聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥复合材料板的冲切性能

利用MTS试验机对聚乙烯醇纤维(PVA)/水泥复合材料板进行准静态冲切试验,研究了不同PVA纤维掺量对其破坏形态和承载力的影响。结果表明:掺入PVA纤维能够将水泥基板的破坏形态由脆性破坏转为延性破坏。PVA/水泥复合材料板的冲切极限荷载和耗能能力均随PVA纤维掺量增加而增大,其中耗能能力的增大更显著。进一步采用Instron 落锤冲击系统对PVA纤维体积分数为2vol%的PVA/水泥复合材料板进行动力冲切试验,研究冲切速度(2.0~4.2 m/s)对PVA/水泥复合材料板的破坏形态、初裂荷载、极限荷载、初始刚度及耗能性能的影响。结果表明:与准静态试验相比,冲切荷载作用下PVA/水泥复合材料板的极限荷载增大,而耗能减少;此外相对初裂荷载和耗能,极限荷载的冲切速度相关性最显著。基于上述结果,构建了纤维增强水泥复合材料四线型拉伸本构模型,并通过反算模型和塑性铰线方法对纤维增强水泥复合材料板的冲切力学性能进行模拟,并得到材料的本构参数。本研究可以为PVA/水泥复合材料的抗冲切设计提供技术支撑。      

玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料筋与工程水泥基复合材料黏结性能

为了研究玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）复合材料筋和工程水泥基复合材料（ECC）黏结性能的影响因素,对42个GFRP/ECC试件进行了拉拔试验,分析了GFRP复合材料筋表面形式、直径、ECC基体强度及保护层厚度等因素对GFRP复合材料筋与ECC基体黏结性能的影响。结果表明:GFRP/ECC试件的破坏形式主要有拔出破坏、筋剥离剪切破坏、劈裂破坏三种形式。表面带肋GFRP复合材料筋黏结强度比光滑GFRP复合材料筋高约66%;当ECC保护层厚度由1.5D（D为GFRP筋直径）增大至4D时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度提高了约58%;当GFRP复合材料筋直径为12~18 mm时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度随着GFRP复合材料筋直径的增大而降低;ECC强度由33.7 MPa增大至73.3 MPa时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度增大约3倍。增加GFRP复合材料筋表面形式复杂程度,或一定程度上提高ECC基体保护层厚度、提高ECC强度等级,有助于提高GFRP复合材料筋与ECC的黏结强度。      

不同纤维掺量下聚乙烯醇纤维/水泥复合材料徐变性能试验

通过对5组试件进行试验,研究了不同纤维掺量下聚乙烯醇纤维/水泥复合材料（PVA/ECC）的受压徐变性能。结果表明:PVA纤维的加入,降低了基材的密实度及弹性模量,使试件的徐变增加;在掺杂PVA纤维（体积分数为0~2vol%）的PVA/ECC试件中,PVA纤维掺量较高和掺量较低的试件徐变均较大,PVA纤维掺量适中的试件徐变较小;各组试件的徐变速率均具有前期快后期慢的特性,7天内发生的徐变可达总徐变的40%左右,60天内约为总徐变的80%,持荷约60天后,徐变逐渐趋于收敛。最后通过对试验值进行回归分析,提出了适用于PVA/ECC材料的徐变度数学计算模型及徐变系数预测模型。      

Simulation of crack propagation of fiber reinforced cementitious composite under direct tension

Mode I crack propagation in fiber reinforced cementitious composite is simulated based on fracture mechanics criteria. To analyze crack propagation, a superposition method is employed to calculate the stress intensity factor at the crack tip resulted from both the applied load and the crack bridging stress. Using the model, the effects of various material parameters on the tensile performance are investigated. The requirements for tensile strain-hardening and multiple cracking are analyzed and possible methods for material performance optimization are discussed. Finally, predicted behavior is verified by tensile and bending tests performed on two fiber reinforced cementitious composite beams.     

Microstructure variability and macroscopic composite properties of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

High performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites have made major advances in recent years, to the point where they are being adopted in building and bridge constructions. The most significant advantage of HPFRCC over conventional concrete is their high tensile ductility. However, the tensile strain capacity has been observed to vary, most likely as a result of the variability of the microstructure derived from the processing of these materials.This paper describes the composite property variability, as well as the variability of the material microstructure. Scale linkage is discussed. In particular, the tensile stress–strain curves, and the crack pattern on uniaxially loaded specimens are presented. The treatment of random fibers in micromechanical models, and tailoring of matrix flaw size distribution for saturated multiple cracking are examined. It is suggested that robust composite properties can be achieved by deliberate control of microstructure variability. Some open issues concerning the randomness of microstructures and possibly related macroscopic behavior are also identified. Further gains in composite property control may be expected from improvements in characterization and modeling of the microstructure randomness.     

