低渗透油藏变渗透率非达西试井模型

为建立与实际非线性渗流一致的试井解释模型,在考虑低渗透油藏变渗透率渗流效应的基础上,建立了二维低渗透油藏变渗透率非达西试井模型,给出了差分方程组数值求解方法,绘制了考虑不渗透边界影响的试井典型曲线,进行了不渗透边界与低速非达西对低渗透油藏试井曲线的敏感性分析.研究结果表明,对于非达西流动情形,压力导数曲线在径向流动阶段...     

低渗透油藏通用非达西渗流模型及压力曲线特征

研究表明低渗透油藏渗流规律不符合达西定律.根据学者在低渗透非达西多相渗流的数值模拟分析中提出的渗流速度和压力梯度关系,进一步提出了变渗透率效应概念,建立了低渗透油藏通用非达西渗流试井模型,采用追赶法对变渗透率效应差分方程组迭代求解.对渗透率取几何平均数,解决了迭代求解过程中解的振荡不收敛问题.计算结果表明:变渗透率效应持续时间越短,压力曲线及压力导数曲线上翘越大.基于变渗透率效应建立的通用非达西渗流试井模型及其求解的方法比目前动边界计算方法稳定性更好,比较符合实际情况.达西渗流试井模型只是低渗透油藏通用非达西渗流试井模型的特例.     

低渗厚层砾岩油藏试井解释模型及合理关井时间研究——以八区下乌尔禾组油藏试井解释为例

克拉玛依油田八区下乌尔禾组油藏为低渗透厚层砾岩油藏，试井解释模型复杂且多样化，单一的常规达西渗流机理下试井分析模型，不能完全适应试井资料分析解释的要求，本文通过对油藏流体渗流机理的分析和研究，建立了新的试井解释模型——低渗透非达西渗流模型，提高了试井资料解释结果的可靠性，解释结果更加符合油藏实际；同时建立了油藏合理的压力恢复关井测试时间，为同类油藏的试井动态监测提供了可借鉴的经验。     

低渗透多孔介质中新型渗流模型

在低渗透多孔介质中,由于流体的渗流规律不遵循达西定律,以往的模型或者过于简单,或者过于复杂,研究建立了更加接近渗透多孔介质中流体真实流动,且形式简单的三参数渗流模型。并对低渗透油藏中径向稳定渗流和不稳定渗流进行了分析。通过对边水油藏生产压差和产量关系的分析,说明了以达西定律为基础的渗流模型不适合于低渗透油藏,在相同的条件下,其计算的产量偏大。通过对非稳态渗流的分析,给出了基于三参数模型的试井公式和典型试井曲线,低渗透油藏试井曲线的特征是中后期径向流特征段消失,压力和压力导数曲线上升。     

动边界层状低渗透油藏试井分析

低渗透油气藏中常出现低速非达西渗流。对于层状低渗油气藏,层间非均质性一般较强,考虑非均质性的影响,可以把层状油藏的渗透区域看作双渗透油藏。充分考虑启动压力梯度与动边界的影响,建立微可压缩双渗透油藏低速非达西渗流有效井径试井的数学模型,求出其数值解,绘制有界油藏定压条件下层间储容比和层间窜流系数影响的典型试井曲线,对动边界的传播规律进行分析。本文方法可用于其它油藏类型(如双重介质等)试井分析图版的创建。     

低速非线性渗流试井分析理论研究

低渗透油气藏存在不符合达西定律的渗流，从大量实验和产生低速非达西渗流的影响因素分析，低渗透油气藏确定存在启动压力。鉴于此，提出了准确描述含启动压力梯度非达西渗流的试井分析数学模型及模型的解，研究制作了非达西渗流的内、外边界条件下的典型样板曲线，该样板曲线对试井分析解释提供了可靠的帮助，为正确认识和研究低渗透油气藏的特殊规律提供了一个好的方法。     

低渗透油藏连续监测数据分析方法研究

在已有的Fetkovich和Blasingame等生产数据分析方法的基础上,建立了圆形边界均质油藏垂直井径向流下的非达西渗流模型,绘制了Fetkovich与Blasingame非达西流情况下的典型曲线。该连续生产数据分析方法能通过不关井的连续监测生产数据获得常规关井试井分析同样的油藏解释成果数据,解决了低渗透油藏长时间连续监测资料分析应用问题。     

分形油藏非达西低速不稳定渗流的研究

根据分形几何学并结合非达西渗流力学，建立了分形油藏低速非达西渗流的数学模型，根据拉氏变换和Stehfest数值反演求得了有限半径井的实空间解，并分析了分形参数，非达西渗流指数对压力动态的影响，研究分形油藏非达西低速不稳定的渗流的动态特征，对低渗透油田的开发具有指导意义。     

