stability and the impact of parameter changes. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the most critical input was the postharvest mitigation, followed by the number of weevils per ton of sweet potatoes. We concluded that maintaining mitigations with monitoring in conjunction with public education to stop illegal transport of sweet potatoes and alternate hosts would significantly reduce the risk of introduction.     

Mechanism of Chilling Injury in Sweet Potatoes

1. 1. Both amounts of lipid phosphorus and acid-insoluble nitrogen in the mitochondrial fraction from chilling-injured sweet potatoes (var. Okinawa 100) were larger than in the fraction from healthy sweet potatoes. The N-amount appeared to be increased more by chilling-injury than the P-amount.

2. 2. Sweet potato, a tropical plant, showed lower value of the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in mitochondrial fraction than white potato, a temperate-zone plant.

3. 3. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids of C₁₆, C₁₈ and C₂₀ as percentage of the total fatty acids was higher in mitochondrial fractions from chilling-injured sweet potatoes (var. Okinawa 100 and var. Norin 1) than in mitochondrial fractions from healthy sweet potatoes. However, in the case of white potato mitochondrial fraction no detectable difference was observed between storage at 0~1°C and at 10~14°C.

     

The Effect of Gamma-Irradiation on the Sucrose Content in Sweet Potato Roots and Potato Tubers

The sucrose content in both potato tubers and sweet potato roots was considerably increased by gamma-irradiation. The maximum increase was achieved by an irradiation dose of 3 to 4 kGy for potatoes and 0.8 to 2 kGy for sweet potatoes. Cooling treatment (15°C, 2 weeks) for sweet potato roots also enhanced the sucrose content (almost 2 times) but was not additive to the irradiation treatment; the maximum sucrose content in irradiated sweet potato roots was in the range of 7 to 12% irrespective of the cooling treatment, depending on the variety of sweet potatoes. Irradiation made the sucrose content in the roots 2 to 4 times higher.     

Comparative compositional analysis of transgenic potato resistant to potato tuber moth (PTM) and its non-transformed counterpart

In this study, the compositions of transgenic potatoes (TPs) resistant to potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) were compared with those of its non-transgenic (NTP) counterparts. The light inducible promoter, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase led to the expression of Cry1Ab only in the leaves and light-treated tubers of the TPs. No significant differences were found in the moisture, ash, dry weight, total soluble protein, carbohydrate, starch, fiber, ascorbate, cations, anions, fatty acids, and glycoalkaloids contents of TP and NTP. Moreover, light treatment significantly affected the contents of ascorbate, acetate and nitrite anions, palmitic, stearic and linolenic fatty acids, α-haconine and α-solanine glycoalkaloids in TP and NTP tubers. While, significant differences were observed in the amino acid contents in light-treated tubers of TPs than the NTP ones. Although, light treatment in potato tubers resulted in marked metabolic changes, all the variations observed in the metabolites compositions were found to be within the desired reference ranges for potato plants. In conclusion, the results indicated that the TPs were substantially and nutritionally equivalent to the NTP counterparts.     

Possible contribution of Bradyrhizobium on nitrogen fixation in sweet potatoes

Aims

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is known for its ability to grow under nitrogen-limited conditions. To clarify the possible contribution of biological nitrogen fixation, we tried to isolate and identify diazotrophic bacteria from sweet potatoes.

Methods

By using cultivation technique, we isolated putative endophytes, which possess nifH genes, from surface-sterilized sweet potatoes. Their nitrogen-fixing abilities were demonstrated by the acetylene reduction assay in a semi-solid malate medium and sweet potato extracts. We also examined the colonization of an isolated strain (AT1) in sweet potatoes and their influence on growth and nitrogen fixation in plants as assessed by an acetylene reduction assay and ¹⁵N-isotope dilution technique.

Results

The isolates were identified as strains of Bradyrhizobium sp. AT1, Paenibacillus sp. AS2 and Pseudomonas sp. T16 based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences. They showed acetylene reduction activity (ARA) in the semi-solid malate medium. Among them, B. sp. AT1 showed ARA in sweet potato extracts under micro-aerobic conditions whereas both P. sp. AS2 and P. sp. T16 showed no ARA. The inoculation of B. sp. AT1 to the sweet potatoes resulted in increases in the fresh weights and detection of ARA in the inoculated plants. Moreover, the reduction of ¹⁵N atom % was observed in the inoculated plants compared to uninoculated controls.

Conclusions

B. sp. AT1 actively expresses nitrogenase activity in sweet potatoes and may contribute to the nitrogen nutrition of host plants.     

Diversity and evolutionary relationship of nucleotide binding site-encoding disease-resistance gene analogues in sweet potato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ipomoea batatas</Emphasis> Lam.)

Most plant disease-resistance genes (R-genes) isolated so far encode proteins with a nucleotide binding site (NBS) domain and belong to a superfamily. NBS domains related to R-genes show a highly conserved backbone of an amino acid motif, which makes it possible to isolate resistance gene analogues (RGAs) by degenerate primers. Degenerate primers based on the conserved motif (P-loop and GLPL) of the NBS domain from R -genes were used to isolate RGAs from the genomic DNA of sweet potato cultivar Qingnong no.2. Five distinct clusters of RGAs (22 sequences) with the characteristic NBS representing a highly diverse sample were identified in sweet potato genomic DNA. Sequence identity among the 22 RGA nucleotide sequences ranged from 41.2% to 99.4%, while the deduced amino acid sequence identity from the 22 RGAs ranged from 20.6%to 100%. The analysis of sweet potato RGA sequences suggested mutation as the primary source of diversity. The phylogenetic analyses for RGA nucleotide sequences and deduced amino acids showed that RGAs from sweet potato were classified into two distinct groups--toll and interleukin receptor-1 (TIR)-NBS-LRR and non-TIR-NBS-LRR. The high degree of similarity between sweet potato RGAs and NBS sequences derived from R-genes cloned from tomato, tobacco, flax and potato suggest an ancestral relationship. Further studies showed that the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous substitution within families was low. These data obtained from sweet potato suggest that the evolution of NBS-encoding sequences in sweet potato occur by the gradual accumulation of mutations leading to purifying selection and slow rates of divergence within distinct R-gene families.     

人体高必需氨基酸编码蛋白转基因马铃薯的获得及RT-PCR分析

人口的增长增加了对粮食的需求而提高食物的蛋白质营养将能够缓解这一状况。将人体高必需氨基酸蛋白基因（HEAAE）导入马铃薯以改善马铃薯主食地区的蛋白质营养的研究得到了重视。经过PCR和RT-PCR分析,HEAAE与GUS融合基因在马铃薯块茎专一性高表达class Ipatatin基因启动子驱动下在转基因马铃薯中获得了稳定表达。