不同纤维掺量下聚乙烯醇纤维增强工程水泥复合材料梁剪切韧性试验

为研究聚乙烯醇纤维增强工程水泥复合材料（PVA/ECC）无腹筋梁的剪切韧性,基于5组PVA/ECC梁受剪破坏试验结果,以剪切韧性指数和斜裂缝综合指数为指标,对不同纤维掺量下PVA/ECC梁的斜截面剪切韧性进行了研究与评价。结果表明:PVA纤维的掺入能改善梁的开裂性能,明显提高梁受荷全过程的变形能力及斜截面承载力,从而提高构件的剪切韧性;PVA纤维体积分数在0~2vol%范围内时,其值越大,加载过程中消耗的能量越多,斜截面抗剪承载力越高,破坏之前的总变形越大,梁的剪切韧性越好。      

短切纤维及预应力对玄武岩织物增强水泥基复合材料拉伸力学性能的影响

通过静态拉伸试验研究不同体积掺量的短切碳纤维、钢纤维、耐碱玻璃纤维及预应力对5层玄武岩织物增强水泥基复合材料(BTRC)拉伸性能的影响。试验结果表明:短切碳纤维、玻璃纤维可以提高基体和BTRC的开裂强度,且开裂强度随着碳纤维掺量的增加而增加;预应力使基体产生预压力,明显提高其开裂强度。短切纤维及预应力都显著提高BTRC的峰值荷载和韧性,但峰值应变基本不变;峰值荷载和韧性随着钢纤维掺量的增加而增加,体积分数为1.5vol%掺量时达到最大值;随着碳纤维掺量增加,峰值荷载和韧性先增加后减小,体积分数为1.0vol%掺量时最大。施加预应力且掺入短切碳纤维或钢纤维时,短切纤维增强的基体可以更好地承受张拉力释放后纤维束径向变形引起的环向应力,进一步提高了织物与基体界面的挤压作用力及摩擦力,从而增强效果最明显,峰值荷载分别增加50.4%和58.9%,韧性分别增加84.7%和79.5%。BTRC材料掺入短切玻璃纤维、钢纤维及施加预应力均可以增加其受力后的裂缝条数,减小裂缝间距和裂缝宽度。     

Evaluation of the consistency of fiber reinforced cementitious composites

The rheological properties of fresh concrete, mortar or cement paste are among the most important parameters when cementitious building materials are placed. New material designs, like high or ultrahigh performance concretes, include the addition of a high volume of fibers to the fresh mix influencing its workability properties. However, the analysis of the rheological properties of fiber reinforced cementitious composites is difficult. Conventional methods mostly do not apply, especially when a high fiber content and relatively stiff mixtures are used. For this reason, a new method was developed to evaluate the workability of fiber reinforced composites. This method was applied to carbon and PVA fiber reinforced high performance composites and was used to optimize the rheological properties of these composites for an application in a centrifugation casting process.     

Effect of hybrid fiber reinforcement on the cracking process in fiber reinforced cementitious composites

The simultaneous use of different types of fibers as reinforcement in cementitious matrix composites is typically motivated by the underlying principle of a multi-scale nature of the cracking processes in fiber reinforced cementitious composites. It has been hypothesized that while undergoing tensile deformations in the composite, the fibers with different geometrical and mechanical properties restrain the propagation and further development of cracking at different scales from the micro- to the macro-scale. The optimized design of the fiber reinforcing systems requires the objective assessment of the contribution of each type of fiber to the overall tensile response. Possible synergistic effects resulting from particular combinations of fibers need to be clearly identified. In the present study, the evaluation of the response of different fiber reinforced cementitious composite materials is carried out by assessing directly their tensile stress-crack opening behavior. The efficiency of hybrid fiber reinforcements and the multi-scale nature of cracking processes are discussed based on the experimental results obtained, as well as the micro-mechanisms underlying the contribution of different fibers to bridge cracks resulting from tensile loading.     

Effect of hybrid fiber reinforcement on the cracking process in fiber reinforced cementitious composites

The simultaneous use of different types of fibers as reinforcement in cementitious matrix composites is typically motivated by the underlying principle of a multi-scale nature of the cracking processes in fiber reinforced cementitious composites. It has been hypothesized that while undergoing tensile deformations in the composite, the fibers with different geometrical and mechanical properties restrain the propagation and further development of cracking at different scales from the micro- to the macro-scale. The optimized design of the fiber reinforcing systems requires the objective assessment of the contribution of each type of fiber to the overall tensile response. Possible synergistic effects resulting from particular combinations of fibers need to be clearly identified. In the present study, the evaluation of the response of different fiber reinforced cementitious composite materials is carried out by assessing directly their tensile stress-crack opening behavior. The efficiency of hybrid fiber reinforcements and the multi-scale nature of cracking processes are discussed based on the experimental results obtained, as well as the micro-mechanisms underlying the contribution of different fibers to bridge cracks resulting from tensile loading.     

