导电金属有机框架材料在电催化中的成就，挑战和机遇

To fulfill the demands of green and sustainable energy, the production of novel catalysts for different energy conversion processes is critical. Owing to the intriguing advantages of the intrinsic active species, tunable crystal structure, remarkable chemical and physical properties, and good stability, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively investigated in various electrochemical energy conversions, such as the CO₂ reduction reaction, N₂ reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction. More importantly, it is feasible to change the chemical environments, pore sizes, and porosity of MOFs, which will theoretically facilitate the diffusion of reactants across the open porous networks, thereby improving the electrocatalytic performance. However, owing to the high energy barriers of charge transfer and limited free charge carriers, most MOFs show poor electrical conductivity, thus limiting their diverse applications. As reported previously, MOFs were used as a porous substrate to confine the growth of nanoparticles or co-doped electrocatalysts after annealing. The conductive MOFs can combine the advantages of conventional MOFs with electronic conductivity, which significantly enhance the electrocatalytic performance. In addition, conductive MOFs can achieve conductivity via electronic or ionic routes without post-annealing treatment, thereby extending their potential applications. Different synthesis strategies have recently been developed to endow MOFs with electrical conductivity, such as post-synthesis modification, guest molecule introduction, and composite formatting. The performance of conductive MOFs can even outperform those of commercial RuO₂ catalysts or Pt-group catalysts. However, it is difficult to endow most MOFs with high conductivity. This review summarizes the mechanisms of constructing conductive MOFs, such as redox hopping, through-bond pathways, through-space pathways, extended conjugation, and guest-promoted transport. Synthetic methods, including hydro/solvothermal synthesis and interface-assisted synthesis, are introduced. Recent advances in the use of conductive MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts in electrocatalysis have been comprehensively elucidated. It has been reported that conductive MOFs can demonstrate considerable catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability in different electrochemical reactions, revealing the immense potential for future displacement of Pt-group catalysts. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of conductive MOFs in electrocatalysis are discussed. Based on systematic synthesis strategies, more conductive MOFs can be constructed for electrocatalytic reactions. In addition, the morphology and structure of conductive MOFs, which can change the electrochemical accessibility between substrates and MOFs, are also crucial for catalysis, and thus, they should be extensively studied in the future. It is believed that a breakthrough for high-performance conductive MOF-based electrocatalysts could be achieved.     

Two-dimensional Noble Metal Nanomaterials for Electrocatalysis

Two-dimensional noble metal nanomaterials(2D NMNs) are widely used as electrocatalyst. In recent years, the researchers have focused on the synthesis of 2D NMNs at the atomic scale, and realize the improvement of electrocatalytic performance through further structural modification to reduce the usage of noble metals. Herein, we systematically introduce the synthesis methods of 2D NMNs categorized by element type. Subsequently, the catalytic applications toward a variety of electrocatalytic reactions are described in detail including the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER), oxygen reduction reaction(ORR), oxygen evolution reaction(OER) and CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR). Finally, the potential opportunities and remaining challenges in this emerging research area are proposed.     

二维金属有机框架材料的合成及电催化应用

二维金属有机框架材料(MOFs)由于具备高比表面积、 多孔性以及丰富的活性位点等优异特性而受到广泛关注, 并且在电催化领域展现出巨大的应用潜力. 研究者们已在二维MOFs的可控制备与电催化性能调控方面取得许多突破性进展, 显示出相关研究对开发高性能电催化剂的关键作用. 本文总结了二维MOFs的自上而下和自下而上合成策略以及二维MOFs衍生物的典型合成方法, 概述了二维MOFs在各尺度下的电催化性能调控策略, 并介绍了各种合成方法和调控策略在电催化中的应用. 最后讨论了该领域面临的挑战, 并对未来的发展方向进行了展望.     

