CRITERIA FOR THE QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS DEDICATED TO CUTTING MODELS

Determination of the flow stress under metal cutting conditions is difficult because high values of strains, strain rates and temperature exist in practical machining operations. Conventional tests for determining flow stress data cannot duplicate these deformation conditions and therefore, extrapolation will be required. In this study we have investigated critical issues regarding the constitutive equation determination by direct methods such as split Hopkinson's pressure bar bench (SHPB) tests. Quantitative analysis about the suitability of an experimentally determined constitutive equation for different purpose modeling is provided, leading to guidelines for the quality improvement of constitutive law dedicated to cutting, from the points of view of formulation and identification sequence.     

金属切削变形本构方程的研究

金属切削过程的本构关系与应变、应变率、温度等多种因素有关,建立切削变形区内工件材料的本构方程是研究切削变形的关键。本文在文献综述的基础上,首先给出金属切削本构方程的试验研究方法,然后给出金属切削工件材料的典型本构方程,并给出Usui本构方程中不同工件材料的特性系数,以及同一工件材料AISI52100(HRC62)的不同本构方程。经对比分析可见,金属切削过程中变形区内的应力—应变关系除与试验方法、切削条件有关外,还与工件材料的组分和微观晶格结构密切相关。本文最后分析了金属切削变形本构方程研究中存在的问题,并指出发展趋势。     

AN ANALYTICAL MODEL OF OBLIQUE CUTTING WITH APPLICATION TO END MILLING

A new analytical cutting force model is presented for oblique cutting. Orthogonal cutting theory based on unequal division shear zone is extended to oblique cutting using equivalent plane approach. The equivalent plane angle is defined to determine the orientation of the equivalent plane. The governing equations of chip flow through the primary shear zone are established by introducing a piecewise power law distribution assumption of shear strain rate. The flow stress is calculated from Johnson-cook material constitutive equation. The predictions were compared with test data from the available literature and showed good correlation. The proposed model of oblique cutting was applied to predict the cutting forces in end milling. The helical flutes are decomposed into a set of differential oblique cutting edges. To every engaged tooth element, the differential cutting forces are obtained from oblique cutting process. Experiments on machining AISI 1045 steel under different cutting conditions were conducted to validate the proposed model. It shows that the predicted cutting forces agree with the measurements both in trends and values.     

金属切削加工热弹塑性大变形有限元理论及关键技术研究

基于有限变形理论、虚功原理和更新的拉格朗日公式建立了热弹塑性本构方程，导出了热弹塑性大变形耦合控制方程。对切削加工有限元模拟中的关键技术，如材料模型，工件和切屑的分离、断裂准则，刀具、切屑间的接触摩擦模型以及切削热进行了探讨，针对这些关键技术建立了正交切削加工铝合金7050T7451有限元模型，对切屑形态、切削力、切削温度以及应力场和应变场等物理量的分布进行了有效预测。     

运用热模拟压缩试验确定精确的金属流动方程

研究分析在用压缩试验确定金属高温塑性流动方程时影响流动应力，应变值精度的主要因素即试样表面摩擦与变形温升，并提出了相应的的修正方法。     

考虑热塑性变形的316H不锈钢Johnson-Cook本构参数逆向识别

本构模型能表征材料变形过程中的动态响应,其精度对机械加工中切削力、切削温度的解析预测具有决定性作用.针对316H不锈钢本构模型缺失问题,提出一种基于切削理论的Johnson-Cook本构参数逆向识别方法.通过建立的不等分主剪切区的应力、应变、应变率及温度分布的数学模型,以及准静态压缩试验和正交切削试验的数据,采用粒子群...     

