军机薄壁结构损伤超声跨态处理新工艺

提出超声跨态处理（UPPW）控制激光焊接军机薄壁结构残余应力和变形的新方法.在激光焊接过程中,通过辅加超声振动场,影响激光熔池的形成、流动和凝固等几个关键跨态转变阶段及焊缝的高温超塑性固态相变阶段,达到改善焊缝凝固组织,控制焊接变形,缓释残余应力,提高接头力学性能以及减少裂纹等缺陷的目的.结果表明,UPPW工艺可以显著降低飞机薄壁焊件的残余应力和变形,在合适的工艺参数下,能够使1.5 mm厚TC4航空钛合金薄板焊接件的残余变形降至常规焊接变形量的50%左右,显微组织晶粒度提高约1个级别,且组织形态更加均匀.     

线能量对TC4钛合金激光焊接残余应力和变形的影响

利用有限元分析和实验测试，研究了TC4钛合金平板激光焊接线能量对变形和残余应力的影响规律，并通过焊缝金相实验分析了线能量与焊接残余应力和变形的内在关系。结果表明：钛合金激光焊接产生的纵向残余拉伸应力约700MPa～850MPa，而横向残余拉伸应力只有50MPa～80MPa。激光焊接线能量增加时，纵向残余应力拉伸区域变宽，峰值应力降低，而横向残余应力随线能量的增加而升高。在临界焊透规范以上焊接时，角变形随线能量的增大而减小，但横向收缩变形增大。试件被完全穿透焊接时，线能量对角变形的影响作用降低。     

焊接应力变形原理若干问题的探讨(二)

提出焊接残余应力形成和消除原理:焊接残余应力不是压缩塑性应变引起的,而是由于焊缝和近缝区金属在"力学熔点"及以下温度冷却收缩受阻产生的;消除焊接残余应力不是产生拉伸塑性应变以减少、抵消和补偿压缩塑性应变,而是将残余弹性应变转变为塑性应变;消除焊接残余应力并不是必须去除固有应变,部分去除或完全不去除固有应变也能完全消除残余应力.提出随焊后热精确控制应力变形焊接法,既可实现无应力焊接和无应力无变形焊接,也可实现适当压应力无变形焊接和较大压应力微变形焊接;并对传统方法与有限元法进行了分析比较.     

Influence of Inter-Pass Temperature on Residual Stress in Multi-Layer and Multi-Pass Butt-Welded 9%Cr Heat-Resistant Steel PipesEI北大核心CSCD

9% Cr heat-resistant steels have been abundantly used in boilers of modern thermal plants. The 9% Cr steel components in thermal plant boilers are usually assembled by fusion welding. Many of the degradation mechanisms of welded joints can be aggravated by welding residual stress. Tensile residual stress in particular can exacerbate cold cracking tendency, fatigue crack development and the onset of creep damage in heat-resistant steels. It has been recognized that welding residual stress can be mitigated by low temperature martensitic transformation in 9% Cr heat-resistant steel. Neverthe-less, the stress mitigation effect seems to be confined around the final weld pass in multi-layer and multi-pass 9% Cr steel welded pipes. The purpose of this work is to investigate the method to break through this confine. Influence of martensitic transformation on welding stress evolution in multi-layer and multi-pass butt-welded 9% Cr heat-resistant steel pipes for different inter-pass temperatures (IPT) was investigated through finite element method, and the influential mechanism of IPT on welding residual stress was revealed. The results showed that tensile residual stress in weld metal (WM) and heat affected zone (HAZ), especially the noteworthy tensile stress in WM at pipe central, was effectively mitigated with the increasing of IPT. The reasons lie in two aspects, firstly, there is more residual austenite in the case of higher IPT, as a result, lower tensile stress is accumulated during cooling due to the lower yield strength of austenite; secondly, the higher IPT suppresses the martensitic transformation during cooling of each weld pass, thus the tensile stress mitigation due to martensitic transformation was avoided to be eliminated by welding thermal cycles of subsequent weld passes and reaccumulating tensile residual stress. The influence of IPT on welding residual stress relies on the combined contribution of thermal contraction and martensitic transformation. When the IPT is lower than martensite transformation finishing temperature (M-f), thermal contraction plays the dominant role in the formation of welding residual stress, and tensile stress was formed in the majority of weld zone except the final weld pass. While, compressive stress was formed in almost whole weld zone due to martensitic transformation when the IPT is higher than martensite transformation starting temperature (M-s).     

