单脉冲加载的Hopkinson压杆实验中预留缝隙确定方法的研究

 在传统Hopkinson压杆实验中,反射拉伸波在入射杆的撞击端反射形成压缩波,导致实验过程中对试样进行了多次加载,单脉冲加载的Hopkinson压杆实验技术解决了该问题。详细总结了单脉冲加载的Hopkinson压杆实验技术原理,给出了法兰盘与质量块间预留缝隙的计算方法,分析了预留缝隙不同大小对实验结果的影响。建立了一套单脉冲加载的Hopkinson压杆实验装置,并利用高速摄影验证了实验技术的可靠性。     

围压作用下伟晶辉长岩的能量特性及破坏模式分析

为探究围压条件下伟晶辉长岩的能量释放与破坏模式的关系,利用霍普金森压杆和LS-DYNA数值模拟软件对伟晶辉长岩开展了不同围压和不同冲击速度下的动态力学性能测试,分析其在不同围压和应变率下的能量释放特征及破坏规律。结果表明：高围压下,试样无明显塑性变形阶段,且围压状态对高应变率下的动态抗压强度有抑制作用,当冲击气压高于0.4 MPa时,动态抗压强度的增长趋势放缓;应变率和围压对伟晶辉长岩的能量与破坏模式有显著影响。随着围压的升高,试样的反射能占比增大,而透射能占比减小;能耗密度随应变率的增加而增大,当应变率为95 s^-1时(对应的冲击气压为0.4 MPa)出现拐点,同时高围压下的能耗密度大于低围压下的能耗密度。对于处于围压下的试样,其破坏断面多带有一定的角度,通过LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟了试样在围压下的动态破坏过程,发现中低围压下试样多呈剪切破坏,而高围压下试样有多条剪切裂纹发育贯通,呈复合破坏模式。     

高应变率下硅橡胶的本构行为研究

 硅橡胶是一种高分子聚合物，可以承受大变形，用途广泛。利用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）实验技术，对硅橡胶试样进行了不同应变率下的冲击压缩实验，基于实验数据，利用应变能函数构建了考虑应变率效应的材料本构形式。同时，实验过程中发现，在高应变率加载条件下，材料在压缩变形后出现了损伤线区，线区直径与加载应变率及试样尺寸之间存在一定的定量关系。     

G50钢与G31钢动态力学性能的对比试验研究

采用拉伸、冲击、霍普金森杆压缩及所设计的爆轰加载试验方法,对比研究了G50钢与G31钢在准静态、动态及爆轰加载条件下的力学性能。试验结果表明:G50钢和G31钢在准静态、10^3 s^?1应变率下的动态力学性能相近;在爆轰加载条件下,G50钢和G31钢试样发生了近乎相同的破坏形态,说明在超高压及超高应变率条件下两种材料具有相近的屈服强度和抗拉强度。研究结果表明,G31钢与G50钢有相似的力学性能,在侵彻战斗部壳体方面可做进一步的应用尝试。     

某PBX炸药的动态力学性能研究

 PBX炸药作为现代武器的主装药,它的力学行为决定着武器的生存能力。为了研究PBX炸药的动态力学特性,采用分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB）作为加载手段,结合半导体应变片测试技术和压电晶体监测技术,保证了实验数据的有效性。利用SHPB加载波整形技术,实现了材料两端应力平衡和常应变率加载,得到了不同应变率（90~410 s^-1）下材料的应力-应变曲线。根据材料的模量、破坏强度和破坏应变随应变率的变化规律,采用粘性修正的Sargin模型,得到了该PBX炸药在单轴压缩下的唯象本构模型,模拟结果与实验曲线符合较好。     

高温、高压、高应变速率动态过程晶体塑性有限元理论模型及其应用

对于高温、高压、高应变速率加载条件下的材料冲击变形行为,动态晶体塑性模型能够直接反映晶体中塑性滑移的各向异性及其对温度、压力和微观组织结构的依赖性,因而广泛应用于材料的动态冲击力学响应、微观结构演化以及动态损伤破坏的模拟。本文综述了高压冲击下动态晶体塑性有限元的理论模型,主要包括变形运动学、包含状态方程的超弹性本构模型和晶体塑性本构模型,涉及位错滑移、相变、孪生等塑性变形机制,以及层裂、绝热剪切带等动态破坏方式。     