A NEW MECHANISTIC MODEL FOR PREDICTING WORN TOOL CUTTING FORCES

An enhanced model for predicting worn tool cutting forces in metal cutting without the need for any worn tool calibration tests is presented in this paper. The new model utilizes a previously developed slip-line field approach in conjunction with a mechanistic force model to predict the shear flow stress and shear angle for a range of cutting conditions with only a minimal number of sharp tool calibration tests. The shear flow stress and shear angle values are then used as inputs into a worn tool force model to predict the cutting forces due to tool flank wear. Predictions of worn tool cutting forces from the new model have been compared to experimental data from both a steel and a ductile iron workpiece. Ductile iron tests are significant because previous shear flow stress and shear angle models require chip measurements which cannot be made with the chips produced by iron workpieces. Model predictions are also compared to literature data obtained using an aluminum workpiece. An excellent comparison between the model predictions and the experimental data is found for all of the materials considered.     

Determining Al6063 constitutive model for cutting simulation by inverse identification method

Numerical simulation is an important method to investigate the cutting process due to its unmatched capability in discovering the cutting parameters including cutting force, distribution of stress and temperature, chip and surface formation mechanism. So its application has covered a wide range of materials from metallic, non-metallic to composite materials, and among the simulation of composite materials such as silicon carbide reinforced aluminum matrix composites (SiC_p/Al) receives a great amount of attention. However, at present, the simulation is always faced with the deficiency of material constitutive model, which can more accurately describe the variation of the flow stress, e.g., the microstructure-based simulation of composites. In order to build a solid foundation for the microstructure-based simulation of SiC_p/Al6063, this paper attempts to identify the constants of Johnson-Cook constitutive model for the matrix Al6063 by an inverse identification method based on the quasi-static compression, orthogonal cutting tests, and cutting simulation. And the established model is verified by the cutting experiments in terms of the cutting force and chip thickness. The applicability and advantages of inverse identification method is presented by the discussion on the problem of negative strain rate in using conventional approach.     

Constitutive modeling for Ti-6Al-4V alloy machining based on the SHPB tests and simulation

A constitutive model is critical for the prediction accuracy of a metal cutting simulation. The highest strain rate involved in the cutting process can be in the range of 10~4–10~6 s~(–1). Flow stresses at high strain rates are close to that of cutting are difficult to test via experiments. Split Hopkinson compression bar(SHPB) technology is used to study the deformation behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy at strain rates of 10~(–4)–10~4s~(–1). The Johnson Cook(JC) model was applied to characterize the flow stresses of the SHPB tests at various conditions. The parameters of the JC model are optimized by using a genetic algorithm technology. The JC plastic model and the energy density-based ductile failure criteria are adopted in the proposed SHPB finite element simulation model. The simulated flow stresses and the failure characteristics, such as the cracks along the adiabatic shear bands agree well with the experimental results. Afterwards, the SHPB simulation is used to simulate higher strain rate(approximately 3×10~4 s~(–1)) conditions by minimizing the size of the specimen. The JC model parameters covering higher strain rate conditions which are close to the deformation condition in cutting were calculated based on the flow stresses obtained by using the SHPB tests(10~(–4)–10~4 s~(–1)) and simulation(up to 3×10~4 s~(–1)). The cutting simulation using the constitutive parameters is validated by the measured forces and chip morphology. The constitutive model and parameters for high strain rate conditions that are identical to those of cutting were obtained based on the SHPB tests and simulation.     

半固态材料触变成形通用本构方程及其优化

采用半固态成形机理分析和试验研究相结合的方法,建立半固态触变成形的粘塑性本构方程,并提出本构方程的优化新方法。通过半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的等温压缩试验研究,分析试验数据,得到本构方程中的4个待定系数,并以此作为优化设计的初试值。结合本构方程的形式,对其进行特性分析和优化。将含优化变量的本构方程作为子程序引入到有限元数值模拟中,可以得到对照热模拟试验结果的若干工艺条件下半固态Al-4Cu-Mg合金的应力应变曲线。通过比较有限元数值模拟结果和热模拟试验结果可知,利用提出的本构方程优化新方法,不仅可以剔除热模拟试验数据中几何效应的影响,而且还能准确地描述半固态材料的触变成形规律,从而可以提高数值模拟的精度与可靠性。     

Analytical prediction of cutting forces in orthogonal cutting using unequal division shear-zone model