6N01S-T5铝合金高速激光-MIG复合焊接工艺

针对高速列车侧墙6N01S-T5铝合金熔化焊时存在焊接变形大,接头软化严重等问题,提高激光-MIG复合焊的焊接速度降低热输入,并通过显微硬度、拉伸试验测试,结合金相及扫描电镜下的EDS分析,对比了高、低焊接速度两种工艺下接头力学性能及微观组织的差异;采用三坐标测量仪和X射线残余应力测试仪对试样焊接变形和残余应力进行测试分析.结果表明,当焊接速度达到4.8 m/min时焊缝仍能保证较好的成形;相比于0.6 m/min低速焊接,焊接效率大幅度提高,焊缝金属填充量减少68%,接头软化区宽度减小约60%;试件焊后变形及高应力分布区域变窄;焊缝组织细密,接头平均抗拉强度为207 MPa,达到母材强度的71%.     

Effects of zonal heat treatment on residual stresses and mechanical properties of electron beam welded TC4 alloy plates

Zonal heat treatment(ZHT) was conducted in situ to 14.5 mm-thick TC4 alloy plates by means of defocused electron beam after welding. The effects of ZHT on residual stresses, microstructures and mechanical properties of electron beam welded joints were investigated. Experimental results show residual stresses after welding are mostly relieved through ZHT, and the maximum values of longitudinal tensile stress and transverse compressive stress reduce by 76% and 65%, respectively. The tensile strength and ductility of welded joint after ZHT at slow scanning velocity are improved because of the reduction of residual stress and the microstructural changes of the base and weld metal. ZHT at fast scanning velocity is detrimental to the ductility of welded joint, which is resulted from insufficiently coarsened alpha phase in the fusion zone and the appearance of martensite in the base metal.     

Characteristics of Nd： YAG laser welded 600 MPa grade TRIP steel

Microstructures and mechanical properties of Nd: YAG laser welded transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steel with tensile strength of 645 MPa were studied. Due to high cooling speed of laser welding, the weld metal mainly consists of martensite different from the base metal, which is composed of ferrite matrix with bainite and a little retained austenite. Therefore, the weld metal has maximum hardness at welded joint. The yield strength and tensile strength of welded specimens tested perpendicular to weld line were almost equal to those of the base metal. But the yield strength and tensile strength of welded specimens tested parallel with weld line were a little higher than those of the base metal. The formability of laser welded TRIP steel was decreased compared with that of the base metal.     

A new method for welding aluminum alloy LY12CZ sheet with high strength

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Joint performance of CO2 laser beam welding 5083,H321 aluminum alloy

Laser beam welding of aluminum alloys is expected to offer good mechanical properties of welded joints. In this experimental work reported, CO2 laser beam autogenoas welding and wire feed welding are conducted on 4 mm thick 5083- H321 aluminum alloy sheets at different welding variables. The mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of the welds are evaluated through tensile tests, micro-hardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Experimental results indicate that both the tensile strength and hardness of laser beam welds are affected by the constitution of filler material, except the yield strength. The soften region of laser beam welds is not in the heat-affected zone （ HAZ ）. The tensile fracture of laser beam welded specimens takes place in the weld zone and close to the weld boundary because of different filler materials. Some pores are found on the fracture face, including hydrogen porosities and blow holes, but these pores have no influence on the tensile strength of laser beam welds. Tensile strength values of laser beam welds with filler wire are up to 345.57 MPa, 93% of base material values, and yield strengths of laser beam welds are equivalent to those of base metal （264. 50 MPa）.     

1420铝锂合金动态低应力无变形焊接技术

针对1420铝锂合金平板对接和T形穿透焊接结构,开展了动态低应力无变形(DC-LSND,dynamically controlled low stress non-deformation)焊接技术的可行性研究;通过与常规TIG焊进行焊接应力和变形、接头组织以及拉伸性能的对比,分析了该技术实现应力和变形控制的原因.结果表明,采用动态低应力无变形焊接1420铝锂合金平板对接结构,能够有效地减小焊接应力和变形,并且对接头的拉伸性能没有影响,同时采用该技术可实现铝锂合金T形接头穿透焊的应力和变形的控制.     

