昆虫病毒杀虫剂的安全性实验研究

目的：了解昆虫病毒杀虫剂的安全性。方法：通过对棉铃虫核型多角体病毒，茶小卷叶蛾颗粒体病毒，苜蓿银蚊夜蛾核型多角体病毒，菜青虫病毒，松毛虫质型多角体病毒，蟑螂细小病毒以及棉铃虫病毒的两种基因重组工程体8种昆虫病毒杀虫剂进行安全性实验研究。结果：表明它们均无毒性，无致病性，无致敏反应，无致突变和无致畸性，相对于化学农药更为安全。结论：不产生不良作用或影响是昆虫病毒的宿主专一，作用特异性强的感染性状决定的。对其无期危害及安全性的探讨，仍是必须予以密切注视和进一步研究的。     

茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒急性毒性和致病性研究

由某公司提供的茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒,病毒含量为10^9PIB／ml,属生物杀虫剂。该病毒作为生物杀虫剂首次登记。根据中华人民共和国农业部2001年发布的《农药登记资料要求》和GB15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》,并参照国内外关于生物杀虫剂安全性评价方法对茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒进行毒理学评价。经4周致病性观察,茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒在实验中表现为低毒性、无刺激性、无致病性反应,是天然生物杀虫剂。现将实验结果报告如下。     

松毛虫质型多角体病毒杀虫剂安全性毒理学试验研究

近年来,生物杀虫剂作为农药新品种在市场上日益增多。为了解松毛虫质型多角体病毒杀虫剂的安全性,对其毒性、致病性以及刺激性等进行了安全性毒理学试验,结果如下。1　材料受试物由广西南宁天罡生物工程有限公司和武汉大学病毒所提供,有效浓度为1×1 0 7多角体/ ml。实验动物Wis-tar大鼠及大耳白兔,由湖北省医学实验动物中心提供,封闭群白色豚鼠由武汉生物制品研究所提供。实验前经健康观察1周,符合实验要求。2　方法2 .1　急性经口L D50 　选用初成年Wistar大鼠2 0只,雌雄各半,雄性体重1 78～2 0 6 g,雌性体重1 70～1 86 g。动物隔夜禁食…     

粪便微生物检验在诊断小儿腹泻中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨粪便微生物检验在诊断小儿腹泻中的临床应用价值。方法 对龙岩市新罗区疾病预防控制中心2021年11月至2022年11月收到的150例粪便样本进行回顾性分析,所有样本均来源于腹泻患儿。对所有粪便样本进行微生物检验,记录致病微生物检出情况。结果 150例腹泻患儿的粪便样本经微生物检验后,其中118例检出致病微生物,检出率为78.67%(118/150)。在检出的致病微生物中,病毒检出率最高,为55.08%,包括腺病毒、诺如病毒、小双节病毒、A组轮状病毒、C组轮状病毒以及星状病毒,其中A组轮状病毒与诺如病毒检出率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,A组轮状病毒与诺如病毒检出率均高于腺病毒、小双节病毒、C组轮状病毒以及星状病毒（P<0.05）,腺病毒、小双节病毒、C组轮状病毒以及星状病毒的检出率对比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。细菌检出率次之,为37.29%,包括志贺菌、沙门菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌与产毒性大肠杆菌,其中志贺菌检出率较沙门菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌与产毒性大肠杆菌高（P<0.05）,沙门菌、致泻性大肠埃希菌与产毒性大肠杆菌检出率差异无统计学意义（P>...     

某苯醚甲环唑复合农药的安全性评价

目的 对某苯醚甲环唑复合农药进行毒理学安全性评价,了解样品的安全性.方法 据GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》,用大鼠和新西兰白兔及豚鼠分别对该样品进行急性经口、经皮和吸入毒性试验,急性皮肤刺激、致敏试验及急性眼刺激试验.结果 急性经口和经皮毒性试验动物未见明显中毒症状,试验期间未见动物死亡....     