低渗油藏非线性渗流压力分析

针对低速渗流,推导出存在启动压力梯度的非线性渗流试井分析模型,给出拉氏空间解和典型曲线理论图版;结合数据光滑、曲线自动拟合和历史拟合技术,编制了低渗非达西渗流的试井软件。通过三个油田若干口井的实例得到了满意的解释结果:消除了用达西渗流模型解释存在不渗透边界的假象,有效地解释了低渗透油藏非线性渗流压力资料(包括试井早期资料),并获得启动压力梯度值。对合理高效开发低渗油田具有重要理论和实际意义。     

非达西多维定常渗流

本文研究了非达西径向和椭圆定常渗流，这对于用直井或垂直裂缝井开发低渗透油藏具有理论和实际意义。文中给出的非达西多维定常渗流产量公式，可以评价有限导流垂直裂缝井的开采价值。     

正确认识气藏高速非达西流湍流系数

文中给出了Forchheimer非达西渗流方程的二项式解。试井实例表明,利用二项式得到的非达西渗流湍流系数计算的产能与经验公式计算结果一致,说明了湍流系数可用于气藏工程产能预测和气藏方案设计。笔者导出的非达西渗流湍流系数理论方程与湍流系数经验公式具有一致性。理论方程分析可知,渗透率越低,非达西渗流湍流系数越高;高渗透储层不一定比低渗透储层更易产生高速非达西流气藏,不能根据非达西渗流的湍流系数来判断,而应根据储层流动的雷诺数高低来判断。     

Gas well production analysis with non-Darcy flow and real-gas PVT behavior

A rigorous semi-analytical model is developed to study the production rate behavior of wells in gas reservoirs with Forchheimer's non-Darcy flow under constant or varying bottomhole pressure conditions. Rigorous modeling of gas property variation in reservoirs is integrated in this model.Three dimensionless parameters, normalized gas viscosity and compressibility product, Forchheimer number, and normalized viscosity, are introduced to quantify their effects on non-Darcy flow in the reservoir. The variation of viscosity and compressibility product in the gas reservoir depletion process leads to a smaller production decline rate than that of exponential decline. The parameter b in Arps' decline equation under Darcy flow is defined as the base value, b, that helps identify the production decline caused by reservoir non-Darcy flow. Under the condition of constant pressure drop the more severe the non-Darcy flow, the larger the Forchheimer number. Generally, non-Darcy results in a smaller production rate, a larger decline rate in the boundary-dominated period, and a longer transition period between these two periods. The viscosity variation enhances non-Darcy flow, which lowers the initial production rate but has very little effect on the production decline rate. A larger production decline rate during the boundary-dominated period may help petroleum engineers identify the non-Darcy flow effect from the production data.Analyses show that the traditional quadratic equation is a good approximation only if non-Darcy flow is not severe and that for non-Darcy flow in the reservoir, the traditional Fetkovich's type curves may underestimate reservoir permeability, overestimate well skin factor, and misinterpret reservoir drainage area. A method of using the proposed model to identify the non-Darcy flow from production data is presented. Two examples from the literature are analyzed, and good type curve matches and more reliable results are obtained.     

低渗透储层容易产生高速非Darcy流吗?

高速非Darcy流导致附加的压力损失,降低流体的流动效率,对油气生产十分不利。到底是低渗透储层容易产生高速非Darcy流,还是高渗透储层容易产生,一直没有明确的认识。前人研究结果显示,低渗透储层容易产生高速非Darcy流,但低渗透储层的流体流动极其困难,生产过程很难产生高的渗流速度。该文根据流体力学的相关知识,研究了高速非Darcy流产生的条件和高速非Darcy流的影响因素,并认为:高渗透储层容易产生高速非Darcy流,而低渗透储层不容易产生,低渗透储层的开发过程可忽略高速非Darcy流的影响。     

Investigation of non-Darcy flow in tight-gas reservoirs with fractured wells

Inertial non-Darcy flow effects can significantly lower the productivity of fractured gas wells. The effects were investigated numerically, taking into account inertial flow in the fracture and the reservoir. Simulations are performed by means of a fully-implicit in-house simulator. The non-Darcy flow implementation is based on an implicit treatment with relaxation of the non-Darcy control parameter. Contrary to the conventional method, the present approach facilitates the consideration of highly inertial flow and accounts also for permeability (stress) dependency of non-Darcy flow coefficients. The simulation tool is applied to a synthetic production scenario in typical tight-gas wells for constant and stress-dependent parameters. Results suggest that non-Darcy flow effects will influence the productivity despite the relatively low gas rates. Regarding a realistic scenario, the total gas production is reduced by 21% to 40%. New type-curves are presented for fracture and reservoir non-Darcy flow to identify the impact of reservoir non-Darcy flow and to facilitate the prediction of the performance of a fractured well. Technical contributions in this paper include (i) the illustration of stable and robust non-Darcy flow implementation in a fully-implicit reservoir simulation tool, (ii) unfolding the impact of inertial flow effects on a tight-gas well, and (iii) developing new type-curves accounting for non-Darcy flow in the reservoir and the fracture.     

