盐胁迫下夹竹桃生理光合特性及生态修复应用

海洋盐分主要通过地下水入侵、浪花飞溅、盐雾等方式对滨海植物的根、茎和叶产生影响。采用长势良好2年生夹竹桃（Nerium indicum）,分别设置对照0%、0.3%、0.6%、1%、2%、3%多个浓度梯度,开展根系和叶片耐盐实验。盐胁迫处理13周后正常浇水4周。在盐胁迫末期及正常浇水后测定叶片净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用率（WUE）等光合指标;同时测定细胞膜透性、叶片饱和水分亏缺（WSD）等理化指标。结果表明：根系盐胁迫和叶片盐胁迫均会影响夹竹桃植株形态和生长,根系盐胁迫≥1.0%时,夹竹桃植株生长状态向着小于2的趋势发生不可逆下降;叶片盐胁迫≤3.0%时,夹竹桃生长状态普遍大于2。根系盐胁迫极显著降低夹竹桃叶片Pn、Tr和Gs;叶片盐胁迫对夹竹桃植株的Pn和WUE影响极显著,对Tr和Gs无显著影响。夹竹桃Tr与Gs之间极显著相关;高浓度根系盐胁迫下,气孔因素对夹竹桃光合影响较为显著。叶片盐胁迫下,夹竹桃细胞膜透性和WSD变化不显著,高浓度根系盐胁迫下,夹竹桃细胞膜透性和WSD发生不可逆改变;这与生长状态和光合特性的结果可以很好对应,说明膜系统受损反过来影响夹竹桃生长和光合作用。总体上,夹竹桃可耐受3.0%以下的叶片盐胁迫和1.0%以下的根系盐胁迫。将根系和叶片耐盐特性分别研究,可以更好地为夹竹桃在滨海生态和植被修复应用中提供理论指导。     

海岛植被修复中的耐旱植物筛选及抗旱技术研究

针对海岛地理缺水、季节性干旱等造成海岛植被修复工作困难的问题,采用室外模拟实验的方法,研究3种典型的海岛植被修复常用植物——木麻黄、台湾相思和夹竹桃的耐旱能力及使用保水剂、覆盖凋落物对其耐旱能力的影响.结果表明:(1)3种苗木都具有一定的耐旱能力,在长时间干旱胁迫下,耐旱能力从强到弱依次为夹竹桃、台湾相思和木麻黄;(2)在植被修复期间,应根据植物的耐旱能力,适当调整浇水间隔期.为保持良好的生长状态,木麻黄、夹竹桃和台湾相思的浇水间隔期分别是20、15 d和10 d;而在极度缺水的野外,只为保证成活率的情况下,夹竹桃、台湾相思和木麻黄的浇水间隔可以分别延长至60、40 d和30 d;(3)施加土壤保水剂和土壤表面覆盖凋落物均可提高植物成活率,其中,覆盖凋落物效果优于施加保水剂;(4)施加土壤保水剂需控制合理比例,以保水剂与土壤质量比例为1∶500为宜.相关研究成果已在海岛植被修复中得到应用,取得良好效果,可为我国海岛植被修复提供参考.     

不同盐胁迫时间下秋茄幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用的研究

对长时间和短时间盐胁迫下红树植物秋茄(Kandelin candel)叶片膜脂过氧化作用、叶绿素含量、电解质渗透率、叶片肉质化程度等与盐胁迫强度之间的关系进行了对比研究.结果表明,短时间盐胁迫和长时间盐胁迫下秋茄叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片肉质化程度等随盐胁迫强度的提高而有不同的变化规律.在短时间盐胁迫下,随基质盐度的提高,SOD活性(fw)变化呈“U”型,在盐度15～20处叶片SOD活性最低,MDA含量变化不明显,电解质渗透率和叶片肉质化程度先升高而后下降,在盐度20处最高;在长时间盐胁迫下,SOD活性先随盐度的提高而提高,当盐度高于10时又随盐度的提高而下降,而MDA含量随盐胁迫程度的提高而下降,电解质渗透率和肉质化程度却上升,不同盐胁迫时间下红树植物秋茄具有不同的耐盐机制.膜脂过氧化不是盐胁迫下秋茄叶片膜损伤的主要原因.     

