帕米尔弧东段逆冲推覆构造特征

帕米尔弧形构造带是青藏高原碰撞挤压表现最明显的地区之一。通过构造剖面和地震剖面解释,认为帕米尔弧东段逆冲推覆构造具有分带性特点,自南西向北东方向可以划分为逆冲推覆构造的根带、中带、锋带与锋前带,相应地发育叠瓦状逆冲断层、冲断褶皱、断层相关褶皱、单斜构造等不同的构造组合。对逆冲推覆锋带中苏盖特和阿克陶生长背斜、生长地层及形成时序分别进行了研究,确定了帕米尔弧形逆冲推覆构造以前展式（背驮式）向前陆方向扩展,逆冲推覆始于上新世,并一直持续到早更新世。弧形构造东西两段逆冲推覆运动方式和地层缩短量有很大差异：西段为与挤压方向垂直的逆冲,而东段为斜冲兼顺时针走滑;西段地层缩短量大于东段。     

青藏高原中段古近纪早期古构造演化

青藏高原古近纪早期发育大量区域逆冲推覆构造系统, 典型实例如冈底斯逆冲断裂系、纳木错西逆冲推覆构造、伦坡拉逆冲推覆构造、唐古拉山北逆冲推覆构造、东昆仑南部左旋斜冲断裂系。古近纪逆冲推覆构造对古新世—始新世沉积盆地具有重要控制和改造作用。冈底斯古新世—始新世早期发育大量中酸性岩浆侵入和多期中酸性火山喷发, 岩石Sr/Y-Y地球化学显示为岛弧岩浆岩, 推断与古近纪早期新特提斯残留古大洋板块俯冲存在成因联系。古近纪早期新特提斯残留大洋板块俯冲向印度大陆板块俯冲的转换时代约为46-45 Ma, 转换期前逆冲推覆构造运动与新特提斯残留古大洋板块俯冲存在密切关系; 转换期后印度大陆板块俯冲导致更为强烈的逆冲推覆构造运动和挤压缩短变形, 不仅使早期很多逆冲推覆构造继续发生构造运动, 还在喜马拉雅、冈底斯、风火山、东昆仑南部形成大量新的逆冲推覆构造系统。     

秦岭略阳—白水江地区双向推覆构造及形成机制

秦岭勉县—略阳板块缝合带在略阳地区构造样式总体表现为以一系列韧性逆冲断层为骨架,不同岩片(块)由北向南逆冲叠置的叠瓦状构造系,并在北部以状元碑走滑剪切转换带为界与白水江—光头山自南向北的逆冲推覆构造系构成不对称双向推覆构造。两大推覆构造系结构构造分别具有明显的分带性。略阳逆冲构造系包括:前缘褶皱—逆冲带、中部逆冲叠瓦带和后缘逆冲带;白水江—光头山逆冲推覆构造系由前锋推覆带、中部褶皱—逆冲带和根带组成,并显示前展式扩展方式。双向推覆构造形成于印支晚期—燕山早期,是扬子板块北缘碧口地块与南秦岭地块强烈碰撞造山的产物,反映了板块边界对造山带构造变形样式的控制作用以及造山带结构构造的复杂性。     

青藏高原中段渐新世逆冲推覆构造

青藏高原中段渐新世发育大规模逆冲推覆构造,在地块边界与汇聚部位形成大型逆冲推覆构造体系,典型实例如东昆仑南部逆冲推覆构造系统、羌塘地块北侧逆冲推覆构造系统、伦坡拉—安多—索县逆冲推覆构造系统、冈底斯逆冲推覆构造系统、喜马拉雅山脉主中央逆冲系。大部分逆冲断层呈现叠瓦状排列,指示自北向南逆冲推覆构造运动方向,与印度大陆北向俯冲存在动力学成因联系。高精度同位素测年资料显示,喜马拉雅山脉主中央逆冲系与羌塘地块北侧风火山逆冲推覆构造初始发育时代均早于35 Ma,东昆仑南部逆冲推覆构造运动与风火山相关岩浆侵位年龄为28.8～26.5 Ma。青藏高原腹地强烈逆冲推覆构造运动结束于早中新世五道梁群湖相沉积之前。青藏高原渐新世逆冲推覆构造运动对地壳缩短增厚与均衡隆升具有重要贡献。     

