未来全球气候变暖情景下华东地区极端降水变化的数值模拟研究

将公用气候系统模式与区域气候模式单向嵌套(CCSM3-RegCM3),分别对1950—1999年和2000—2099年进行大气温室气体中等排放情景(A1B)下中国区域高分辨率连续数值模拟试验,以分析其对我国华东降水量时空变化的模拟能力,探讨未来华东地区极端降水的可能变化。与CRU、CMAP实际降水观测及NCEP再分析资料驱动的RegCM3模拟结果的对比显示,模式系统较好地重现了我国华东降水水平分布、日变化以及极端降水指数变化特征。在此基础上,分析了A1B情景下21世纪中期和后期降水以及东亚夏季风的可能变化。(1)未来中国长江中下游及其以北地区降水普遍增加,以南沿海地区降水相对变化不明显甚至减少,21世纪末期相对21世纪中期更为明显;(2)极端降水指数显示未来长江中下游及其以北地区极端降水增加10%～15%,干旱程度减弱,而南部沿海地区小范围极端降水减少,最大持续无雨期天数增加最大可达30%;(3)未来东亚夏季风偏强,尤其是西南气流加强,致使夏季风明显北推,这是导致长江中下游及其以北地区降水显著增加的主要原因。     

COMPLEX NETWORK OF EXTREME PRECIPITATION IN EAST ASIA

In order to study the spatial structure and dynamical mechanism of extreme precipitation in East Asia, a corresponding climate network is constructed by employing the method of event synchronization. It is found that the area of East Asian summer extreme precipitation can be separated into two regions: one with high area-weighted connectivity receiving heavy precipitation mostly during the active phase of the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM),and another one with low area-weighted connectivity receiving heavy precipitation during both the active and the retreating phase of the EASM. Besides, a new way for the prediction of extreme precipitation is also developed by constructing a directed climate networks. The simulation accuracy in East Asia is 58% with a 0-day lead, and the prediction accuracy is 21% and average 12% with a 1-day and an n-day(2≤n≤10) lead, respectively. Compared to the normal EASM year, the prediction accuracy is low in weak years and high in strong years, which is relevant to the differences of correlations and extreme precipitation rates in different EASM situations. Recognizing and indentifying these effects is good for understanding and predicting extreme precipitation in East Asia.     

AN ANALYSIS OF THE WINTER EXTREME PRECIPITATION EVENTS ON THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING IN SOUTHERN CHINA

Based on daily precipitation and monthly temperature data in southern China, the winter extreme precipitation changes in southern China have been investigated by using the Mann-Kendall test and the return values of Generalized Pareto Distribution. The results show that a winter climate catastrophe in southern China occurred around 1991, and the intensity of winter extreme precipitation was strengthened after climate warming. The anomalous circulation characteristics before and after the climate warming was further analyzed by using the U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data. It is found that the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is negatively correlated with the precipitation in southeastern China. After climate warming the meridionality of the circulations in middle and high latitudes increases, which is favorable for the southward movement of the cold air from the north. In addition, the increase of the temperature over southern China may lead to the decrease of the differential heating between the continent and the ocean. Consequently, the tropical winter monsoon over East Asia is weakened, which is favorable for the transport of the warm and humid air to southeastern China and the formation of the anomalous convergence of the moisture flux, resulting in large precipitation over southeastern China. As a result, the interaction between the anomalous circulations in the middle and high latitudes and lower latitudes after the climate warming plays a major role in the increase of the winter precipitation intensity over southeastern China.     