This paper presents an analytical method based on the unequal division shear-zone model to study the machining predictive theory. The proposed model only requires workpiece material properties and cutting conditions to predict the cutting forces during the orthogonal cutting process. In the shear zone, the material constitutive relationship is described by Johnson?CCook model, and the material characteristics such as strain rate sensitivity, strain hardening, and thermal softening are considered. The chip formation is supposed to occur mainly by shearing within the primary shear zone. The governing equations of chip flow through the primary shear zone are established by introducing a piecewise power law distribution assumption of the shear strain rate. The cutting forces are calculated for different machining conditions and flow stress data. Prediction results were compared with the orthogonal cutting test data from the available literature and found in reasonable agreement. In addition, an analysis of the deviation from experimental data for the proposed model is performed, the effects of cutting parameters and tool geometry were investigated.     

0Cr18Ni9不锈钢本构模型及其对切削力预测影响分析

利用MTS材料试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验装置对经过1100℃固溶处理后的0Cr18Ni9不锈钢的静态力学性能和动态力学性能进行了测量,用Johnson-Cook模型拟合了材料的本构关系,用正交切削实验识别了Johnson-Cook模型材料参数。将SHPB实验和切削实验两种方法得到的Johnson-Cook材料模型应用于切削力的预测,分析了不同实验方法得到的材料模型在切削力的预测中的适用性,为不锈钢切削研究中的分析模型和数值计算中的材料流动应力模型选择提供参考。     

基于改进温度模型的300M钢本构方程参数识别

为了提高通过切削实验获取材料本构方程参数的精度,提出了将基于移动热源理论的温度分布模型沿剪切面积分计算剪切区平均温度的方法,结合不等距剪切区模型求得等效应变和应变率,建立了材料Johnson-Cook(J-C)本构方程参数的求解模型。根据切削实验获取的切削力和切屑厚度数据并采用遗传算法求得了300M钢J-C本构方程参数。与AdvantEdge FEM软件自带的300M钢本构模型相比,用所求模型参数仿真得到的主切削力、进给力和切屑厚度的精度有显著提高,验证了所建本构方程参数求解模型的有效性。     

An experimental investigation of oblique cutting mechanics

In this study, an experimental investigation of oblique cutting process is presented for titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, AISI 4340, and Al 7075. Important process parameters such as shear angle, friction angle, shear stress, and chip flow angle are analyzed. Transformation of the data from the orthogonal cutting test results to oblique cutting process is applied, and the results are compared with actual oblique cutting tests. Effects of hone radius on cutting forces and flank contact length are also investigated. It is observed that the shear angle, friction angle, and shear stress in oblique cutting have the same trend with the ones obtained from the orthogonal cutting tests. The transformed oblique force coefficients from orthogonal tests have about 10% discrepancy in the feed and tangential directions. For the chip flow angle, the predictions based on kinematic and force balance results yield better results than Stabler's chip flow law. Finally, it is shown that the method of oblique transformation applied on the orthogonal cutting data yields more accurate results using the predicted chip flow angles compared to the ones obtained by the Stabler's rule.     

A modified micromechanical approach to determine flow stress of work materials experiencing complex deformation histories in manufacturing processes

Work materials experience a broad range of strains, strain rates, and temperatures in many manufacturing processes such as machining, forming, etc. Strain rate has an important effect on the yield and flow stress of work materials, especially metals, since at higher strain rates there is less time for thermally activated events; consequently, it is equivalent to a lowering of the temperature of the materials. On the other hand, it is also true that, for high strain rate deformations such as metal cutting, adiabatic plastic flow may produce significant temperature changes in the materials. Flow stress is significantly affected by the strain rate history; hence, mechanical behavior may not be fully described in terms of a mechanical equation of state relating the instantaneous stress, strain, strain rate, and temperature.Based on the concept of dislocation mechanics, a micromechanical approach with the new concept of temperature coefficient has been explored to overcome the model issues such as negative or constant flow stress above the critical temperatures. The flow stresses of aluminum 6061-T6 and titanium Ti-6Al-4V have been predicted, for the first time, using the modified micromechanical model based on the available baseline high strain rates test data. The constitutive model was further modified and extended to predict flow stress below as well as above the critical temperature. The corresponding model predictions were compared with the experimental data, attaining good agreement.     