藏北改则新生代早期逆冲推覆构造系统

藏北改则及邻区新生代早期发育大型逆冲推覆构造系统,由不同方向的逆冲断层、不同时代的构造岩片、不同规模的飞来峰和构造窗、不同类型的褶皱构造组成。羌塘中部发育羌中薄皮推覆构造,石炭系板岩和二叠系白云质灰岩自北向南逆冲推覆于上白垩统与古近系红层之上,形成大型逆冲岩席和弧形逆冲断层,原地系统古近纪红层下伏三叠系—侏罗系海相烃源岩。羌塘南部发育南羌塘薄皮推覆构造,导致班公—怒江蛇绿岩、三叠系—侏罗系海相地层及侏罗纪混杂岩自北向南逆冲推覆于古近纪红层与下白垩统海相沉积岩层之上,形成三条蛇绿岩片带、大量飞来峰和厚度较大的构造片岩。中新世早期火山岩层和湖相沉积呈角度不整合覆盖逆冲断层、褶皱构造和逆冲岩席,不整合面上覆火山岩年龄为23.7～19.1Ma,指示中新世早期改则及邻区基本结束了强烈逆冲推覆构造运动。估算羌中逆冲推覆构造的推覆距离约100～115km,南羌塘逆冲推覆构造的推覆距离约82～110km;新生代早期改则逆冲推覆构造系统近南北方向逆冲推覆总距离为182～225km,对应地壳缩短率为(50.3±2.7)%。     

青藏高原中部色林错—伦坡拉逆冲推覆构造系统

通过野外地质观测结合地震反射剖面综合构造解释,在青藏高原中部色林错—伦坡拉古近纪沉积凹陷及邻区厘定3条较大规模的逆冲推覆构造,由逆冲断层、逆冲岩席、飞来峰、构造窗及伴生褶皱组成。沿班公—怒江缝合带发育赛布错—扎加藏布逆冲推覆构造,伦坡拉盆地北部发育双重推覆构造,拉萨地块北缘发育色林错—吴如错逆冲推覆构造,估算推覆距离分别为38~50 km。羌塘地块南缘自北向南逆冲推覆,拉萨地块北缘自南向北逆冲推覆,两者对冲导致色林错古近纪盆地及沉积地层发生比较强烈的褶皱变形,形成宽约20 km大型向斜构造。色林错—伦坡拉逆冲推覆构造运动开始时间为晚白垩世晚期,古近纪不同时期均发育逆冲断层,前锋逆冲断层和底部拆离滑脱构造主要形成时期为古近纪晚期—中新世早期。古近纪逆冲推覆构造对伦坡拉和色林错河湖相沉积盆地、烃源岩形成演化、油气成藏及保存条件具有显著控制作用。     

羌塘盆地结构构造与油气勘探方向

羌塘盆地是我国陆域大型中生代海相沉积盆地,富含烃源岩,但结构构造非常复杂。结合野外观测及相关资料对地震反射剖面进行地质构造详细解释,良好地揭示了羌塘盆地结构和深部构造。羌塘盆地逆冲推覆构造延伸存在显著差别,北羌塘凹陷多格错仁逆冲推覆构造、阿木错逆冲推覆构造与南羌塘凹陷肖茶卡—双湖逆冲推覆构造、多玛—其香错逆冲推覆构造仅发育于盆地表层0~3km深度范围,北羌塘凹陷龙尾错逆冲推覆构造、羌中隆起北缘逆冲推覆构造、南羌塘凹陷赛布错—扎加藏布逆冲推覆构造、拉萨地块北缘色林错逆冲推覆构造系统自地表向深部延伸深度超过6km,羌塘盆地深部还发育中生界底部逆冲系和基底逆冲系,伴有不同规模的褶皱构造。逆冲推覆构造形成活动时代包括晚白垩世、古近纪早期和古近纪晚期,晚白垩世与古近纪早期逆冲推覆构造运动导致构造隆升的裂变径迹年龄分别为87±5~75±4Ma、64±5~46±4Ma。经过多期逆冲推覆构造改造和褶皱变形,羌塘盆地中生界海相沉积地层与烃源岩显著增厚,为新生代晚期二次生烃及油气成藏提供了非常有利的地质构造条件;北羌塘凹陷发育万安湖向斜、半岛湖背斜、东湖向斜、阿木错向斜,南羌塘凹陷发育宁日圈闭、鲁雄错背斜、诺尔玛错圈闭、协德圈闭、崩则错圈闭,羌中隆起下伏侏罗系和三叠系烃源岩,色林错下白垩统下伏古近纪湖相沉积,这些构造部位都是油气勘探的重要靶区。     

