肝孤立性坏死结节39例分析

目的 研究肝孤立性坏死结节的临床及影像学特点,提高临床诊断准确率.方法 39例均经手术切除和病理证实,分析临床、实验室检查、病理、B超、CT及MRI等表现.结果 男性多于女性,病灶多位于肝右叶.23例显示乙型肝炎指标异常,5例乙肝病毒表面抗体阳性.组织病理显示肝脏病灶为凝固性坏死结节,周边为炙性纤维组织带包裹.最小的0.3 cm×0.3 cm,最大的6.5 cm×3.4 cm.B超多呈低回声结节,内回声不均匀.CT平扫为低密度影,增强后约2/3病例无强化.MRI的T1WI多呈低信号,T2WI呈低信号至高信号,大部分病例(15/18)在动脉期、门静脉期及延迟期内部无强化,部分(7/15)边缘有强化,且在延迟期更明显.结论 肝孤立性坏死结节临床并不罕见,本组患者多有乙肝病毒指标异常,更应重视与肝癌鉴别诊断.MRI的诊断特异性较强,综合临床和影像学检查,有利于肝孤立性坏死结节的准确诊断.     

磁共振检查在评估微波消融治疗肝癌中的应用

目的 探讨MRI检查在评估微波消融治疗肝癌中的价值.方法 回顾性分析2005年11月至2009年6月解放军总医院经肝穿刺活组织检查证实为肝癌行微波消融治疗的51例患者的临床资料,分析65个肿瘤灶微波消融治疗前后的MRI表现.结合血清学检查和肝穿刺活组织检查评估MRI检查结果.结果 消融后1个月内复查MRI,49例患者共63个肿瘤灶表现为T_1 WI高信号、T_2WI低信号的无强化区,周边伴有均匀的环状强化带,诊断为凝固坏死.患者同期的血清AFP水平由术前的333.83μg/L下降到37.68μg/L.其余2例患者共2个肿瘤灶表现为T_1WI低信号、T_2WI高信号,与T_1WI高信号、T_2WI低信号的消融区形成鲜明对比,诊断为肿瘤局部残留,肝穿刺活组织榆查证实为肝癌.51例患者微波消融治疗1个月后定期随访,5例患者肿瘤灶消融区周边新出现强化的T_1WI低信号、T_2WI高信号结节影,表现与肿瘤局部残留相似,结合肝穿刺活组织检查和AFP诊断为肿瘤局部复发.23例患者肝内出现新肿瘤灶,1例患者出现腹壁转移,这24例患者同期血清AFP水平均不同程度升高,平均为120.16μg/L.结论 MRI检查能够准确评估微波消融治疗肝癌的效果.     

肝脏孤立性坏死结节15例诊治分析

目的探讨肝脏孤立性坏死结节的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1999年6月至2005年12月收治的15例肝脏孤立性坏死结节患者的临床资料,结合文献对其临床症状、影像学特点、诊断和治疗方法进行总结。结果15例患者中右上腹隐痛不适者7例（46．7％）,乏力1例（6．7％）,低热1例（6．7％）。B超检查肝孤立性坏死结节显示为边界尚清、回声欠均的低回声结节。CT平扫呈相对肝实质的低密度病灶,增强后在动脉、门静脉期均无强化。磁共振成像检查T1W1上病变呈边界清楚的相对于肝实质的低信号,在T2WI上病灶为等或相对低信号。组织病理学检查示病灶内为大片凝固性坏死,无组织细胞结构,周边有纤维组织包绕,其中含淋巴细胞、浆细胞和单核细胞。实验室检查提示肝功能轻度异常3例,甲胎蛋白定量定性均为阴性。术前正确诊断4例（26．7％）。15例均行手术切除,经3个月～6年的随访,无复发。结论结合临床特点和影像学表现的综合分析有助于术前诊断肝脏孤立性坏死结节。手术切除是主要的治疗方法。     