激光冲击消除焊接残余应力

对现有焊接残余应力的理论进行分析,讨论激光冲击处理消除焊接残余应力的可行性,认为短脉冲高峰值功率密度的激光冲击焊接接头产生的等离子体冲击波,可使焊接接头表面产生塑性应变,能有效消除焊接残余拉应力。文章设计了激光冲击强化12Cr2Ni4A钢焊接接头试验,通过选择不同焊接材料和焊接方式,设计了4种焊接状态,分别进行激光冲击强化。试验结果表明,激光冲击强化均能消除氩弧焊和等离子焊等焊接方式的焊接残余拉应力,改善焊接接头表面的力学分布,在选用NAK80焊材和等离子体焊方式时,形成的残余压应力幅值高达884MPa,极大提升了焊接接头的力学性能。     

Angular distortion of fillet welded T joint using low transformation temperature welding wire

Abstract

A newly developed low transformation temperature welding wire, of which the transformation start temperature is lower than that of conventional welding wires, was applied to fabrication of fillet welded T joints. The welding angular distortion and the temperature profile of the weld metal were continuously measured during the welding process. The angular distortion of the fabricated T joint was reduced when the weld metal reached the martensitic transformation start temperature. The residual angular distortion was less with the low transformation temperature welding wire than that with the conventional welding wires. The welding distortion of T joints was calculated by a numerical simulation with consideration of the effect of phase transformation under weld thermal cycles. The welding distortion was reproduced with high accuracy in the numerical simulation. Results of the numerical simulation also determined that there was a direct correspondence between the transformation expansion of the weld metal and the angular distortion.     

Twinning in weld HAZ of ZK21 commercial magnesium alloy

The microstructure and properties of Mg ZK21 laser beam weld without filler were researched using optical microscopy (OM),electron microscopy and mechanical test.The results show that the fracture strain of the joints after laser beam welding reduces by about 10.7%at room temperature.By means of laser beam welding,the fusion zones contain tensile RS,while the base material far away from the fusion line is under balancing compressive RS.The microstructures of the weld were characterized by a narrow heat a...     

预拉伸对铝合金焊接残余应力和变形的影响

在预拉伸应力作用下，进行了厚度为4mm的5A05铝合金试板的焊接，焊后残余应力及变形的测定结果表明．预拉伸焊接法可有效减小铝合金薄板焊后的纵向残余应力、纵向挠曲变形和平面变形。在弹性应力范由内，随着预应力的增大，试板的残余应力峰值、纵向挠曲变形及平面变形均逐渐减小。分析认为，预拉伸应力部分抵消了焊接区热膨胀产生的压缩应力，从而减小了压缩塑性变形，进而减小了冷却时焊接区域的拉伸应力水平，相应地远离焊缝区域的压缩应力也随之减小。     

焊缝与螺栓混合连接梁柱钢节点的残余应力有限元分析

考虑温度变化对钢材物理性能和力学性能的影响,以热-弹塑性理论为基础,建立梁柱节点顶底角钢焊缝、螺栓混合连接的三维仿真模型.利用有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟钢结构梁柱节点在焊接和冷却阶段的温度场,并求解得到残余应力的分布.结果表明,焊缝区域主要以拉应力为主,残余应力在焊缝和螺栓等不同部位的分布不同.最大残余应力出现在顶角钢与梁翼缘的焊缝处,最小残余应力出现在柱与角钢连接处,分别是设计强度值的220.8%和11.45%,与《钢结构设计规范》中的规定基本相符.     

ST14钢激光拼焊板焊缝组织及成形性能分析

对1.5mm和0.8mm两种规格的ST14钢等厚激光拼焊板焊缝部位进行杯突试验,比较焊缝与母材杯突值;再对由这两种规格组合拼焊的不等厚激光拼焊板进行单向拉伸试验,检验拼焊板经拉伸后的断裂部位;分析焊缝区组织及其硬度变化,研究激光焊接参数变化对ST14钢拼焊板成形性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝深冲性能低于母材,焊缝杯突值受焊接速度影响,随焊接速度增加而增加;激光焊缝抗拉强度高于母材;对于1.5 mm拼焊板,提高焊接速度,加快焊缝冷却,有利于生成细小的针状铁素体,可提高激光拼焊板的成形性能;而0.8 mm板焊缝生成晶粒细小的粒状贝氏体组织,可使焊缝区材料成形性能接近母材;焊缝及其热影响区的硬度高于母材硬度.     