热带气旋对1975-2018年暖季中国极端降水气候态、变化趋势及其与温度关系的影响研究

全球变暖背景下我国极端小时降水和极端日降水(EXHP、EXDP)气候态及变化趋势的区域差异明显,其中热带气旋(TC)的影响尚不明确。利用1975─2018年暖季台站小时降水(P)和热带气旋最佳路径等资料,采用百分位法定义极端小时降水与极端日降水,并将总降水(All)客观分为热带气旋降水与非热带气旋(nonTC)降水,分析热带气旋对中国东部All-P、All-EXHP、All-EXDP的气候态和变化趋势以及极端小时降水随温度变化的影响。主要结论如下：(1) TC-P、TC-EXDP、TC-EXHP占其对应总降水之比均从东南和华南沿海向西北内陆递减,区域平均而言,TC-P占All-P之比与TC-EXHP占All-EXHP之比均约为11%,而TC-EXDP占AllEXDP之比为15.8%;(2)热带气旋和非热带气旋降水变化趋势的空间分布差别较大,热带气旋对长江流域东部总降水增多的贡献高达49%,并一定程度上改变了降水趋势的空间分布;(3) TC-EXHP强度与温度的关系在约21℃发生改变,且截然不同于nonTC-EXHP,华南、东南沿海TC-EXHP强度随温度的变化率明显低于nonTCEXH...     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART Ⅱ: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastem China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART II: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastern China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.     

EFFECTS OF PACIFIC SSTA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER EASTERN CHINA, PART Ⅱ: NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

Based on an observational analysis, seven numerical experiments are designed to study the impacts of Pacific SSTA on summer precipitation over eastem China and relevant physical mechanism by NCAR CCM3. The numerical simulation results show that preceding winter SSTA in the Kuroshio region leads to summer precipitation anomaly over the Yangtze River valleys by modifying atmospheric general circulation over eastern Asia and middle-high latitude. West Pacific subtropical high is notably affected by preceding spring SSTA over the middle and east of Equator Pacific; SSTA of the central region of middle latitude in the corresponding period causes the summer rainfall anomaly over eastern China so as to trigger the atmospheric Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern.     

我国南方冬季气候变暖前后极端降水事件分析

利用我国南方逐日降水资料及逐月温度资料,采用Mann-Kendall突变检验方法,并计算极端降水的GPD(Generalized Pareto Distribution)重现值,讨论了气候变暖前后我国南方冬季极端降水事件的变化。结果表明,我国南方冬季气候变暖的突变发生在1991年前后,且气候变暖后我国南方冬季的极端降水强度普遍有所增加。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进一步分析气候变暖前后的环流场特征,发现东亚热带冬季风异常与我国华南、江南地区降水异常有显著的相关关系。东亚热带冬季风偏强(弱),华南、江南地区降水偏少(多)。气候变暖后中高纬度环流经向度加大,有利于北方的冷空气向南输送。此外,气候变暖后我国南方地面气温升高,海陆热力差异减小,东亚热带冬季风减弱,有利于西太平洋的暖湿气流向我国大陆东南部输送,并在东南部形成异常的水汽通量辐合,有利于形成强降水。气候变暖后,中高纬度与中低纬度异常环流系统的相互作用是我国东南部降水强度增加的主要原因。     

EXPERIMENTS ON ASSIMILATION OF INITIAL VALUES IN NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF A WARM-SECTOR PRECIPITATION IN SOUTH CHINA

In order to understand the impact of initial conditions upon prediction accuracy of short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation in South China, four experiments i.e. a control, an assimilation of conventional sounding and surface data, testing with nudging rainwater data and the assimilation of radar-derived radial wind, are respectively conducted to simulate a case of warm-sector heavy rainfall that occurred over South China, by using the GRAPES_MESO model. The results show that (1) assimilating conventional surface and sounding observations helps improve the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude; (2) nudging rainwater contributes to a significant improvement of nowcast, and (3) the assimilation of radar-derived radial winds distinctly improves the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude. These results serve as significant technical reference for the study on short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation over South China in the future.     

中国东部夏季极端降水时空分布及环流背景

基于中国测站的降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,取第95百分位数作为极端降水阈值,通过经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法将中国东部分为华南、长江中下游、华北和东北三个地区,定义极端降水事件,并对中国东部夏季极端降水时空分布及环流背景进行研究。结果表明,极端降水事件随日期的变化与中国东部夏季雨带的南北移动相吻合。近54年来,华南极端降水事件频数在1991年左右突增,长江中下游地区有两次突变,1991年左右突增,2000年左右突减。华北和东北地区在1999年左右突减。发生极端降水事件时,低层850 hPa出现局地异常气旋环流,位势高度异常降低,对应低空异常辐合;中层500 hPa,西太副高位置异常偏南有利于华南极端降水的发生,副高西伸有利于长江中下游的极端降水,位置偏北易造成华北和东北极端降水;高层200 hPa,发生极端事件时降水关键区位于西风急流轴右侧,对应异常反气旋环流,这种高层辐散低层辐合的环流配置为极端降水提供动力条件。极端降水的气候平均态水汽主要来源于南半球和西北太平洋。副高的位置异常影响我国东部水汽输送异常,造成不同地区的极端降水。      