西藏北部新生代大型逆冲推覆构造与唐古拉山的隆起

西藏北部唐古拉山地区新生代发育一大型逆冲推覆构造,推覆构造带走向与唐古拉山脉延伸方向一致,主体呈NW-SE向展布,由北部乌兰乌拉湖—巴庆构造带(锋带)、雀莫错—改纳构造带(中带)和南部各拉丹东—鄂碎玛构造带(根带)构成,构造样式上由根带到锋带表现为:高角度叠瓦逆冲构造、褶皱—逆冲构造和中低角度叠瓦逆冲构造,逆冲推覆运动方向由南西向北东,并在推覆构造带北侧发育新生代沱沱河前陆盆地。同构造岩浆侵入体同位素年代学和前陆盆地沉积充填序列演化表明,推覆构造形成时限为67.1～23.8Ma。推覆构造形成演化受控于印度—欧亚板块碰撞造山和其后印度板块持续向北俯冲动力学体制,并造成唐古拉山地区地壳在始新世—渐新世的强烈缩短、增厚和唐古拉山脉的隆起。     

大兴安岭北部漠河逆冲推覆构造的特征及演化

漠河逆冲推覆构造发育在上黑龙江盆地的西北侧,是漠河地区的主要构造样式。逆冲推覆构造在空间上由一系列规模大小不等、近平行排列的逆冲断层构成,剖面上表现为犁式逆冲断裂所构成的单冲式叠瓦状构造。按其岩石组合、变形变质特征和推覆体不同可划分为4条构造分带。推覆方向总体由NW向SE,具有前展式的扩展方式,运移距离大于4 km,形成于晚侏罗世中期—早白垩世中期。并在较为系统研究漠河逆冲推覆构造特征的基础上,探讨了其生成演化的过程。     

米仓山推覆构造的结构样式及演化特征

采用变形剖面和平衡剖面综合分析方法研究米仓山地区中新生代构造格局，得出该区构造样式为一大型东西向和北东向叠加的推覆滑脱构造，变形剖面总体格局为推覆—断展复式背斜，次级变形单元具叠瓦扇、逆冲岩席、断展褶皱、层滑褶皱等多种样式。推覆构造演化经历了断展隆起、逆冲推覆、逆掩滑脱和复合叠加变形阶段。     

塔西北柯坪剪切挤压构造

塔里木西北的柯坪地区存在着再变形的逆冲岩席。研究表明塔里木盆地西北边界断层－阿合奇断层为一巨型左行走滑断层。它在新生代的总走滑量达３０４ｋｍ,具有与塔里木盆地东南边界阿尔金断层相同量级的走滑量。阿合奇断层与阿尔金断层造成了阿合奇－西昆仑－西南塔里木－阿尔金断层剪切挤压构造系统。     

扬子陆块西缘石棉大水沟岩片变形变质特征

经近年研究，石棉大水沟岩片边界断裂为韧性剪切带，具逆冲-推覆性质，在中生代碰撞造山过程中逆冲叠置在扬子陆块之上。该岩片经历了晚二叠世裂谷变质、晚三叠世末至早中侏罗世滑脱-收缩动热变质和晚侏罗世热隆接触变质等三期主要变形、变质作用，尤其是后两期影响最深刻，奠定了现今热隆构造，并伴有赚矿床的形成。大水沟热隆，具陆陆碰撞地壳加厚，剪切增热，熔融岩浆底辟上隆的演化特点，属岩浆热隆。     

天山东段推覆构造研究

本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。     

Neoproterozoic collisional metamorphism in overthrust terranes of the Trans-Angarian Yenisey Ridge,Siberia