薄板TC4钛合金脉冲电子束焊接技术研究

脉冲电子束焊接是指将电子束流调制成脉冲方波的形式进行焊接的一种先进技术。脉冲束流能提高被焊金属蒸发率,从而提高焊接效率、增加焊缝深宽比。本文采用常规直流电子束和不同频率脉冲电子束对1.2 mm薄板TC4钛合金进行了焊接工艺试验,并对接头进行了微观组织与力学性能检测。结果表明：脉冲电子束焊接能够形成无熔合缺陷的焊缝,随着频率的增加,焊缝咬边和背面余高减小,表面成形得到改善;由于焊接热循环变化,脉冲束流可加快熔池冷却速度,细化组织晶粒;直流和脉冲电子束焊接接头拉伸时均断裂在母材区,拉伸强度不低于母材;高频脉冲电子束可提升焊接接头塑性和焊缝区、热影响区的显微硬度,频率为10 kHz时,焊接接头的断后伸长率可达14.9%,约为母材的80%,焊缝区和热影响区的显微硬度分别为375 HV和368 HV。     

不同工艺下超强钢点焊残余应力的试验分析

为了分析在不同工艺下电阻点焊对超强钢焊接构件内部残余应力的影响,文中试验选用B1500HS快冷淬火后的超高强钢薄板,通过德国NIMAK点焊机器人进行电阻点焊,制备焊接构件,并通过X射线衍射法测量点焊构件焊核区、热影响区、母材区表面处的残余应力,分别从电极直径、焊接电流、锻压力方面考察不同工艺对超强钢点焊构件残余应力的影响. 结果表明,残余应力以焊核为中心基本呈对称分布,从焊核到母材,数值先增大后减小,在热影响区处达到最大值且为拉应力,远离焊核区降低为压应力,且拉应力最大值明显高于压应力最大值;残余应力随电极直径增大而增大;残余应力随着电流增大其最大值先增大后减小;锻压力可以降低残余应力峰值.     

厚板Ti6Al4V合金低真空激光焊接接头组织及力学性能

采用低真空激光焊接技术对40 mm厚Ti6Al4V合金进行焊接,对比分析不同位置的微区组织与力学性能. 结果表明,母材由等轴初生α相和β转变组织组成,热影响区组织为α相、残余β相和急冷准稳态的α'马氏体,焊缝熔凝区组织主要包括不同尺寸及分布状态的α'马氏体以及慢冷却速率下形成的α相. 焊接接头抗拉强度平均值为988 MPa,断裂位置均位于母材. 焊缝上部和中部焊缝区的平均冲击吸收能量为28.8 J,明显优于下部24.8 J. 焊缝熔凝区底部区域存在细长状、密集程度较高的α'马氏体会劣化材料冲击韧性. 相比之下熔凝区中、上部形成的短粗状、密集程度较低的α'马氏体组织的冲击韧性较高, 为Ti6Al4V合金板材的连接及进一步提高接头的力学性能提供了数据支撑及相关理论依据.     

冷却速率对高氮钢焊缝组织和性能的影响

研究了水冷和空冷条件下高氮不锈钢焊缝金属微观组织和力学性能的变化规律,讨论了冷却速率对高氮不锈钢焊缝微观组织和力学性能的影响规律. 结果表明,冷却速率增加能够有效增加高氮钢焊缝金属中的氮含量,尤其对于含氮量0.85%的高氮含量焊丝,增氮效果更明显. 冷却速率增加对高氮钢焊缝金属抗拉强度提高程度取决于焊丝中的氮含量,对于低氮含量高氮钢焊丝,冷却速率增加能够显著提高焊缝金属抗拉强度,当焊丝中氮含量超过0.58%时,冷却速率增加对焊缝金属抗拉强度影响不大,最终接头强度达到850 MPa.