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTREME PRECIPITATION ANOMALY IN SOUTH OF CHINA AND ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

Based on the daily rainfall datasets of 743 stations in China and the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data during the period of 1960–2003, the relationship between the anomalous extreme precipitation (EP) in the south of China and atmospheric circulation in the Southern Hemisphere is analyzed. The phenomenon of opposite changes in the sea level pressure and geopotential height anomalies over the Ross Sea and New Zealand is defined as RN, and the index which describes this phenomenon is expressed as RNI. The results show that the RN has barotropic structure and the RNI in May is closely related to the June EP amount in the south of China (SCEP) and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM). The positive correlations between the May RNI at each level and the June SCEP are significant, and the related simultaneous correlations between the RNI and the June SCEP are also positive, suggesting that the potential impact of RN on the SCEP persists from May to June. Therefore, RN in May can be taken as one of the predictive factors for the June SCEP. Furthermore, one possible physical mechanism by which the RN affects the June SCEP is a barotropic meridional teleconnection emanating from the Southern Hemisphere to the western North Pacific.     

IMPACT OF URBANIZATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF EASTERN CHINA ON PRECIPITATION AND ITS UNCERTAINTY

Climate effect caused by urbanization has been an indispensable anthropogenic factor in the research on regional climate change. Based on daily precipitation data, possible effects of precipitation on the development of three city groups in eastern China are discussed. With three classification methods (TP, PD and MODIS land cover), urban and rural stations are identified. The main findings are as follows. Climate effects caused by urbanization are different from place to place. In 1960 to 2009, the urbanization brought more precipitation to the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta city groups but had no obvious effect on the precipitation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan city group. The difference of precipitation is slight between urban and suburban areas during slow period of the urbanization from 1960 to 1979. It is more evident in the rapid period (1980 to 2009) that urbanization has positive effects on precipitation in every city group. The difference of precipitation between urban and rural stations is sensitive to the ways of distinguishing rural from urban area, which may cause uncertainties in 1960 to 1979, while it is very different in 1980 to 2009 in which urbanization favors more precipitation in all city groups and their differences in precipitation are not sensitive to the division methods.     

中国和日本气候极端降水研究

采用气候极端降水分析方法,把降水时空分布特征结合起来进行研究,揭示了近４０年中国和日本不同量级降水特征及变化趋势。同时分析了阶段性气候极端降和强的差异,并分析比较了我国华北降水不同变化阶段日雨量的变化特征,指出两者的主要差别在极端 水的量值上。     

华南地区未来地面温度和降水变化的情景分析

利用英国Hadley气候预测和研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS,模拟分析基于政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2000年发布的<排放情景特别报告>(SRES)中设计的B2情景下华南区域2071～2100年的温度和降水量的可能变化,结果显示:2071～2100年均地面温度相对于气候基准时段(1961～1990年)上升约2～4 ℃;华南区域未来夏季降水量在22°N以北区域较气候基准时段增加,而以南区域减少;冬季降水则表现为华南区域较气候基准时段减少.2071～2100年华南区域的温度气候趋势系数为正值,年均降水气候趋势系数为负值.2071～2100年的高温事件和强降水事件的发生频率均比气候基准时段明显增加.     

华南暖区降水数值预报的初值同化试验

为了了解初值场对华南短时临近降水预报的影响,文中利用GRAPES区域中尺度模式,针对华南一次暖区暴雨过程分别进行控制试验、同化地面探空资料、nudging雨水资料和同化雷达径向风等四个模拟试验。分析结果表明：(1) 同化地面探空资料有助于改善24小时的降水落区及其量级;(2) nudging雨水资料对临近降水预报有积极影响;(3) 同化雷达径向风能使24小时的降水落区、量级得到明显的提升。这些结论为下一步的华南地区短时临近降水预报研究提供了重要的技术参考。     