平潭大屿岛上台湾相思长势的时空差异性

为了探讨台湾相思群落生长发育与气候特征的关系,选用11个位于大屿靠海一侧不同地点的台湾相思群落研究对象。通过2016年4—12月对台湾相思标记枝条的生长状况进行长期监测。观测结果表明:11个样点受盐害叶片占比为1.16%~51.48%,受虫害叶片占比为30.27%~59.78%。植株大多受到盐害与虫害的干扰,花数量和花蕾数量处于一个较低的水平。由植物生长状况与气候特征的相关性结果可知,风向和风力随月份变化而变化,12月风力最高达5.93m/s。月份和风向与受盐害叶片占比、受虫害叶片占比均呈现极显著相关性。在开展海岛植被生态修复时,需要注重冬季养护、病虫害防治和筛选抗风、耐盐雾的海岛适生物种。     

荻在滨海区重盐碱胁迫下的生理响应

滨海地区高盐碱导致生态环境脆弱,与其经济的高速发展极不相适应,故开展耐高盐碱的植物研究刻不容缓。本文采用pH值为8.0、9.0,NaCl盐度在0、5、10、15、20下的溶液对荻进行胁迫处理,通过各项生理响应指标的变化来研究其耐盐碱性。结果表明:随盐碱度增加,荻叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量呈增加趋势,增加幅度越大荻长势越差;荻体内渗透调节物质脯氨酸的增加趋势不明显,说明荻有耐盐碱性,而可溶性糖含量先降低后升高再降低,且在达峰值后下降明显,说明荻的耐盐碱能力有限;轻微盐碱刺激能促进荻光合色素含量和根系活力的升高,高盐碱抑制其升高。综合分析荻的各种生理表现,认为荻能耐受pH=8.0、盐度0~20和pH=9.0、盐度0~15的较宽盐碱范围,因此荻可作为修复滨海重盐碱地生态景观的备选植物。     

盐胁迫对海滨香豌豆叶片三种物质含量的影响

实验检测在不同浓度的盐胁迫及不同的胁迫时间下，海滨香豌豆叶片内脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖三种成份含量的变化。得出：脯氨酸含量随盐胁迫浓度和胁迫时间变化呈现一定的正相关；可溶性蛋白则呈相对比较稳定的趋势；而可溶性糖则呈无规则变化。这些结果表明，在以上三指标中，脯氨酸对盐胁迫起主要的调节作用。     

山东海岸沙生植被的初步研究

山东海岸沙滩滨海沙生植被由沙生植物及部分耐沙植物组成,其特点是: (1)组成植物种类简单,有种子植物68种,隶属于22科55属;(2)植物科、属的区系地理成分具有明显的温带、北温带性质,并含有一定数量的热带、亚热带成分;(3)沙生植物种的区系成分多数是北方分布的种类、而耐沙植物则大多数是广布种;(4)植被具有旱生性质,组成植物有耐旱、耐瘠、耐热、耐盐的生态生理特性,在形态上表现为低矮、匍匐、具刺、肉质和根系特别发达等形态学特征。最后从植物生态学角度论述了山东海岸沙生植被的保护与开发利用。滨海沙生植被是海岸带生态系统的重要组成部分,是沙滩生态系统中最基本的生物资源,其种群数量变动对沙滩生态及海岸带环境有着重大影响。对滨海沙生植被的研究国内虽有报道,但还无人对地处暖温带气候区山东的滨海沙生植被种类组成及其群落性质进行系统地研究。     

4种典型滨海植物的耐盐能力

滨海植物是海岸生态系统的重要组成部分,而绝大部分滨海植物的耐盐能力与生态适应机制尚不清楚,本研究选择马鞍藤(Ipomoea pescaprae)、小刀豆(Canavalia cathartica)、全缘冬青(Ilex in?tegra)、大叶银边海桐(Pittosporum pentandrum)4种滨海典型植物,通过...     