碳纤维增强木材复合材料

碳纤维增强木材复合材料(CFRW)是新一代建筑材料、修补材料和装饰材料之一。在土木工程建筑、旧建筑的加固修补等方面得到广泛应用。CFRW不仅可提高材料的抗拉强度、压缩强度等,而且还赋予木材防菌防蚁、防水防腐、导电和电磁波屏蔽等新的功能。同时,可综合利用破碎木材及边角料,通过复合使其变废为宝。本文主要论述CFRW的制造、性质及其应用。     

低轴压比聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料中长柱抗震性能试验

已有对聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PVA/C)柱抗震性能的研究大多针对短柱,且PVA/C一般只在节点及其邻近部位局部设置。基于此,本文对低轴压比且沿柱全高设置的PVA/C中长柱进行低周反复荷载试验,变化参数为纤维体积分数ρ_f和体积配箍率ρ_v。通过试验,得出以下结论:所有试件均发生弯曲破坏;当ρ_f和ρ_v分别在试验设计范围内增大时,试件的裂缝控制能力、延性、截面转动能力及耗能能力均提高,刚度退化及承载力衰减速度减小;ρ_f的增大可较大程度提高试件开裂荷载,而对峰值荷载影响较小;ρ_f由0 vol%提高到2 vol%,位移延性系数、耗能比及开裂荷载分别提高52.9%、112.3%和51.1%;掺加适量纤维后,即使降低配箍率,试件也可保持良好的抗震性能和裂缝形态。根据本文试验数据并收集其他相关文献试验数据,拟合得出位移延性系数与ρ_f和ρ_v之间的关系式。最后总结了各类PVA/C柱抗震性能差异。      

Rate-dependent tensile behavior of high performance fiber reinforced cementitious composites

High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites (HPFRCC) show strain hardening behavior accompanied with multiple micro-cracks under static tension. The high ductility and load carrying capacity resulting from their strain hardening behavior is expected to increase the resisting capacity of structures subjected to extreme loading situations, e.g., earthquake, impact or blast. However, the promise of HPFRCCs for dynamic loading applications stems from their observed good response under static loading. In fact, very little research has been conducted to investigate if their good static response translates into improved dynamic response and damage tolerance. This experimental study investigates the tensile behavior of HPFRCC using High strength steel fibers (High strength hooked fiber and twisted fiber) under various strain rates ranging from static to seismic rates. The test results indicate that the tensile behavior of HPFRCC using twisted fiber shows rate sensitivity while that using hooked fiber shows no rate sensitivity. The results also show that rate sensitivity in twisted fibers is dependent upon both fiber volume fraction and matrix strength, which influences the interface bond properties.     

多尺度纤维增强水泥基复合材料力学性能试验

基于水泥基材料多尺度的结构特征及破坏过程,设计了一种由钢纤维、聚乙烯醇（PVA）纤维以及碳酸钙晶须构成的多尺度纤维增强水泥基复合材料（MSFRCC）,研究了其抗压强度、抗弯强度、弯曲韧性、多缝开裂形态以及断裂过程等基本力学性能。结果表明：基体材料的强度和韧性均得到了显著提高;MSFRCC在弯曲荷载作用下表现出了硬化行为和多缝开裂模式。扫描电子显微镜和断裂试验结果证实了多尺度纤维在水泥基复合材料破坏过程中发挥了多尺度阻裂作用。研究认为：通过对纤维进行多尺度组合设计,可以显著改善水泥基复合材料的韧性,廉价的碳酸钙晶须可以适量取代钢纤维和PVA纤维。     

Multiple effects of nano-SiO2 and hybrid fibers on properties of high toughness fiber reinforced cementitious composites with high-volume fly ash

This article explores multiple effects of nano-SiO₂ and hybrid fibers on the flowability, microstructure and flexural properties of high toughness fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Only a little negative influences of nano-SiO₂ and hybrid fibers on the flowability are observed. SEM and MIP analysis reveal that nano-SiO₂ results in much smaller pore size in the composites. However, the porosity increases gradually with nano-SiO₂ addition. Three-point bending test results show that nano-SiO₂ increases the flexural strength of the composites with nearly equivalent deformability, but higher strength of the matrix leads to wider cracks. Due to larger volume fraction and higher modulus, hybrid fibers effectively mitigate this adverse influence on crack width and further enhance the flexural strength. The composites reinforced with 1.4% steel fiber and 2.5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber exhibit the best flexural properties in the test. Finally, a simplified model is proposed to illustrate the reinforced mechanism of steel-PVA fibers.     