肝脏孤立性坏死结节的诊断与治疗:附76例报告

目的探讨肝脏孤立性坏死结节（SNN）的准确诊断及合理治疗方法。方法回顾性分析近3年来收治的76例SNN病人的临床、病理、影像学资料及治疗效果。结果大多数SNN病人无明显症状，血清学检查正常。病理显示病灶内部为凝固性坏死，周边纤维组织包绕，并可见炎细胞浸润。大多数病灶超声为内部欠均匀的低回声结节，CT平扫为低密度，T1W、T2W为等或低信号，CT、MRI增强扫描后病灶无强化，少数病灶可见轻度延迟强化的包膜。手术切除疗效确切，术后随访无复发。结论肝脏孤立性坏死结节无特异性临床表现，CT、MRI增强扫描对SNN有较高的诊断价值；手术切除是SNN首选的治疗方法，但对诊断明确而瘤体较小者，可密切随访及定期观察。     

肝脏孤立性坏死结节的临床病理分析(附20例报告)

目的 分析肝脏孤立性坏死结节的病理、影像学表现,以提高其诊断正确率.方法 收集20例手术病理证实的肝孤立性坏死结节,对照病理,分析其在超声、CT及MRI上的表现.结果 肝孤立性坏死结节超声表现为内部回声欠均匀的低回声结节;CT表现为边缘清楚、无强化的低密度灶,在MRI的T1WI及T2WI分别呈低信号及等信号,增强后病灶内部不强化,有细环状轻度延迟强化的包膜.组织病理显示全部为凝固坏死结节,外周薄层纤维包膜中有淋巴细胞、浆细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞及少数的中性白细胞浸润.结论 平扫加动态增强MRI能良好反映孤立性坏死结节的病理特征,其表现具有高度的诊断特异性,据此可以与炎性假瘤、原发性或继发性小肝癌区分开来.     

肝细胞癌冷冻治疗术后完全消融早期MRI特征

目的探讨氩氦刀冷冻治疗肝细胞癌(HCC)术后完全消融的MRI表现。方法回顾性分析经随访证实氩氦刀冷冻治疗消融完全的48例HCC患者术前及术后2~7天MRI资料,测量冷冻治疗前后病灶及其周围肝实质ADC值。结果消融后,38例T1WI呈高信号,26例T2WI呈低信号;增强扫描动脉期瘤结节均未见强化,但9例瘤结节出现门静脉晚期及延迟期强化;消融区周边均可见环形强化,25例可见消融区相邻肝包膜下斑片状强化;30例可见瘤结节周边消融区肝实质内穿行小血管强化,7例可见周围肝实质强化。冷冻治疗前后肿瘤ADC值分别为(0.80±0.33)×10-3 mm2/s、(1.26±0.54)×10-3 mm2/s,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 MRI可用于评价氩氦刀治疗肝癌的早期疗效,冷冻消融后肿瘤及周围肝实质延迟持续强化并不一定代表肿瘤残留,术后ADC值的变化可用于预测早期疗效。     

肝肿瘤射频消融术后MRI表现及其临床意义

目的探讨肝肿瘤经皮射频消融(RFA)治疗后的MRI表现,并分析其临床意义。方法收集59例接受经皮RFA的肝肿瘤患者(82个病灶),其中36例术前接受MR检查,回顾性分析其MRI资料,分析病灶大小、信号及强化方式等变化特点。结果 RFA治疗后2个月内病灶完全坏死区呈等或稍短T1短T2信号,偶呈稍长或长T2信号,增强扫描无明显强化;2个月后完全坏死区呈短T2信号,增强扫描无强化。残存病灶呈长T2信号,增强扫描动脉期明显强化;复发病灶消融区范围较前增大,呈长T2信号。富血供病灶动脉期可见厚薄不均、环状或不规则结节状强化,乏血供病灶消融区边缘不光整。结论肝肿瘤RFA术后具有特征性MRI表现,能有效判断肿瘤残存和(或)复发,对于指导临床进一步治疗有重要意义。     