高熵纳米合金在电化学催化中的应用

The implementation of clean energy techniques, including clean hydrogen generation, use of solar-driven photovoltaic hybrid systems, photochemical heat generation as well as thermoelectric conversion, is crucial for the sustainable development of our society. Among these promising techniques, electrocatalysis has received significant attention for its ability to facilitate clean energy conversion because it promotes a higher rate of reaction and efficiency for the associated chemical transformations. Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts typically show high activity for electrochemical conversion processes. However, their scarcity and high cost limit their applications in electrocatalytic devices. To overcome this limitation, binary catalysts prepared by alloying with transition metals can be used. However, optimization of the activity of the binary catalysts is considerably limited because of the presence of the miscibility gap in the phase diagram of binary alloys. The activity of binary electrocatalysts can be attributed to the adsorption energy of molecules and intermediates on the surface. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), which consist of diverse elements in a single NP, typically exhibit better physical and/or chemical properties than their single-element counterparts, because of their tunable composition and inherent surface complexity. Further, HEAs can improve the performance of binary electrocatalysts because they exhibit a near-continuous distribution of adsorption energy. Recently, HEAs have gained considerable attention for their application in electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent research advances in HEA nanostructures and their application in the field of electrocatalysis. First, we introduce the concept, structure, and four core effects of HEAs. We believe that this part will provide the basic information about HEAs. Next, we discuss the reported top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies, emphasizing on the carbothermal shock method, nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, fast moving bed pyrolysis, polyol process, and dealloying. Other methods such as combinatorial co-sputtering, ultrashort-pulsed laser ablation, ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry, and scanning-probe block copolymer lithography are also highlighted. Among these methods, wet chemistry has been reported to be effective for the formation of nano-scale HEAs because it facilitates the concurrent reduction of all metal precursors to form solid-solution alloys. Next, we present the theoretical investigation of HEA nanocatalysts, including their thermodynamics, kinetic stability, and adsorption energy tuning for optimizing their catalytic activity and selectivity. To elucidate the structure–property relationship in HEAs, we summarize the research progress related to electrocatalytic reactions promoted by HEA nanocatalysts, including the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, and CO₂ reduction reaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and various strategies toward the development of HEAs.     

MOF衍生碳基电催化剂限域催化O2还原和CO2还原反应

化石燃料的大量消耗和环境的逐渐恶化导致迫切需要开发和探索有效的能源转换和存储技术. 电化学是各种能源转换装置的基础和关键. 设计和合成具有高催化活性的非贵金属基和非金属基催化剂是最好的选择. 金属有机骨架(MOF)衍生的碳基材料具有比表面积大、 孔隙率高的特点, 可以选择性地限制不同类型的金属. 因此, MOF衍生碳作为催化剂载体使用时具有良好的限域效应, 有利于提高催化剂的活性和稳定性. 本文综合评述了MOF衍生材料在催化反应中的限域效应, 并介绍了MOF衍生碳基材料在氧还原反应(ORR)和二氧化碳还原反应(CO₂RR)电催化方面的最新进展, 揭示了MOF碳基材料在电催化反应中的构效关系. 最后, 讨论了MOF衍生的碳基材料在ORR和CO₂RR电催化中的挑战和机遇, 以及未来可能的解决方案.     

金团簇电催化二氧化碳还原反应的研究进展

二氧化碳电还原反应(CO₂RR)在改善能源利用方式、 实现可持续碳循环以及生产高附加值液体燃料和化学品等方面具有广阔的应用前景, 近年来受到广泛关注. 有机配体保护的金团簇具有确定的晶体结构, 其不同的尺寸、 配体及组成可以有效调控氧化还原电位, 作为一种独特的模型催化剂, 为探索原子水平的CO₂RR反应机理提供了新机遇. 本文综合评述了纯金团簇和异金属原子掺杂的金团簇催化CO₂RR的研究进展, 包括金团簇的电荷、 尺寸、 配体以及掺杂对CO₂RR性能的影响, 重点讨论了CO₂RR的反应机理, 总结了金团簇在CO₂RR中所面临的挑战, 并展望了金团簇在CO₂RR中未来的研究方向和发展前景.     