PVA纤维水泥基复合材料与钢筋粘结性能研究

PVA纤维水泥基复合材料与钢筋之间的粘结性能,是二者安全、稳定、耐久工作的前提和保证。通过中心拉拔实验,探讨了PVA纤维水泥基复合材料和钢筋粘结滑移研究中影响因素及本构关系问题,测试得到了粘结滑移曲线,通过对加载到破坏全过程的受力分析及基材中纤维的特性分析,在已有模型的基础上,根据振动阻尼的理论提出一种新的粘结-滑移本构关系模型。并与实验结果和已有模型比较。新构建的粘结-滑移本构关系能较好地反映PVA纤维水泥基复合材料和钢筋的受力全过程,与实验结果比较吻合。可为PVA纤维水泥基复合材料与钢筋性能的非线性有限元法分析提供参考和依据;为有关规程的修订提供了依据。     

纤维掺量对聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料动态压缩性能的影响

为探究超高韧性水泥基复合材料(UHTCC)的动态本构关系及纤维体积掺量对聚乙烯醇纤维增强水泥基复合材料(PVAFRCC)动态力学性能的影响,基于Φ80 mm霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置分别对不同纤维体积分数(Ovol%、0.5vol%、1vol%、1.5vol%、2vol%)的PVAFRCC试件进行冲击压缩试验,得到各类型材料在不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线。结果表明:在约110～270 s~(-1)的应变率范围内,与纤维掺量0vol%的基体(PVAFRCC-0)相比PVA纤维的掺入对动态强度增强因子(μ_(DIF))、冲击韧性和抗破碎能力有明显提高作用,并随纤维掺量的增加而进一步增强;掺2vol%PVA纤维UHTCC(即PVAFRCC-2)试件的μ_(DIF)和冲击韧性与基体相比分别提高了约33%～37%和27%～33%,其破碎产物的平均粒径是基体破碎产物的5.9～6.8倍。基于Weibull分布理论提出了适用于掺2vol%PVA纤维UHTCC试件的动态压缩本构模型。     

Modeling fracture of fiber reinforced polymer

In the present paper 3D rate sensitive constitutive model for modeling of laminate composites is presented. The model is formulated within the framework of continuum mechanics based on the principles of irreversible thermodynamics. The matrix (polyester resin) is modeled by employing a 3D rate sensitive microplane model. For modeling of fibers (glass) a uni-axial constitutive law is used. The fibers are assumed to be uniformly smeared-out over the matrix. The formulation is based on the assumption of strain compatibility between matrix and fibers. Total stress tensor is additively decomposed into the contribution of matrix and fibers, respectively. To model de-lamination of fibers, the matrix is represented by periodically distributed initial imperfection over the pre-defined bands, which are parallel to fibers. Physically, this assumption accounts for the matrix-fiber interface in a smeared way. The input parameters of the model are defined by the mechanical properties of matrix and fibers (elastic properties, strength and fracture energy), the volume fraction of fibers and by their spatial orientation. The model is implemented into a 3D finite element code. To assure mesh objective results crack band method is employed. The model is first calibrated using a few basic test results. Subsequently, the model is validated with several numerical examples for specimens loaded in uni-axial tension, uni-axial compression and shear. Comparison between numerical and test results shows that the proposed model is able to predict the resistance and failure mode of complex fiber-reinforced composite for different orientation of fibers and different loading conditions with sufficient accuracy. Finally, based on the qualitative type of the finite element analysis, it is demonstrated that the strain rate dependency becomes more important when the angle between the fiber and load direction increases.     

Effect of shrinkage reducing admixture on flexural behaviors of fiber reinforced cementitious composites

The use of shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) at various concentrations was investigated in fiber reinforced cementitious composites. Both mortar and high strength concrete (HSC) matrices were tested. Two types of fibers—steel and polypropylene—were assessed. The effect of SRA was measured on the fundamental properties such as surface tension of the bulk fluids and the contact angle developed between the fibers and the bulk fluids, on the fresh properties such as the air content and the density, and finally on the hardened mechanical properties, specially the flexural behaviors. It was noted that SRA enhances the wettability of fibers and reduces the air content of fiber reinforced cement mortars, while critical SRA concentrations are existing. SRA with critical concentration can significantly improve the flexural toughness and residual strength of steel fiber reinforced cement mortar. In the case of polypropylene fiber, SRA is not as effective in enhancing the flexural behaviors as it is in the case of steel fiber. SRA is generally ineffective in reducing the air content of HSC and the properties of steel fiber reinforced HSC with SRA are inferior to those without SRA.