叶蝉散致突变试验研究

叶蝉散又名异丙威,属氨基甲酸酯类农药。经急性毒性试验表明:大鼠经口LD_(50)为259.22 mg/kg,属中等毒性农药;在慢性毒性试验中发现各剂量组均出现肿瘤,但其发生率与农药剂量无相关关系。为全面评价本品的安全性,本文研究了叶蝉散     

稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒母药对人胚肺成纤维细胞的毒性

选用常规培养至22代人胚肺成纤维细胞(WI38)进行试验,分别将200个WI38细胞/瓶的密度接种于30培养瓶内,设阴性对照组、对照组和染毒组。WI38细胞与稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒母药作用1 h后,对照组WI38细胞置于37℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养14 d可见细胞集落的形成;阴性对照组、对照组、染毒组的细胞集落形成率分别为1.25%、5.15%、0.5%,染毒组与对照组比较细胞集落形成率显著降低(P0.05)。提示稻纵卷叶螟颗粒体病毒母药对WI38细胞具有细胞毒性作用。     

生物杀虫剂—茶蚕颗粒体病毒的细胞学研究

用生物杀虫剂茶蚕颗粒体病毒接种中国仓鼠肺细胞（ＣＨＬ）和鸡胚细胞未能引起细胞病变，茶蚕颗粒病毒亦不能在其中增殖，接种病毒颗粒后５天的原代细胞和盲代３代的细胞超薄切片的电镜观察未发现病毒包涵体。ＣＨＬ细胞的空斑实验证实了该病毒未感染ＣＨＬ细胞，但进行的ＣＨＬ细胞微核试验出现可疑阳性结果，提示茶蚕颗粒体病毒制剂中某些物质可能会引起遗传物质的改变     

有机锡农药的安全性评价

目的 评价有机锡农药的安全性。方法 按GB 15670-1995农药登记毒理学试验方法对5种有机锡农药进行急性经口、经皮毒性试验，家兔眼刺激试验及家兔急性皮肤刺激试验。结果 5种有机锡农药急性经口毒性、急性经皮毒性均属低毒级，对眼的刺激强度有2种为中至重度刺激性，3种为重度刺激性。对皮肤的刺激强度2种为轻度刺激性，2种中等刺激性，1种强刺激性。结论 5种有机锡农药经口、经皮均属低毒农药制剂，对皮肤、眼粘膜的刺激较强，生产者和使用者要极其小心操作，注意安全保护。     

混配农药的安全性评价

目的评价混配农药的安全性。方法按GB 15670-1995农药登记毒理学试验方法对16种混配农药进行急性经口、经皮毒性试验，家兔眼刺激试验及家兔急性皮肤刺激试验。结果16种混配农药急性经口毒性7种为中等毒级，5种为低毒级，其余为微毒级。急性经皮毒性均属低毒级，对眼的刺激强度6种为中至重度刺激性，5种为中度刺激性，其余为轻度刺激性。对皮肤的刺激强度7种为中等刺激性，1种为轻度刺激性，其余为无刺激性。结论混配农药为乳油，一般经口、经皮的毒性比较高，对眼睛、皮肤粘膜的刺激性也较大，如果混配农药是可湿性粉剂，经口、经皮的毒性较低，对眼睛、皮肤粘膜的刺激性也较小。生产者和使用者要极其小心操作，注意安全保护。     

Prediction for the mixture toxicity of six organophosphorus pesticides to the luminescent bacterium Q67

Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are ubiquitous in the surface water as mixtures. To examine the mixture toxicity in the multi-component space, the uniform design (UD) which can explore the concentration changes with few experimental efforts was employed to design the mixtures. On the other hand, the fixed concentration ratio ray was applied into six UD mixtures and two equivalent-effect concentration mixtures to build the whole concentration–response curves to overcome the demerit of the classical “point-to-point” method. The experimental toxicities of six pesticides and their mixtures to the luminescent bacterium Q67 were determined. The mixture toxicities were predicted by two models, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). The results showed that all the mixture toxicities observed had no significant differences from the ones predicted by CA. However, the mixture toxicities were also well predicted by IA especially at the low-concentration section.     

芽孢杆菌降解有机磷农药的研究

目的 筛选出既能降解农药又有抑制霉菌的芽孢杆菌,并测定此芽孢杆菌的最佳生长条件。方法 本实验以有机磷农药为试验用培养基中惟一氮源筛选出10株能分解有机磷农药的芽孢杆菌,并测试其抑制霉菌作用,摸索菌株最适生长条件。结果 筛选得到的降解农药的7号菌株,有抑制霉菌生长作用,培养温度为35℃,pH7.0。结论 芽孢杆菌能够抑制霉菌并且降解有机磷农药。     