肝脏局灶性结节状增生的诊断与治疗

目的 总结肝脏局灶性结节状增生(FNH)的诊断与治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析2010年2月至2014年8月中南大学湘雅医院收治的48例FNH患者的临床资料.患者入院分别行全面血清学检查和腹部B超、CT以及MRI检查.手术患者术后均行病理学检查.未明确诊断患者,根据占位性病变部位施行对应手术治疗,对已确诊为FNH无明显临床症状患者施行保守治疗.采用门诊或电话随访,内容包括病史回顾、临床症状及体格检查,随访时间截至2014年9月.结果 47例患者肝功能正常,TBil升高1例.患者血清肿瘤标志物AFP、CEA及CA19-9等均为阴性.患者行影像学检查发现病灶55个,其中41例患者病灶为单发,7例为多发.48例患者行B超检查均未能作出明确诊断.38例患者行CT检查示病灶呈低密度31例、等密度7例,其中病灶中央可见条状或放射状低密度影20例,3例诊断为FNH.10例患者行MRI检查,3例诊断为FNH.其结果显示:动脉期病灶均明显均匀强化;5例病灶中央可见放射状条纹,T2 WI呈高信号,增强早期不强化,延迟后信号可增强.中央瘢痕在T1 WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高信号.2例患者经皮肝穿刺活组织病理学检查证实为FNH.40例患者未能明确诊断,施行手术治疗,其中31例行开腹肝切除术,9例行腹腔镜肝切除术.术中探查患者肝脏均无肝硬化表现,发现病灶47个,其中位于左半肝16个,右半肝31个.30例患者施行肝脏肿块局部切除术、7例行右半肝切除或扩大右半肝切除术、3例行左半肝切除术;其中12例患者同时联合胆囊切除术.手术时间为78～255min,术中出血量为80～720 mL.病灶直径为(4.6±1.6)cm(1.5～11.5 cm).40例手术标本病理学检查证实为FNH.8例确诊为FNH患者予以保守治疗.48例患者均获得随访,中位随访时间为21个月(1～56个月),患者均健康生存,无复发及并发症发生,恢复良好.结论 FNH的临床表现不典型,多无明显临床症状.术前增强CT及MRI检查有助于FNH的诊断及鉴别诊断.确诊困难、有明显临床症状患者,应予手术治疗,明确诊断者可行对应保守治疗,患者预后较好.     

肝内结节性病变(RN、DN)的CT、MRI影像表现与分析

目的:探讨肝内再生性结节(RN)和异形增生结节(DN)的CT、MRI影像表现特征以及其在诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法:对2例经手术病理证实的RN、DN的CT、MRI检查情况等临床资料进行总结,将CT、MRI诊断结果与临床最终诊断结果进行比较分析.结果:2例肝内结节病变患者中的第1例患者,可见2个比较大的结节,T2WI为低信号,T1W/WATS信号明显增高;第2例患者下腔静脉的前方可见一病灶,T2WI轻微高信号.增强CT与MRI表现大致基本相似,并无特异性.结论:肝脏CT、MRI检查安全可靠,能清楚地显示肝内结节病变的的部位与范围,是诊断和鉴别肝内结节性病变(RN、DN)的有效检查方法.     

肝脏良性实性占位病变误诊分析

目的总结和分析肝脏良性实质性占位病变术前误诊问题,提高临床确诊率.方法回顾性研究我院肝胆胰外科自1998年1月至2004年6月,术前诊为肝癌接受肝切除,术后经病理证实为肝脏良性占位24例患者临床资料.所有病例术前采用统一的诊断方法和步骤,即常规检查血肿瘤标志物,影像学检查（B超、CT、MRI）,少数病例接受肝穿刺活检.结果术前误诊为恶性的24例良性占位中,肝血管瘤9例,肝局灶性结节状增生（focal nodular hyperplasia,FNH）4例,肝腺瘤2例,肝硬化结节性增生2例,肝孤立性坏死结节2例,肝寄生虫性肉芽肿3例,肝结核瘤1例,炎性假瘤1例.术前误诊的原因主要有病灶影像学表现不典型、临床及影像医生认识不足等.24例误诊患者术后发生轻微并发症2例,无需特殊处理;无1例死亡;所有患者经平均3年1个月的随访,无复发病例.结论肝脏良性实质性占位术前易误诊为肝癌.合理地选择联合检查方法和遵循诊治流程,可提高肝脏恶性占位性病变的术前确诊率,减少误诊误治,对术前不能排除恶性的肝脏占位应积极手术治疗.     

Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver: A riddle that is difficult to answer

Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is an unusual lesion that is often an incidental finding on abdominal imaging, intraoperative examination, or post mortem. Most reported cases of solitary necrotic nodule have been in males, and over three quarters of these lesions have occurred in the right lobe of the liver. Pathologically, solitary necrotic nodule is a benign lesion characterized by a completely necrotic core that is often partly calcified, surrounded by a dense hyalinized fibrous capsule containing elastin fibres. The ultrasound appearance of solitary necrotic nodule is usually of a “target” lesion with a hyperechoic center, while on CT scan they appear as non-enhancing hypodense lesions that are typical of metastatic adenocarcinoma or peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. The impression of malignancy is further enforced with the finding of necrotic cellular material on biopsy and the macroscopically hard and “gritty” nature of the nodules. Currently, permanent histopathology of solitary necrotic nodules is the only accurate method of diagnosis. However, solitary necrotic nodules are usually of a bilobed or lobulated shape that is unusual for malignant liver lesions, and they often lie in close proximity to hepatic inflow structures. Solitary necrotic nodule should be suspected in liver lesions with this configuration, location, and on a biopsy showing a large amount of necrosis.     

Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver

Solitary necrotic nodule of the liver is a rare benign lesion; only 22 cases have been reported to date. An unsolved problem in treating these lesions involves the difficulties in differential diagnosis; specific features of necrotic nodule of the liver in preoperative examinations have not been identified. Here, we report a patient with resected solitary necrotic nodule of the liver with preoperative features shown on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. A 48-year-old woman was referred to our hospital on December 13, 1999 because a hypoechoic lesion in Couinaud's segment VIII of the liver had been incidentally detected on US. A CT scan confirmed the presence of a round hypodense lesion, measuring 2 cm in diameter. No significant enhancement was recognized on dynamic MRI study. T1-Weighted MRI examinations demonstrated a low intensity showing a triple-layered pattern with low-iso-low intensity in the lesion, while T2-weighted images demonstrated a slightly high intensity in the lesion. These features suggested fibrous tissue. Histological examinations following partial resection of the liver revealed a solitary necrotic nodule of the liver. Combination studies, including MRI examinations, would be useful for the preoperative diagnosis of a solitary necrotic nodule of the liver. Received: June 1, 2001 / Accepted: November 16, 2001     

肝硬变相关结节Gd-EOB-DTPA增强磁共振成像初步研究

目的探索钆塞酸二钠（Gd-EOB-DTPA）增强磁共振成像在鉴别肝硬变相关结节中的应用价值。方法对2011年11月至2013年1月期间前瞻性纳入的19例肝硬变合并肝占位性病变患者进行Gd-EOB-DTPA增强磁共振检查,肝胆期为造影剂注射后20 min。将患者的图像分成2组进行诊断分析：A组,平扫和动态增强图像;B组,平扫、动态增强及肝胆期图像。采用圆形感兴趣区测量肝胆期病灶、背景肝信号强度及背景噪声标准差,计算病灶信噪比（SNR）和对比信噪比（CNR）。结果 19例患者共发现25个肝肿瘤,包括18个肝细胞性肝癌（HCC）,7个再生结节（RN）或不典型增生结节（DN）。肿瘤直径0.6～3.2 cm,平均1.3 cm。16个HCC病灶在肝胆期表现为相对于背景肝实质的低信号,2个表现为高信号;有5个HCC病灶发生坏死囊变,坏死区在动脉期无强化,在肝胆期片絮状强化。6个RN或DN在肝胆期表现为相对于背景肝实质的高信号,1个表现为等信号。A组图像和B组图像的诊断准确率分别为80.0%（20/25）和92.0%（23/25）。肝胆期RN或DN的SNR值为132.90±17.21,HCC为114.35±19.27;其CNR值为19.47±8.20,HCC为112.15±33.52。结论 Gd-EOB-DTPA增强肝胆期成像能提高肝硬变相关结节的诊断和鉴别诊断效能,有助于制定更精确和更合理的治疗方案。     

Rathke cleft cyst intracystic nodule: a characteristic magnetic resonance imaging finding

OBJECT: The fluid content of Rathke cleft cysts (RCCs) displays variable appearances on magnetic resonance (MR) images and can appear indistinguishable from other intrasellar or suprasellar cystic lesions. Intracystic nodules associated with individual RCCs have been noted, but to date their significance has not been fully explored. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed MR imaging studies obtained in patients harboring intrasellar or suprasellar lesions that were consistent with RCCs to identify the presence and imaging characteristics of intracystic nodules. An intracystic nodule was present in nine (45%) of 20 patients with an RCC. All intracystic nodules were clearly visible and displayed a characteristic low signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images. The nodule was only visualized on T1-weighted images in four cases, in which it exhibited a consistent high signal intensity similar to that of the cyst fluid. The nodules did not enhance following the intravenous administration of a contrast agent. CONCLUSIONS: Although it is difficult to differentiate RCCs from other sellar cystic lesions because of the variable signal intensities displayed on MR images, the intensity of the intracystic nodule seems consistent on T1- and T2-weighted images, and the nodule is always clearly visible on T2-weighted images. With a nonenhancing cystic lesion that does not cause significant symptoms in the patient, the identification of an intracystic nodule with a characteristic signal intensity will aid in the diagnosis of RCC and the selection of conservative management.     