春季印度洋SSTA对夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件的影响研究

基于近47年来NCAR/NCEP再分析月平均高度场、风场、地面气压,比湿以及NOAA重构的印度洋海表温度资料和中国西北东部97个气象台站逐日降水资料,首先利用百分位法定义了极端降水事件的阈值,运用SVD及合成分析等方法,研究了前期秋季、冬季、春季及同期夏季印度洋海表温度同夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件的关系,结果表明前期春季印度洋海温异常对预测夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件的变化特征具有较明确的指示意义,关键区位于赤道印度洋地区。如果春季赤道印度洋海温异常偏暖,从同期春季到后期夏季,100～110 °E平均经圈环流在赤道附近表现为异常上升气流,对应30 °N附近在对流层中、上层表现为异常的下沉气流,同时来自印度洋的西南季风异常偏弱,使得后期夏季由于没有异常的水汽输送到我国西北东部地区,从而极端降水事件偏少,而偏冷年份正好相反。另外在春季赤道印度洋海温异常暖年,后期夏季南亚高压偏强,且呈西部型;而在异常冷年,南亚高压偏弱,且呈东部型,这可能是引起夏季中国西北东部极端降水事件变化的另一原因。     

地形对华北地区夏季降水影响的数值模拟研究

行星大气中地形效应的研究一直是人们十分重视的问题。本语文利用引进的ＮＣＡＲ－ＲｅｇＣＭ２模式就地形对华北地区夏季降水的影响进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,华北地区西部和北部的山脉地形对华北地区夏季降水有着非常重要的影响。尤其是对一些局地地区,甚至起到了决定性的作用。当降低地形高度时,华北地区夏季降水将明显减少。其物理机制可能主要有两点,一是降低地莆高度后,使华北地区迎风坡地形抬升作用减弱,从而减少了     

全球海温异常对中国降水异常的影响

用EOF和SVD方法分析了Climatic Research Unit的1951—2005年全球逐月海温距平场的时空变化特征及其与中国160个测站的月降水距平的时滞和空间耦合关系,讨论全球海温距平场的空间分布和时间演变对我国降水异常的影响,并着重分析了关键区在其特定关键时段内对我国降水异常的影响区域。结果表明,全球海温距平场有三个影响我国降水的关键区,即北太平洋、印度洋和我国南海以及赤道中东太平洋。这三个关键区的海温距平场具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征,突变发生在1976年左右,对我国降水有较为显著的影响,其中北太平洋关键区前期冬季海温对我国7月降水的影响、印度洋及南海前期冬春海温对我国5月降水的影响以及赤道中东太平洋前期冬季海温对我国7月降水的影响显得尤为重要。讨论了这三个关键区前期的海温距平场对我国不同区域不同时期降水影响的耦合关系,为我国区域降水异常预测的不确定性提供了依据。     

太平洋SSTA对中国东部夏季降水的影响II--数值模拟

基于观测分析的结果,采用NCARCCM3模式,设计4组7个数值试验,研究太平洋海表温度异常对中国东部夏季降水影响及其可能的物理过程。结果表明：数值模拟与观测分析所得的结果一致,前期冬季西北太平洋黑潮海区海温异常,引起亚洲中高纬和东亚东部地区大气环流异常,导致长江流域夏季降水异常;前期春季赤道中东太平洋海温异常,西太平洋副热带高压异常;同期夏季北太平洋中纬中太平洋海区海温异常,激发夏季EUP遥相关型,影响东部夏季降水。     

区域气候模式对我国中、东部夏季气候的数值模拟

利用高分辨率的区域气候模式RegCM3(ICTP,2004年)对1994、1997、1998年我国夏季(6～8月)气候进行了数值模拟试验,并对比分析了不同积云对流方案对降水场模拟结果的影响。结果表明:该模式能够较真实地描述出我国夏季温度场的主要高、低温中心及月际变化,但模拟的气温场偏低;选择不同的积云对流方案对降水的模拟结果影响很大,采用Grell积云对流方案模拟出的我国夏季降水场最接近观测场,较好地模拟出我国东部地区夏季主要雨带的大致位置及变化,但雨带的位置偏南、中心降水量值偏大;500 hPa位势高度场的模拟结果和实际观测场较为一致,但西风带的位置偏南,相应地副热带高压588位势什米线位置较观测场向东南偏移。