盐胁迫对大米草反射光谱和叶绿素浓度的影响

为促进海岸带生态系统的完整性和健康可持续发展,本文以滨海湿地盐沼植被大米草为研究对象,进行不同盐分浓度(10,20,30)胁迫处理,并对比分析不同盐分含量对各个测定期内的大米草叶片反射光谱和叶绿素浓度的影响。结果表明:大米草叶片叶绿素浓度在高盐胁迫下变化最显著,然后依次是中盐胁迫、低盐胁迫。大米草叶片反射光谱在不同的盐分胁迫下,曲线变化主要体现在绿光波段的反射峰和680nm附近的抬升程度;叶绿素浓度越低,抬升越明显。光谱特征参量D725/D702,D715/D702,D725/D722,BmSR,mSR,mND,NDI,DD的变化趋势与叶片叶绿素浓度演变趋势一致;胁迫程度不同,光谱特征参量的变化幅度也不同。该研究可为大田试验条件下探讨滨海湿地盐沼植被盐分胁迫反射光谱响应机理提供理论参考。     

盐胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌和生物炭调节黑麦草碳氮代谢的路径

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和生物炭能够促进盐渍化土壤中的植物生长,但是对植物碳氮代谢的影响路径还不清晰,且缺乏对该路径的量化。本文通过水培实验,探究了不同盐胁迫(NaCl浓度0、10、20)下AMF和生物炭对黑麦草碳氮代谢关键酶和中间产物的调节作用。结果表明,AMF、生物炭分别显著提高了10‰盐胁迫下植物的株高(31.8%、19.6%)和鲜重(59.9%、21.6%),且两者联合具有协同作用;对20‰盐胁迫下的促生效果不明显。10‰盐胁迫下,AMF接种增强了植物碳代谢酶活性,蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶活性分别提高了33.9%和37.3%,积累可溶性糖含量达36.9%;生物炭添加使蔗糖磷酸合成酶和蔗糖合成酶活性分别提高了44.4%和48.3%,谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶(氮代谢酶)活性分别提高了36.9%和31.2%,积累可溶性蛋白含量达59.8%。使用偏最小二乘路径分析(PLS-PM)揭示并量化了AMF和生物炭调节植物碳氮代谢的不同路径：AMF主要调节植物的碳代谢,直接上调碳代谢关键酶的活性来影响碳代谢产物的积累;生物炭不仅调控碳代谢过程,还显著影响氮代谢,通过提高氮代谢关键酶活性,促进...     

Changes in soils and vegetation in a Mediterranean coastal salt marsh impacted by human activities

This paper reports changes in vegetation distribution and species cover in relation to soil factors and hydrology in a semiarid Mediterranean salt marsh adjacent to the Mar Menor saline lagoon. Species cover, soil salinity, and the groundwater level were monitored between 1991 and 1993 and between 2002 and 2004, and total organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, nitrates, ammonium and exchangeable phosphorus were measured in the soils in both study periods. In addition, three soil profiles were described in August 1992 and August 2004. The results indicate an elevation of the water table throughout the 13-year period, which was attributable to water flowing from areas with intensive agriculture. Flooding increased and soil salinity dropped in the most saline sites and increased in the least saline ones. The morphology of the soil profiles reflected the increase in flooding periods, due to the appearance of a greyer matrix in the deeper horizons and a more diffuse pattern of Fe mottles. Following these environmental changes, Sarcocornia fruticosa, Phragmites australis and Juncus maritimus strongly expanded at the wettest sites, which led to the disappearance of the original zonation pattern. The cover of Limonium delicatulum, in turn, decreased with the increase in moisture but increased following the increase in salinity. Changes in soil nutrients were only very evident in the sandy soils of the beach, probably due to the influence of organic debris deposited on the shoreline by the storms and due to the strong increase in the colonisation of this habitat by perennial species. According to the results obtained, control measures are needed in order to preserve habitat diversity in this and other salt marshes of this area. Monitoring of the vegetation distribution could be a useful tool to identify environmental impacts, in order to implement remedial actions.     