Metal–Organic Frameworks Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

In view of the clean and sustainable energy, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based materials, including pristine MOFs, MOF composites, and their derivatives are emerging as unique electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Thanks to their tunable compositions and diverse structures, efficient MOF-based materials provide new opportunities to accelerate the sluggish ORR at the cathode in fuel cells and metal–air batteries. This Minireview first provides some introduction of ORR and MOFs, followed by the classification of MOF-based electrocatalysts towards ORR. Recent breakthroughs in engineering MOF-based ORR electrocatalysts are highlighted with an emphasis on synthesis strategy, component, morphology, structure, electrocatalytic performance, and reaction mechanism. Finally, some current challenges and future perspectives for MOF-based ORR electrocatalysts are also discussed.     

导电MOFs在能源转化中的应用

可再生能源供应方案包括析氢反应(HER)、析氧反应(OER)、氧还原反应(ORR)和二氧化碳还原反应(CO2RR)等多种反应,电催化剂对这些反应至关重要。到目前为止,已有一系列导电MOFs作为与能源相关电催化电极材料的报道。本文从提高MOFs导电能力和对产物的选择性、增强MOFs的化学稳定性及增加MOFs的反应活性位点等方面介绍了导电MOFs作为电催化剂的设计策略,重点综述了其在能源转化涉及的HER、OER、ORR以及CO2RR方面的应用,并从材料制备和应用需求角度出发, 对高性能导电MOFs材料在电催化领域所面临的挑战和前景进行了展望。     

用于二氧化碳电催化还原的电解器研究进展

The electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) driven by renewable energy is an efficient approach to achieve the conversion and utilization of CO₂. In this context, CO₂RR has become an emerging research focus in the field of electrocatalysis over the past decade. While a large number of nanostructured catalysts have been developed to accelerate CO₂RR, the tradeoff between activity and selectivity usually renders the overall electrocatalytic performance very poor. Beyond catalyst design, rationally designing electrolyzers is also of substantial importance for improving the CO₂RR performance and achieving its scale-up for practical applications. To a large extent, the electrolyzer configuration determines the local reaction environment near an electrode by affecting the process conditions, thereby resulting in remarkably different electrocatalytic performances. To be techno-economically viable, the performance of CO₂ electrolyzers is expected to be at least comparable to that of the current state-of-the-art proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers, with regard to their activity, selectivity, and stability. Researchers have made great progress in the development of CO₂ electrolyzers over the past few years, but they are also facing many issues and challenges. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the research progress and status of current CO₂ electrolyzers including H-cell, flow-cell, and membrane electrode assembly cell (MEA-cell) electrolyzers. Herein, operation at industrial current densities (> 200 mA∙cm⁻²) is set as a basis when these electrolyzers are discussed and compared in terms of the four main figures of merit (current density, Faradic efficiency, energy efficiency and stability) that describe the CO₂RR performance of an electrolyzer. The advantages and drawbacks of each electrolyzer are discussed and highlighted with emphasis on the key achievements reported to date. Compared to conventional H-cell electrolyzers that work well in mechanistic studies, the newly developed electrolyzers using gas diffusion electrodes, both flow-cell and MEA-cell electrolyzers, are able to break the limitation of CO₂ solubility in water and acquire industrial current densities. Although flow-cell electrolyzers have achieved current densities exceeding 1 A∙cm⁻², they suffer from low energy efficiencies because of the significant iR drop and poor stability owing to the use of alkaline electrolytes. These issues can be overcome in the case of zero-gap MEA-cell electrolyzers with ion exchange membranes being as solid electrolytes. The anion exchange membrane (AEM)-based CO₂ electrolyzers are at the center of the current research, as they demonstrate promising activity and selectivity toward specific CO₂RR products and exhibit excellent stability for over thousands of hours in few cases. Meanwhile, the crossover of CO₂ and liquid products from the cathode to the anode through the membrane tends to lower the utilization efficiency of the CO₂ supplied to the AEM electrolyzers. MEA-cell electrolyzers using cation exchange membranes and bipolar membranes have also been explored; however, neither of them have shown satisfactory CO₂RR performance. The development of new polymer electrolyte membranes and ionomers would help address these problems. While issues and challenges still exist, MEA-cell electrolyzers hold the greatest promise for practical applications. As concluding remarks, research strategies and opportunities for the future have been proposed to accelerate the development of CO₂RR technology for practical applications and to deepen the mechanistic understanding behind improved performance. This review provides new insights into rational electrolyzer design and guidelines for researchers in this field.     