一种适合于Hopkinson杆的实验测试方法探索

低阻抗脆性材料的动力学性能日益受到人们的关注,但是由于其破坏应变小,透射信号弱,传统的Hopkinson杆测试技术往往难以获得准确的测量结果。为此,提出了一种适用于Hopkinson杆动态力学性能测试的新实验方法,即将激光微位移测量技术应用到入射杆和透射杆的端面速度测量中,实现了Hopkinson杆中试样应力-应变关系的直接测量。通过实验和数值模拟,验证了该方法的有效性。     

冲击载荷下Al2O3陶瓷的失效与破碎特性

作为典型的脆性材料,陶瓷对变形具有高度敏感性,在强动载荷下具有完全不同于延性金属材料的损伤、破坏行为等力学响应特性。采用分离式霍普金森杆测试系统对Al_2O_3陶瓷进行了冲击加载试验,获得了陶瓷的动态抗拉/压力学性能,以及材料破碎特性随应变率的变化关系。利用能量守恒和动力学的理论方法,对脆性陶瓷材料在不同应变率下的力学特性和碎片尺度进行了深入研究。结果表明:在冲击载荷作用下,Al_2O_3陶瓷的抗拉和抗压强度均与应变率呈正相关。Al_2O_3陶瓷试样在一维应力波作用下的破碎颗粒尺寸差异较大,随着加载应变率的增加,破碎的陶瓷颗粒总数增大,颗粒平均粒径减小,应力集中的影响逐渐减弱。采用DID模型模拟的脆性材料碎片尺度与实验结果比较吻合,Grady模型源于韧性材料的推广,与实验结果的偏差较大。     

冲击作用下纳米孔洞动力学行为的多尺度方法模拟研究

本文利用多尺度方法研究了包含孔洞金属材料在冲击加载条件下的动力学行为. 该多尺度方法结合了分子动力学和有限元方法,分子动力学方法运用于局部缺陷区域,而有限元方法运用于整个模型区域,两种方法之间使用桥尺度函数进行连接. 计算结果既包括了系统宏观的物理信息,如应变场、应力场、温度场等,也得到了微观原子的物理信息,如原子能量和位置坐标等. 结合以上的模拟结果,发现孔洞的坍塌与材料屈服强度和冲击强度有关,而孔洞坍塌和坍塌过程中对微喷射原子的压缩过程是形成局部热点的主要原因. 同时也发现孔洞坍塌形成的位错和局部热点可以导致局部绝热剪切带更容易形成. 关键词： 微孔洞 热点 冲击加载 多尺度方法     

孪晶对Be材料冲击加-卸载动力学影响的数值模拟研究

在高压、高应变率加载条件下,孪晶变形对材料的塑性变形具有重要的贡献,而目前孪晶对金属材料的动态屈服强度、冲击响应等的影响还没有被充分揭示.为此,本文考虑孪晶变形和晶粒碎化,针对铍(Be)材料在高应变率加载下的动态力学响应发展了含孪晶的热弹-黏塑性晶体塑性模型.经过和实验结果的对比,发现该模型可以更准确地预测Be材料在动态加载下,尤其是高压动态加载下的屈服强度.进一步,基于该塑性模型研究了Be材料在冲击加载下的准弹性卸载行为,结果表明剪切波速随着压力和剪应变的变化而发生变化是材料产生准弹性卸载现象的主要原因.此外,研究了冲击波卸载过程中Be材料孪晶的演化过程,发现Be材料卸载过程中也伴随着孪晶的产生.     