Variability of organic δC and C/N in the Mersey Estuary, U.K. and its implications for sea-level reconstruction studies

Microfossil analysis (e.g. diatoms, foraminifera and pollen) represents the cornerstone of Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) reconstruction because their distribution in the contemporary inter-tidal zone is principally controlled by ground elevation within the tidal frame. A combination of poor microfossil preservation and a limited range in the sediment record may severely restrict the accuracy of resulting RSL reconstructions. Organic δ¹³C and C/N analysis of inter-tidal sediments have shown some potential as coastal palaeoenvironmental proxies. Here we assess their viability for reconstructing RSL change by examining patterns of organic δ¹³C and C/N values in a modern estuarine environment. δ¹³C and C/N analysis of bulk organic inter-tidal sediments and vegetation, as well as suspended and bedload organic sediments of the Mersey Estuary, U.K., demonstrate that the two main sources of organic carbon to surface saltmarsh sediments (terrestrial vegetation and tidal-derived particulate organic matter) have distinctive δ¹³C and C/N signatures. The resulting relationship between ground elevation within the tidal frame and surface sediment δ¹³C and C/N is unaffected by decompositional changes. The potential of this technique for RSL reconstruction is demonstrated by the analysis of part of an early Holocene sediment core from the Mersey Estuary. Organic δ¹³C and C/N analysis is less time consuming than microfossil analysis and is likely to provide continuous records of RSL change.     

低磷胁迫下翅碱蓬生长特性及脂肪酸含量的变化机制

为了研究低磷条件对盘锦滨海湿地优势物种翅碱蓬的影响,本文探究了不同无机磷酸盐浓度处理下翅碱蓬生理指标、光合色素、丙二醛(MDA)及不同组织脂肪酸含量的变化。结果表明,翅碱蓬株高、茎长、茎粗、叶片数量、株重均与施磷浓度呈显著正相关,MDA含量与施磷浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量先降低后升高。低磷条件会影响翅碱蓬根部脂肪酸C18:2n6与C16:0的相互转化;叶片中多不饱和脂肪酸相对含量降低,中长链脂肪酸相对含量升高,茎中脂肪酸则无明显变化。本文分析翅碱蓬植被退化与磷含量的关系为盘锦辽河口湿地修复治理及翅碱蓬保护提供依据。     

单体牡蛎诱导变态的研究

为了得到壳型规则、大小均一的单体牡蛎,作者以葡萄牙牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)和长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)眼点幼虫为材料,从肾上腺素(EPI)浓度梯度、处理时间梯度和眼点幼虫密度梯度3个因素诱导产生不固着变态的单体牡蛎。结果表明,葡萄牙牡蛎用EPI处理24 h的最适浓度为5×10–4 mol/L,不固着变态率为72.8%,在该最适浓度下,最佳处理时间为12 h,不固着变态率为82.7%。长牡蛎用EPI处理6 h的最适浓度为5×10–5 mol/L,不固着变态率为53.2%,在该最适浓度下,最佳处理时间为8h,不固着变态率为56.8%,眼点幼虫密度在80个/m L以下EPI处理效果没有显著性差异。对长牡蛎幼虫进行后续生长测定,结果显示EPI处理组幼虫的壳长、壳高和存活率要高于对照组,表明EPI可能促进牡蛎幼虫变态长出次生壳并提高其生存能力。     

Uptake and transformation of C-labelled tributyltin chloride by the dog-whelk, nucella lapillus: Importance of absorption from the diet

The importance of the diet as a source of tributyltin (TBT) in Nucella lapillus was studied using [¹⁴C]tributyltin chloride. In N. lapillus provided with prelabelled mussels, Mytilus edulis, in labelled water (mean 20·5 ng/litre TBT) the rate of accumulation of total ¹⁴C was 2–3 times that in unfed animals. Owing to its degradation in the tissues of both fed and unfed animals, concentrations of [¹⁴C]TBT tended to reach a plateau after only 28 days. However, total concentrations of ¹⁴C were still increasing after 49 days. Under experimental conditions (15°C, ample food, no disturbance) the diet accounted for about 50% of the body burden of TBT in N. lapillus after 49 days exposure: concentration factors (dry tissue/water) for [¹⁴C]TBT in both male and female N. lapillus were similar at about 60 000 in fed and 30 000 in unfed animals. It is concluded that the diet may contribute less than half of the body burden of TBT found in natural populations subjected to life-long exposure.     