Metal–Organic Frameworks Based Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

In view of the clean and sustainable energy, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based materials, including pristine MOFs, MOF composites, and their derivatives are emerging as unique electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Thanks to their tunable compositions and diverse structures, efficient MOF‐based materials provide new opportunities to accelerate the sluggish ORR at the cathode in fuel cells and metal–air batteries. This Minireview first provides some introduction of ORR and MOFs, followed by the classification of MOF‐based electrocatalysts towards ORR. Recent breakthroughs in engineering MOF‐based ORR electrocatalysts are highlighted with an emphasis on synthesis strategy, component, morphology, structure, electrocatalytic performance, and reaction mechanism. Finally, some current challenges and future perspectives for MOF‐based ORR electrocatalysts are also discussed.     

纳米SiC基光催化剂研究进展

Industrialization undoubtedly boosts economic development and improves the standard of living; however, it also leads to some serious problems, including the energy crisis, environmental pollution, and global warming. These problems are associated with or caused by the high carbon dioxide (CO₂) and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) emissions from the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. Photocatalysis is considered one of the most promising technologies for eliminating these problems because of the possibility of converting CO₂ into hydrocarbon fuels and other valuable chemicals using solar energy, hydrogen (H₂) production from water (H₂O) electrolysis, and degradation of pollutants. Among the various photocatalysts, silicon carbide (SiC) has great potential in the fields of photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, and electrocatalysis because of its good electrical properties and photoelectrochemistry. This review is divided into six sections: introduction, fundamentals of nanostructured SiC, synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, applications of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, and conclusions and prospects. The fundamentals of nanostructured SiC include its physicochemical characteristics. It possesses a range of unique physical properties, such as extreme hardness, high mechanical stability at high temperatures, a low thermal expansion coefficient, wide bandgap, and superior thermal conductivity. It also possesses exceptional chemical characteristics, such as high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The synthesis methods for obtaining nanostructured SiC have been systematically summarized as follows: Template growth, sol-gel, organic precursor pyrolysis, solvothermal synthesis, arc discharge, carbon thermal reduction, and electrospinning. These synthesis methods require high temperatures, and the reaction mechanism involves SiC formation via the reaction between carbon and silicon oxide. In the section of the review involving the strategies for improving the activity of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, seven strategies are discussed, viz., element doping, construction of Z-scheme (or S-scheme) systems, supported co-catalysts, visible photosensitization, construction of semiconductor heterojunctions, supported carbon materials, and construction of nanostructures. All of these strategies, except element doping and visible photosensitization, concentrate on enhancing the separation of holes and electrons, while suppressing their recombination, thus improving the photocatalytic performance of the nanostructured SiC photocatalysts. Regarding the element doping and visible photosensitization strategies, element doping can narrow the bandgap of SiC, which generates more holes and electrons to improve photocatalytic activity. On the other hand, the principle of visible photosensitization is that photo-induced electrons move from photosensitizers to the conduction band of SiC to participate in the reaction, thus enhancing the photocatalytic performance. In the section on the applications of nanostructured SiC, photocatalytic H₂ production, pollutant degradation, CO₂ reduction, photoelectrocatalytic, and electrocatalytic applications will be discussed. The mechanism of a photocatalytic reaction requires the SiC photocatalyst to produce photo-induced electrons and holes during irradiation, which participate in the photocatalytic reaction. For example, photo-induced electrons can transform protons into H₂, as well as CO₂ into methane, methanol, or formic acid. Furthermore, photo-induced holes can convert organic waste into H₂O and CO₂. For photoelectrocatalytic and electrocatalytic applications, SiC is used as a catalyst under high temperatures and highly acidic or basic environments because of its remarkable physicochemical characteristics, including low thermal expansion, superior thermal conductivity, and high oxidation and corrosion resistance. The last section of the review will reveal the major obstacles impeding the industrial application of nanostructured SiC photocatalysts, such as insufficient visible absorption, slow reaction kinetics, and hard fabrication, as well as provide some ideas on how to overcome these obstacles.      