考虑非达西渗流的底水锥进临界产量计算模型

底水锥进是底水气藏开发的重要问题。有关临界产量计算模型的物理模型一般假设地层流体为达西渗流,忽略非达西渗流压降。对于高产气井,近井地带流体渗流速度很大,非达西渗流阻力不可忽略。笔者在临界产量计算模型中考虑高速非达西渗流对底水锥进的影响,引入拟表皮系数,建立了考虑非达西渗流的底水锥进临界产量计算模型,计算中避免了非达西渗流半径的复杂计算过程。为量化非达西渗流的影响,应用数值模拟方法,通过建立高渗、中渗、低渗底水气藏数值模型,模拟产能试井过程并建立产能方程,计算了考虑非达西渗流的底水锥进临界产量。结果表明：低渗气藏非达西渗流对临界产量计算结果的影响可以忽略;当渗透率为30 mD、射孔厚度为208.3m、避水高度为31 m时,未考虑非达西渗流的临界产量误差为14.46%,非达西渗流影响不可忽略。因此当渗透率大于30 mD时,应选用考虑非达西渗流的底水锥进临界产量计算模型,更符合实际储层流体渗流规律。     

低渗透高含水砂岩气藏产能评价

针对目前低渗透气藏气水同产井产能评价时遇到的问题,依据渗流力学中气水两相不稳定渗流的基本方程,采用气藏工程方法和改进的修正等时试井方法及热力学原理,并考虑井下油嘴节流及气体高速非达西和滑脱效应的影响,提出了低渗透高含水气藏的产能评价方法。该方法在理论推导的基础上,对气水两相广义拟压力和修正等时试井方法进行了改进,最后结合井下油嘴节流原理和气体通过油嘴时的滑脱效应方程,利用热力学方法和数值分析方法,求出气水同产井的产气能力及最大携液流量。根据模拟井数据,分别用传统产能评价方法和上述方法进行了计算,计算结果表明：传统方法的计算值偏高,而上方法的计算结果比较符合实际。这为低渗透高含水气藏下入井下节流器的气井的产能评价提供了新的思路。     

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��This paper analyses the effect of various factors on the non-Darcy low-velocity unsteadystate seepage flow of natural gas, establishes a mathematical model of non-Darcy low-velocity unsteady-state seepage flow for the ideal and real gas, obtains the corresponding solution and long-time asymptotic solution through Laplace transform, and presents a necessary theoretical basis for the interpretation of pressure build-up curve of low capacity gas well and for the analysis of the performance of low permeability gas reservoir development.     

低渗气藏水平井压裂裂缝参数优化

针对低渗气藏水平井压裂产能预测和裂缝参数优化存在的主要问题，采用数值模拟的方法，从气体在低渗气藏中的渗流机理研究入手，同时考虑了气体非达西渗流对产量的影响，建立了低渗气藏水平井压裂产量预测的非达西渗流模型，利用该模型编制了低渗气藏水平井压裂产量预测及裂缝参数优化软件，并对现场实例进行了模拟优化计算，研究了裂缝条数、裂缝导流能力和裂缝长度等参数对水平井压裂产量的影响，并通过结果分析对这些参数进行了优化，得到了影响水平井产能的主要裂缝参数等。     

Low-velocity Non-Darcy Flow Numerical Simulation of the Da45 Reservoir,Honggang Oilfield,Jilin, China

A newly developed low-velocity non-Darcy flow numerical simulator is applied to the Fuyu formation. The three-dimensional geological model of subject reservoir was established and 9 well plans were designed to obtain the optimal well adjustment plan. Additionally, the formation pressure gradient distributions were provided and the flow regions were divided to study the adaptability of different well adjustment plans. The numerical simulation of Da45 reservoir is an excellent opportunity to: (1) put the non-Darcy flow numerical simulator into application, (2) provide guidance for the Da45 reservoir, and (3) provide reference to the non-Darcy flow numerical simulation technique.