植被演替对杭州湾南岸盐沼物质循环的影响

本研究选择杭州湾庵东浅滩作为研究区,选取盐沼区三个不同植被带进行柱状样的采集,通过测量沉积物的粒度、沉积速率、碳氮含量(有机碳、总碳、总氮、碳氮比)等参数,系统分析研究区盐沼湿地植被演替对盐沼物质循环产生的影响。研究结果发现,不同植被覆盖下沉积物粒径差异显著,沿海向陆逐渐变细;沉积速率从海三棱藨草滩、互花米草滩、植被交错区依次递减;总碳、总氮、有机碳含量特征为互花米草滩植被交错区海三棱藨草滩,碳氮比介于6～9,有机碳以海源物质为主;通过计算,发现有机碳埋藏速率为互花米草[159 g/(m2·a)]海三棱藨草[140 g/(m2·a)]植被交错区[119 g/(m2·a)]。从整体上来看,杭州湾南岸盐沼从海三棱藨草群落向互花米草群落演替时,沉积物颗粒发生细化,沉积速率有所变化,而总碳、有机碳、总氮含量增加,盐沼有机碳埋藏速率增加。     

Stable isotope compositions of organic carbon and nitrogen of two mangrove stands along the Tanzanian coastal zone

The stable isotopes of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen, contents of OC and nitrogen for roots, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits of various mangrove species from Kisakasaka (Zanzibar) and Bagamoyo (mainland Tanzania) are used to assess (1) if some mangrove species are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, (2) if there are differences between species in the same stand and in different stands and (3) if the mangrove signature is preserved in the sediments. Mean OC stable isotope results of various plant components range from −25.9‰ to −29.1‰ suggesting that mangrove trees in the two stands follow the C₃ type of photosynthetic pathway. Mean nitrogen isotope values for various plant components range from −1.5‰ to 3.2‰ suggesting atmospheric nitrogen fixation by mangrove plants, but δ¹⁵N values approaching −3‰ that are more negative than typical diazotroph biomass exclude this possibility. Mangrove species thriving further inland are enriched in ¹³C and ¹⁵N relative to those thriving near the shoreline owing to complete utilization of available nutrients.Sediments beneath the mangrove forest are characterized by lower C/N ratio values and enrichment in ¹³C and ¹⁵N relative to plant material owing to mixing of nitrogenous rich material from adjacent area. High concentration of OC is found in bark and roots, while high nitrogen concentration is found in fruits and flowers only.     

Decomposition of Phytoplankton in Seawater. Part I: Kinetic Analysis of the Effect of Organic Matter Concentration

Decomposition experiments were conducted on cultured phytoplankton (Skeletonema costatum) in seawater containing decomposer and consumer of size less than 500 μm. We determined the decomposition rates of bulk particulate organic matter (POM), the ratio of labile to semi-refractory fractions in the POM, and the POM carbon/ nitrogen (C/N) ratio during decomposition. To identify the kinetic mechanisms involved in the reactions of different order (e.g., first- and second-order), we studied the sensitivity of reaction rates to the initial concentration of POM, ranging from 2.4 to 71 mg-C L⁻¹. The results showed that decomposition consists of two first-order reactions: decomposition of labile and of semi-refractory particulate organic carbon (POC). The decomposition rate constants found for labile (0.13 day⁻¹ at 20°C), and semi-refractory POC (0.008 day⁻¹ at 20°C), and the carbon weight ratio of semi-refractory POC (13% at 20°C), were insensitive to the initial organic matter concentration. The time-dependence of the C/N ratio was also independent of this initial concentration. The decomposition rate constants and the content of semi-refractory POC did not change, regardless of the absence or presence of 25–500 μm organisms in natural seawater. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

L-DOPA对西施舌眼点幼虫附着变态诱导的研究

采用试验水体中添加化学诱导物的方法研究L-DOPA(L-多巴)对西施舌(Coelomctraantiquata)眼点幼虫附着变态的诱导作用。结果表明,L-DOPA能诱导西施舌眼点幼虫变态,但对其附着的诱导效果不明显。用直径小于1 mm的细沙为附着基质,1×10-6mol/L的L-DOPA处理西施舌眼点幼虫12 h,变态率为73.3%,对照组为62.6%。浓度为1×10-7mol/L的L-DOPA处理西施舌幼虫12 h,生长速率为25.6%,对照组为14.7%,表明适当浓度的L-DOPA能促进西施舌幼虫的生长。在无沙附着的条件下,西施舌幼虫可正常附着变态,但生长速率较低且变态后死亡率高。