纳米SiC基光催化剂研究进展

工业化无疑促进了经济的发展,提高了生活水平,但也导致了一些问题,包括能源危机、环境污染、全球变暖等, 其中这些所产生问题主要是由燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气等化石燃料引起的。光催化技术具有利用太阳能将二氧化碳转化为碳氢化合物燃料、从水中制氢、降解污染物等优点,从而在解决能源危机的同时避免环境污染,因此被认为是解决这些问题的最有潜力的技术之一。在各种光催化剂中,碳化硅(SiC)由于其优良的电学性能和光电化学性质,在光催化、光电催化、电催化等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文首先系统地阐述了各种SiC的合成方法,具体包括模板生长法、溶胶凝胶法、有机前驱物热解法、溶剂热合成法、电弧放电法,碳热还原法和静电纺丝等方法。然后详细地总结了提升SiC光催化活性的各种改性策略,如元素掺杂、构建Z型(S型)体系、负载助催化剂、可见光敏化、构建半导体异质结、负载炭材料、构建纳米结构等。最后重点论述了半导体的光催化机理以及SiC复合物在光催化产氢、污染物降解和CO₂还原等领域的应用研究进展,并提出了前景展望。     

Low-temperature plasma technology for electrocatalysis

The latest applications of plasma in energy storage and conversion are summarized here, including using it as the preparation and modification technology of the various electrocatalysts and the usage of it as the synthesis technology directly. Also, the challenges and outlook of plasma technology in energy storage and conversion were summarized, and the solutions and prospected its development in the future were present.     

惰性小分子电催化还原反应的电解液调控

本文概述了惰性小分子电催化还原反应（如二氧化碳还原反应和氮气还原反应）中电解液的组成和作用机制,介绍了相关电解液研究的最新进展,并讨论了电解液调控在揭示反应机理、改善催化性能中的重要作用.     

基于金属有机框架中空材料的研究进展

金属有机框架(MOFs)中空材料因其大的比表面积、低密度、较高的负载能力和良好的离子渗透性,如氢氧化物、磷化物、硫化物等纳米材料,在能源储存与转换领域有良好的发展前景。 本文主要总结了基于不同形貌MOFs中空材料的制备途径和形成机理,着重介绍了其在超级电容器、锂离子电池和电催化等方面的应用,最后论述了基于MOFs中空材料的未来发展前景和挑战。     

CO2和N2电还原中缺陷及界面工程的最新进展

实现碳氮循环是人类社会发展的迫切要求,也是催化领域的热门研究课题。在可再生能源的推动下,电催化技术引起了人们的广泛关注,且可以通过改变反应电压获得不同的目标产品。基于此,电催化技术被认为是缓解当前能源危机和环境问题的有效策略,对实现碳中和具有重要意义。其中,电催化CO₂还原反应(CO₂RR)和N₂还原反应(N₂RR)是一种有前途的小分子转化策略。然而,CO₂和N₂均为线性分子,其中C＝O和N≡N键的高解离能导致了它们高的化学惰性。此外,最高占据分子轨道(HOMO)和最低未占分子轨道(LUMO)之间的巨大能量间隙使它们具有高的化学稳定性;且CO₂和N₂的低质子亲和力使它们难以被直接质子化。另一方面,由于CO₂RR和N₂RR与析氢反应(HER)具有相近的氧化还原电位,造成其与HER之间存在竞争性关系,这也是致使催化剂在CO₂RR和N₂RR转化效率低的重要影响因素。因此,CO₂RR和N₂RR仍然面临着过电位高及法拉第效率低等问题。为了克服这些瓶颈,人们为提升CO₂RR和N₂RR电催化剂性能做出了很多努力。众所周知,电催化过程发生在催化剂表面,主要涉及质量传递和电子转移等过程。由此可见,催化剂的性能与其质量和电子传输能力密切相关,而调控催化剂表面结构可以优化活性点的质量和电子转移行为。电催化剂的缺陷和界面工程可通过表面原子工程来实现电子结构调控,对于提高气体吸附能力、抑制HER、富集气体及稳定中间产物等具有重要意义。到目前为止,所报道的各种缺陷和复合电催化剂在提高CO₂RR和N₂RR催化性能等方面均表现出巨大的潜力。在此,我们综述了CO₂RR和N₂RR中催化剂缺陷工程及界面工程的最新进展;首先讨论了四种不同的缺陷(空位、高指数晶面、晶格应变和晶格无序)对CO₂RR和N₂RR性能的影响;然后,总结了界面工程在聚合物-无机复合材料催化剂中的重要作用,并给出了典型实例;最后,展望了原子级电催化剂工程的发展前景,提出了开发和设计高效CO₂RR和N₂RR电催化剂的未来发展方向。     