Method for recognizing wave dynamics damage in high-speed milling cutter

Under the influence of a high-speed, interrupted-cutting impact load, a great difference is existed among the internal load propagation of a milling cutter. Furthermore, the cutter damage caused by partial particle severe vibration has restricted the improvement of a high-speed milling energy efficiency; thus, the essence of wave dynamics damage in milling cutter remains has yet to be revealed. In this paper, through the relation between the systematic whole vibration and the particle motion, the dynamic response of milling cutter’s particle to cutting force load can be solved by the particle motion differential equation which is constructed with a one-dimensional string dynamic system. A combination of Newton’s second law and the constitutive equation of milling cutter material establishes the wave dynamics equation of milling cutter components. An approach for solving the wave front position and wave velocity of milling cutter’s stress wave is proposed, and the propagation path of transient cutting force to the milling cutter is communicated. The attenuation model of stress wave reflection is established to provide a method for revealing the stress wave transmission and distribution in milling cutter. The constitutive relation of milling cutter components under the impact load is obtained by split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment. A force connection method is adopted to make the trans-scale correlation analysis between continuum medium mechanics and molecular dynamics, thereby revealing the wave dynamics damage characteristics of a high-speed milling cutter. The results show that the potential damage position and types of milling cutter can be distinguished by the above method.     

整体式立铣刀三维建模及切削力预测研究

针对立铣刀三维建模困难及铣削时切削力难以预测等问题,根据微分几何原理建立立铣刀数学模型。基于数学模型将铣刀切削刃离散成斜角切削单元,根据剪切区应力、应变和温度控制方程,由材料本构方程计算流动应力,通过坐标变换关系建立铣削力预测模型。得到的铣削力与已有铣削试验数据一致,验证了铣削力模型的有效性。     

Numerical study the flow stress in the machining process

In the machining process, the workpiece is under severe plastic deformation with large strain, high strain rate, and temperature. It is necessary to know the flow stress of workpiece material in such condition to better understand the mechanism of chip formation, tool wear and damage, etc. In this study, a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) with synchronically assembled heating system was employed to study the flow stress similar to the deformation condition in the machining process. A phenomenological constitutive model was proposed by the regression analysis of the experimental results. Furthermore, orthogonal metal cutting processes were carried out by the finite element method (FEM). The cutting force predicted by the FEM showed good agreement with the experimental results, which confirmed that the proposed constitutive model can give an accurate estimate of the flow stress in the machining process.     

基于损伤力学的Cr25Ni35Nb炉管材料蠕变损伤有限元分析

基于修正的Kachanov—Rabotnov本构方程,编制了用于计算管单元的用户子程序,并且与ABAQUS有限元分析软件耦合。通过拟合不同温度和不同应力下的Cr25Ni35Nb钢炉管材料蠕变试验数据,得到了蠕变损伤力学本构方程中的材料参数,对炉管运行10万h后的蠕变损伤进行数值模拟,得到了整体损伤分布与最大损伤部位。     

Prediction of chip flow angle to study the relation between chip flow and ratio of the cutting edge lengths using sharp corner tools

Chip flow control is an important issue for automated machining. Using the cutting power equilibrium equation of Usui et al. (ASME J Eng Ind 100:222?C228, 1978) and Usui and Hirota (ASME J Eng Ind 100:229?C235, 1978), a new chip flow angle prediction model is derived for helical vee grooves turning with sharp corner tools and is expressed as the transformed cutting power equilibrium equation in which the value of the principal cutting force F is experimentally measured. In this study, RATIO is defined as the ratio of the main to the minor cutting edge length engaged in cutting and is a set variable on the basis of the constant equivalent cutting area. The chip flow angle corresponding to different values of RATIO predicted by the current model shows good correlation with the experimental measurement, and FEM simulation results for various cutting conditions. An investigation of the effect of RATIO on the chip flow angle is made under various cutting conditions, and it is demonstrated that RATIO has a significant influence on the chip flow angle.