肝脏占位性病变的术前诊断方法评估

目的 探讨不同肝脏占位性病变的影像学特点和病理诊断结果,以提高肝脏占位性病变术前确诊率的方法.方法 回顾性分析40例患者的临床资料和诊治情况,总结患者术前不同影像学检查中肝脏占位性病变的特征表现,通过对比术后肝脏占位件病变的病理诊断结果,比较B超、动态增强CT和动态增强MRI的术前确诊率. 结果 40例患者均通过手术切除肝脏占位性病变,切除标本中经病理诊断原发肝细胞肝癌22例、肝脏巨大再生结节7例、局灶性结节样增生、胆管细胞肝癌、肝血管瘤和肝硬化结节各2例、肝腺瘤、肝紫癜症和肝内异物反应结节各1例.肝脏B超的确诊率普遍较低,只有20%;增强CT在原发性肝癌和肝脏巨大再生结节的鉴别诊断中准确率较低,分别只有45.8%和0,全部病例的确诊率为42.5%;MRI在各种不典型病变的术前鉴别诊断中确诊率高达92.5%.结论 某些肝脏占位性病变的术前诊断较为困难,应加强对这些病变的认识和鉴别诊断,动态增强MRI对各种肝脏占位性病变的诊断率高.     

Pinworm infection masquerading as colorectal liver metastasis

Enterobius vermicularis is responsible for a variety of diseases but rarely affects the liver. Accurate characterisation of suspected liver metastases is essential to avoid unnecessary surgery. In the presented case, following a diagnosis of rectal cancer, a solitary liver nodule was diagnosed as a liver metastasis due to typical radiological features and subsequently resected. At pathological assessment, however, a necrotic nodule containing E vermicularis was identified. Solitary necrotic nodules of the liver are usually benign but misdiagnosed frequently as malignant due to radiological features. It is standard practice to diagnose colorectal liver metastases solely on radiological evidence. Without obtaining tissue prior to liver resection, misdiagnosis of solitary necrotic nodules of the liver will continue to occur.     

Magnetic resonance imaging features of soft tissue and vascular injuries after high-voltage electrical burns and their clinical application

ObjectiveTo study the clinical application of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) and MRA (MR angiography) technologies for examining the imaging characteristics of muscular and vascular injuries following high-voltage electrical burns.MethodsMRI and MRA examinations were conducted on 18 upper limbs and 8 lower limbs of 18 patients with high-voltage electric burns. Exploratory operations were performed on the necrotic muscle and injured vessels that had abnormal MRI and MRA signals. The necrotic muscle and embolised vessels were removed, and the muscle viability was tested. Meanwhile, histological examinations of the necrotic muscle and injured vessels were performed.ResultsAbnormal signals from the MRI were observed from the 18 upper limbs and 8 lower limbs of these patients. Two kinds of T1-weighted image signals were observed in the necrotic muscle. One form of signal enhancement indicated that the muscular tissue was necrotic, whereby a distinct demarcation was observed between necrotic and normal tissues. The other result was characterised by no signal enhancement in the area of the vessel where blood flow was entirely occluded and the muscle was entirely necrotic. The signal of the T2-weighted image was significantly enhanced in edematous and necrotic muscles and was higher than that of the T1-weighted image. However, the enhancement of the T2-weighted signal exhibited an uneven floccus appearance and had no distinct boundary. MRA of the 18 upper limbs and 8 lower limbs were abnormal and the main pathological manifestations included circuitous arteries and thromboses. The necrotic muscle and injured vessels that were found by MRI and MRA were removed upon exploratory surgery.ConclusionsSpecific MRI and MRA imaging characteristics can be observed in muscular and vascular injures following high-voltage electrical burns. MRI and MRA were very useful for assessing the scope and degree of injury following high-voltage electrical burns, which was helpful to guide the explorative surgery.