Four polymetamorphic complexes in the vicinity of regional faults in the Trans-Angarian region of the Yenisey Ridge were studied to determine their metamorphic evolution and to elucidate distinctive features of the regional geodynamic processes. Based on our geological and petrological studies using geothermobarometry and P–T path calculations, we show that a Neoproterozoic medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite-sillimanite type at c. 850 Ma overprinted regionally metamorphosed low-pressure andalusite-bearing rocks. A positive correlation between rock ages and P–T estimates for the kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism provides evidence for regional structural and tectonic heterogeneity. The medium-pressure recrystallization was characterized by (1) localized distribution of metamorphic zones in the area directly underlying thrust faults with a measured thickness of 2.5–8 km; (2) syntectonic formation of kyanite-bearing mineral assemblages related to thrusting; (3) gradual increase in metamorphic pressure towards the thrust faults associated with a low metamorphic field gradient (from 1–7 to 12°C/km); and (4) equally steep burial P–T paths recorded for the highest grade rocks. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and are evidence of near-isothermal loading in accordance with the transient emplacement of thrust sheets. The proposed model for tectono-metamorphic evolution of the study areas due to crustal thickening at high thrusting rates and subsequent rapid exhumation explains these tectonic features. Data analysis allowed us to consider the medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelites as a product of collisional metamorphism, reflecting unidirectional thrusting of Siberian cratonal blocks onto Yenisey Ridge along regional deep faults (Angara, Mayakon, and Chapa areas) and by opposite movements in the zone of secondary splay faults (Garevka area).     

燕山西段及北京西山晚中生代逆冲构造格局及其地质意义

燕山西段及北京西山晚中生代逆冲构造集中分布于三个NE向带状区域中,三个带状区域的间隔约为60km,延伸长度自东向西依次减小,呈现出明显的逆冲构造发育的三角形区域。三角形区域的北界为“内蒙地轴”南缘断裂西段,南西界与中元古代早期古盆地构造边界一致,东南部边界则与华北克拉通基底新太古代-古元古代中部碰撞造山带的东部边界大致吻合。逆冲构造具有基底卷入的厚皮构造与盖层内部的薄皮构造共存的构造属性,上盘运动方向总体指向NW,逆冲构造变形主要发生在140~130Ma。逆冲后伸展构造变形以发育在主要逆冲构造后侧为主,并利用先存构造薄弱带。先存构造薄弱带在有利区域构造应力和其他影响因素的作用下导致的构造活化,可能是燕山板内构造变形的重要机制之一。主要逆冲变形前后均有大规模岩浆活动的构造-岩浆时空组合表明,收缩构造造成地壳加厚及由此引发的深部地壳重熔,难以作为统一的机制对这些特征进行合理阐释,需要有其他方式的深部热物质与能量的参与。北京西山霞云岭—长操、教军场—大安山以及马兰—胡林等逆冲断层,是一个统一的大规模的逆冲构造的不同组成部分,具典型、连续的断坪-断坡结构,它形成于髫髻山组(148~146Ma)之后、南窖闪长岩(128Ma)侵入之前,而不是“印支期(或更早)”,它与南大寨—八宝山逆冲构造构成北京西山晚中生代逆冲构造格局。区域性的NW-SE向收缩构造作用及南大寨—八宝山逆冲构造上覆岩席的构造加载,可能是北京西山的蓝晶石带和硬绿泥石带为代表的高压动力变质作用的基本构造原因。     

河南省西峡─淅川─内乡─带燕山潮冲断推覆构造研究

本文在区域地质填图的基础上,通过详细的中型构造研究和区域地质特征分析,确立了研究区的冲断推覆构造格局,讨论了浅层次冲断层带内部的构造几何学特征及冲断推覆构造运动学问题。本区晚燕山期由北向南的冲断推覆作用,控制了区内地层与岩浆岩带的展布,导致了变质相带的缺失和变质梯度的倒置,并造成了上百公里的上部地壳缩短。研究表明,纵向的区域性高角度断裂（商－丹断裂）不是重要的大地构造单元分界线。     

Kyanite–sillimanite metamorphism of the Precambrian complexes,Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge

Four Precambrian metamorphic complexes in the vicinity of regional faults in the Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge were examined. Based on geothermobarometry and P-T path calculations, our geological and petrological studies showed that the Neoproterozoic medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite–sillimanite type overprinted regionally metamorphosed low-pressure andalusite-bearing rocks at about 850 Ma. A positive correlation between rock ages and P-T estimates for the kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism provide evidence of the regional structural and tectonic heterogeneity. The medium-pressure metamorphism was characterized by (1) the development of deformational structures and textures, and kyanite-bearing blastocataclasites (blastomylonites) with sillimanite, garnet, and staurolite after andalusite-bearing regional metamorphic rocks; (2) insignificant apparent thickness of the zone of medium-pressure zonal metamorphism (from 2.5 to 7 km), which was localized in the vicinity of the overthrusts; (3) a low metamorphic field gradient during metamorphism (from 1–7 to 12 °C/km); and (4) a gradual increase in lithostatic pressure towards the thrust faults. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and are evidence for near-isothermal loading. This event was justified within the framework of the crustal tectonic thickening model via rapid overthrusting and subsequent rapid uplifting and erosion. The results obtained allowed us to consider medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelites as a product of collision metamorphism, formed either by unidirectional thrusting of rock blocks from Siberian craton onto the Yenisei Ridge in the zones of regional faults (Angara, Mayakon, and Chapa areas) or by opposite movements in the zone of splay faults of higher orders (Garevka area).     

The Central Southern Alps (N. Italy) paleoseismic zone: a comparison between field observations and predictions of fault mechanics

The internal sectors of the Orobic Alps (Northern Italy) are characterised by Alpine age regional shortening showing a transition, through time, from plastic to brittle deformation. Thrust faults cut Alpine ductile folds and are marked by cataclasites and, locally, by pseudotachylytes, suggesting that motion was accommodated by seismic frictional slip. In the Eastern Orobic Alps the thrusting initiated at depths deeper than 10 km (the emplacement depth of the Adamello pluton) and possibly continued at shallower depths. This demonstrates that thrust motion occurred between 10 km depth and the brittle-ductile transition, i.e., at mid-crustal depths. The Orobic Alps exhumed paleoseismic zone shows different geometries along strike. In the central sectors of the Orobic Alps, thrust faults, associated with pseudotachylytes, have average dips around 40° and show no pervasive veining. Much steeper thrusts (dips up to about 85°) occur in the eastern Orobic Alps. In this area, faults are not associated with pervasive veining, i.e., fluid circulation was relatively scarce. This suggests that faulting did not occur with supralithostatic fluid pressure conditions. These reverse faults are severely misoriented (far too steep) for fault reactivation in a sublithostatic fluid pressure regime. We suggest that thrust motion likely started when the faults were less steep and that the faults were progressively rotated up to the present day dips. Domino tilting is probably responsible for this subsequent fault steepening, as suggested by a decrease of the steepness of thrust faults from north to south and by systematic rotations of previous structures consistently with tilting of thrust blocks. When the faults became inclined beyond the fault lock-up angle, no further thrusting was accommodated along them. At later stages regional shortening was accommodated by newly formed lower angle shear planes (dipping around 30–40°), consistently with predictions from fault mechanics.     

南大巴山冲断构造及其剪切挤压动力学机制

南大巴山是一个形成于T3－K1，滑脱深度小于8－10km 的扬于板块北缘薄皮冲断锲它主要由发育在显生宙地层中台阶状逆断层及断层相关褶皱构成的逆冲岩席、双重推覆体和冲起构造等组成。变形扩展以前列式为主。经平衡地质剖面制作，因冲断南大巴山地壳缩短率平均达49.3％。并以每年约1.28mm 的速率总体缩短约64km，它的成因受控于秦岭碰撞造山过程中扬于板块北缘A型俯冲所提供挤压应力，在向南扩展时，由于古大陆边缘形态不一所诱发的右旋剪切挤压动力学机制。     

造山带弧形构造——西昆仑—帕米尔弧及其预测

对比利牛斯等造山带典型弧形构造的分析表明,弧形构造是造山带尤其是板内碰撞造山带的普遍特征,可分为挤压逆冲-推覆主动型构造和推覆-滑覆被动型弧形构造。西昆仑—帕米尔是与比利牛斯Basque弧在空间形态、运动学及动力学特征等方面一致的挤压逆冲-推覆主动型弧形构造,推测该弧中部存在一巨大的底部低角度逆掩断层并由根部带向北延伸达100多公里,康西瓦断裂(基底缝合带)可能是主根部逆冲断层带。