一维应变压缩下TC4钛合金绝热剪切研究

 利用内径为57 mm的压缩气炮，在撞击速度为0.2~1.2 km/s（相应的靶中压力为3~15 GPa）范围内进行对称碰撞实验，以研究TC4（Ti-Al6-V4）钛合金在一维应变冲击压缩条件下的绝热剪切现象。对回收得到的受冲击样品，在扫描电镜（SEM）下进行细观金相分析。结果指出，一维应变冲击压缩条件下，TC4钛合金中绝热剪切带产生的对称碰撞速度阈值为500 m/s（相当于样品中的压力为5.87 GPa）；主剪切带与冲击方向约为45°角，带上有圆形和椭圆形两种孔洞且随碰撞速度的增大而增多和长大，这是典型的韧性损伤特征。随碰撞速度增大，产生与主剪切带成15°角的支剪切带。这些与理论预言相符。X射线能谱分析结果指出，剪切带内材料发生了(α+β)→β相的转变，是典型的相变带。剪切带的温度估算与实验提供的信息吻合。     

平面冲击波高速撞击下Zr41Ti14Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5大块非晶合金的损伤与断裂

 利用二级轻气炮研究了在平面冲击波高速撞击下，Zr₄₁Ti₁₄Cu_12.5Ni₁₀Be_22.5大块非晶合金的损伤与断裂行为。实验结果表明：在高速冲击压缩下，大块非晶合金断裂面的角度小于通常压缩情况的角度，这是由高速撞击下材料极高的应变速率决定的；极高的应变速率变形和局域绝热剪切加热造成局部熔化；在温度和压力的共同作用下，非晶合金发生晶化现象。     

Shear modulus of shock-compressed LY12 aluminium up to melting point

Asymmetric plate impact experiments are conducted on LY12 aluminium alloy in a pressure range of 85-131 GPa. The longitudinal sound speeds axe obtained from the time-resolved particle speed profiles of the specimen measured with Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector （VISAR） technique, and they are shown to be good agreement with our previously reported data of this alloy in a pressure range of 20-70 GPa, and also with those of 2024 aluminium reported by McQueen. Using all of the longitudinal speeds and the corresponding bulk speeds calculated from the Gruneisen equation of state （EOS）, shear moduli of LY12 aluminium alloy are obtained. A comparison of the shear moduli in the solid phase region with those estimated from the Steinberg model demonstrate that the latter are systematically lower than the measurements. By re-analysing the pressure effect on the shear modulus, a modified equation is proposed, in which the pressure term of P/η^1/3 in the Steinberg model is replaced by a linear term. Good agreement between experiments and the modified equation is obtained, which implies that the shear modulus of LY12 aluminium varies linearly both with pressure and with temperature throughout the whole solid phase region. On the other hand, shear modulus of aluminium in a solid-liquid mixed phrase region decreases gradually and smoothly, a feature that is very different from the drastic dropping at the melting point under static conditions.     

Shear modulus of shock-compressed LY12 aluminium up to melting point

Asymmetric plate impact experiments are conducted on LY12 aluminium alloy in a pressure range of 85--131\,GPa. The longitudinal sound speeds are obtained from the time-resolved particle speed profiles of the specimen measured with Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector (VISAR) technique, and they are shown to be good agreement with our previously reported data of this alloy in a pressure range of 20--70\,GPa, and also with those of 2024 aluminium reported by McQueen. Using all of the longitudinal speeds and the corresponding bulk speeds calculated from the Gruneisen equation of state (EOS), shear moduli of LY12 aluminium alloy are obtained. A comparison of the shear moduli in the solid phase region with those estimated from the Steinberg model demonstrate that the latter are systematically lower than the measurements. By re-analysing the pressure effect on the shear modulus, a modified equation is proposed, in which the pressure term of $P/\eta^{1/3}$ in the Steinberg model is replaced by a linear term. Good agreement between experiments and the modified equation is obtained, which implies that the shear modulus of LY12 aluminium varies linearly both with pressure and with temperature throughout the whole solid phase region. On the other hand, shear modulus of aluminium in a solid-liquid mixed phrase region decreases gradually and smoothly, a feature that is very different from the drastic dropping at the melting point under static conditions.     