2020 Roadmap on gas-involved photo-and electro-catalysis

In this roadmap, we address the development and perspectives of hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction and nitrogen reduction.     

Carbon support tuned electrocatalytic activity of a single-site metal–organic framework toward the oxygen reduction reaction

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess fantastic features such as structural diversity, tunable accessible pores and atomically dispersed active sites, holding tremendous potential as highly versatile platforms for fabricating single-site catalysts. The electrocatalytic activity of single-site MOFs can be improved and tuned via several approaches; however, the exploitation of different carbon supports to modulate the nature of single active sites in MOFs for electrocatalysis has not been reported. Here, we find that the electrocatalytic activity of single-site MOFs toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) can be tuned by using carbon nanomaterials, i.e., carbon nanotubes and graphene, as supports through MOF–support interactions in the manner of geometric and electronic effects. The introduction of MOF–support interactions not only greatly improves the electrocatalytic performance of MOFs toward the ORR in terms of onset and half-wave potentials and current density, but also alters the reaction pathway of the ORR. This finding provides a new horizon for the design and synthesis of single-site MOFs for electrocatalysis.

MOF–support interactions are proposed for the first time for tuning the electrocatalytic activity of single-site MOFs in the manner of geometric and electronic effects.     

二维材料电催化剂的构建及其CO2还原应用的研究进展

近年来,随着温室效应即全球变暖引发的环境问题越来越严峻,因此,CO2转化与再生引起了科学界的广泛关注,其中备受关注的是电催化CO2还原。而二维材料电催化剂可以将CO2还原为高附加值的多碳化合物,但催化剂的合成设计以及理论研究有待更多的研究。从发现石墨烯开始,二维材料的其他超薄层状结构的广泛研究逐渐出现。本文重点综述了石墨烯、MXenes、金属氧化物、二维MOFs和过渡金属硫族化合物等二维材料的构建以及其CO2还原电催化技术应用方面的最新进展,并简要的介绍了二维材料的分类和制备方法。讨论了电催化CO2还原的基本原理以及反应途径。指出了二维材料电催化剂面临的机遇和挑战,旨在对二维材料电催化剂的合成以及应用提供一些新的思路。     

Recent Progress on Bismuth-based Nanomaterials for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Due to the burning of fossil fuels, the level of carbon dioxide(CO₂) in the atmosphere gradually rises, leading to serious greenhouse effect and environmental problems. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO₂ is currently an efficient way to convert CO₂ to value-added products. Bismuth(Bi)-based nanomaterials have raised great interests due to their excellent activity and high selectivity to electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction. In this review, the fundamental principles of electrochemical CO₂ reduction reaction(CO₂RR) are introduced at first. Moreover, the recent development of Bi-based electrocatalytic materials including Bi with various nanostructures(nanoparticle, nanosheet, etc.), Bi-based compounds(Bi oxide, bimetal chalcogenide, etc.), and Bi/C nanocomposites are summarized. In the end, the future prospects and challenges of electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction are discussed.