TC4钛合金及40Cr钢破片中绝热剪切带的TEM分析

 对含有约热剪切带（ASB）的TC4钛合金及40Cr钢破片作了扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）分析。结果表明，TC4钛合40Cr钢中的ASB是由平均直径不到0.3 μm的微晶组成，微晶列有一定择优取向，电子衍射花样表现为不连续的环状。ASB内位错密度均很低，其邻近基体区含有高密度位错，ASB内没有察到相变发生。     

Enhancing plasticity of high-strength titanium alloys VT 22 under impact-oscillatory loading

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to provide new experimental data for high-strength VT 22 titanium α + β-type alloy under impact-oscillatory loading and dynamic non-equilibrium process. Based on the performed experimental studies, it was found that overall plastic deformation of this alloy can be increased by a factor 2.75 compared with its initial state without significant loss of strength. To achieve this goal, a new methodology to study the impact behaviour of materials under non-equilibrium process has been used. Physical research revealed that significant microstructural refinement of the alloy is observed after such type of loading, as the result of which the fine grains are formed with subgrain refinement which takes place within the basis of alloy.     

Shear localization in dynamic deformation of copper single crystals

Dynamic deformation of copper single crystals, especially of fatigued copper single crystals with different orientations, was conducted on a split-Hopkinson pressure bar apparatus. The strain rates were in the range 2???9?×?10³?s^?1. After dynamic deformation, the adiabatic shear bands (ASBs) were examined in a light microscope and SEM. The width and spacing of ASBs formed under different strain rates in a fatigued copper single crystal were measured and the spacing of ASBs is one-order of magnitude smaller than the theoretical predictions. The possible reasons for the discrepancy were discussed. The critical strains for the ASB formation in four different orientated single crystals at stain rate of about 4?×?10³?s^?1 were determined by examining the post-deformation specimens and dynamic stress–strain curves. It is clearly indicated that the critical strains for the ASB formation are orientation-dependent in copper single crystals. A simple microscopic mechanism for ASB formation in fatigued single crystals was proposed.     

铝锂合金材料状态方程的研究

 多数材料是应变率正敏感的,其屈服应力随着应变率的增加而提高;但是在应变率相关的动力学实验中,发现铝锂合金是应变率负敏感的,具有明显的冲击韧性特征。为了全面认识该种材料的动态力学行为,有必要进一步研究其在较高压力下的冲击压缩性能。通过轻气炮实验,测量了靶板自由面质点速度时程曲线等相关参量,得到了材料的D-u型Hugoniot线。实验揭示了在突加载荷作用之下,在应变率负敏感的铝锂合金材料中可出现类似于弹塑性材料中的双波结构,从而证明了所提出的“极限应变率负敏感粘塑性材料”这一概念的合理性。最后,在弱激波假设的前提下,推导了材料Hugoniot方程与Murnagham状态方程之间的关系,并以实验数据为基础得到了材料的状态方程参数。     

Adiabatic shear failure and dynamic stored energy of cold work

Dynamic testing of statically predeformed specimens of magnesium (AM50) shows that the failure strain increases with the level of prestrain. Interrupted and other dynamic tests show that the temperature rise prior to localization has only a minor influence on adiabatic shear band (ASB) formation. For all the tests, the dynamic deformation energy until ASB formation is found to be relatively constant, indicating that ASB is dependent almost solely on dynamic deformation processes, with quasistatic and thermal effects prior to localization being very marginal. We suggest the concept of a constant dynamic mechanical energy (toughness) as a quantitative criterion for ASB formation--this concept being related physically to the dynamic stored energy of cold work. All in all, the tests indicate that ASB failure is more dependent on energy considerations that on strain criteria, as has been considered until now.     

Zn-Al共析合金的黏滞流变行为

在连续升温条件下，测量了共析Zn-Al合金的应变速率和黏度随温度的变化曲线，在共析转变温区观测到伴随相变过程的黏度极小值，研究了应力对应变速率和升温速率对黏度极小值的影响，发现在相变温区材料的力学行为遵从Newton黏滞流变定律，用相界面的数量和性质解释了相变温区Zn-Al合金的黏滞流变行为．将相变激活能和相界面的流变激活能进行比较，说明界面的流动性是影响相变的主要因素．结合过去在非晶Pd-Cu-Si合金的结构转变过程中观测到的伴随玻璃转变和晶化过程的黏度极小值，说明伴随着结构转变或相变过程，黏度出现极小 关键词：