Ocular toxicity from pesticide exposure: A recent review

Toxic effects on eyes result from exposure to pesticides via inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact and ocular exposure. Exposure of unprotected eyes to pesticides results in the absorption in ocular tissue and potential ocular toxicity. Recent literature on the risks of ocular toxicity from pesticide exposure is limited. Ocular toxicity from pesticide exposure, including the dose-response relationship, has been studied in different animal species. Cholinesterase enzymes have been detected in animal ocular tissue, with evidence of organophosphate-induced inhibition. Pathological effects of pesticides have been observed in conjunctiva, cornea, lens, retina and the optic nerve. Pesticide exposure has been associated with retinopathy in agricultural workers and wives of farmers who used pesticides. Saku disease, an optico-autonomic peripheral neuropathy, has been described in Japan in people living in an area where organophosphates were used. Pesticide exposure is also associated with abnormal ocular movements. Progressive toxic ocular effects leading to defective vision are a serious health concern. Agricultural workers are at high risk of exposure to pesticides and associated ocular toxicity. Primary prevention is the appropriate method of protecting eyes from pesticide-related damage. This includes improved eye safety and care in workplaces, and effective pesticide regulation for maintenance of public eye health.     

Mammalian safety of microbial agents for vector control: a WHO Memorandum

This Memorandum outlines recommended safety tests for application to biological agents under consideration for widespread use for pest control. The basic principles utilized in developing these recommendations were that: (i) the hazards presented by microbial pesticides are inherently different from those associated with chemical pesticides and the tests used to determine hazard potential to man should reflect this; (ii) a high proportion of negative results is likely; (iii) tiered testing systems should be used; negative data obtained at any level would obviate the need for further testing; (iv) the primary tier testing protocols should be designed to expose test animals to the microbial agents under conditions that provide maximum opportunity for the expression of any adverse effects.     

Agricultural Pesticides in Mississippi Delta Oxbow Lake Sediments During Autumn and Their Effects on Hyalella azteca

Agricultural pesticide contamination of sediments from five Mississippi Delta oxbow lakes and their effects and bioavailablity to Hyalella azteca were assessed during a low-application season—autumn. Three reference oxbow lakes were located in the White River National Wildlife Refuge (WRNWR), Arkansas and two impaired lakes, according to the US Environmental Agency Sect. 303 (d) Clean Water Act, were located in Mississippi. Surface sediment (top 5 cm) was collected at three sites within each lake and analyzed for 17 current and historic-use pesticides and metabolites. Chronic 28-day H. azteca sediment bioassays and pesticide body residue analyses were completed to determine the degree of biological responses and bioavailability. The greatest number of detectable pesticides in WRNWR and 303 (d) sediment samples was 9 and 12, respectively, with historic-use pesticide metabolite, p,p′-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] ubiquitous. No significant (p > 0.05) differences in animal survival were observed among sites. Animal growth was significantly (p < 0.05) less at only one site in a 303 (d)-listed lake (Macon Lake). Only six pesticides were observed in H. azteca with current-use pesticides detected at three sites; historic-use pesticides and metabolites detected at 11 sites. Animal body residues of a historic-use pesticide (dieldrin) and metabolite (p,p′-DDE) were associated with observed growth responses. Results show limited current-use pesticide contamination of sediments and H. azteca body tissues during autumn and that historic-use pesticides and metabolites are the primary contributors to observed biological responses.     

Japanese encephalitis virus live-attenuated vaccine, Chinese strain SA14-14-2; adaptation to primary canine kidney cell cultures and preparation of a vaccine for human use

The Japanese encephalitis (JE) live-attenuated vaccine virus clone SA₁₄-14-2 was adapted to grow in primary canine kidney (PCK) cell culture, and vaccine seeds and a first lot of vaccine were prepared in these cells. Characterization of the PCK-grown virus by various laboratory and animal tests indicated that passage in PCK did not result in detectable phenotypic or genome changes for this virus clone. Markers of attenuation included small plaque size, lack of intracerebral virulence for weanling mice, minimal neurovirulence for rhesus monkeys and a distinct nucleotide pattern compared to the parent SA₁₄ non-attenuated virus. In addition, the seeds and vaccine were free of any detectable adventitious microbial agents that would render these materials unsafe for human immunization. Small-scale clinical trials of the JE SA₁₄-14-2 PCK vaccine can now proceed to test the human safety of this product.     

Japanese encephalitis virus live-attenuated vaccine, Chinese strain SA14-14-2; adaptation to primary canine kidney cell cultures and preparation of a vaccine for human use

The Japanese encephalitis (JE) live-attenuated vaccine virus clone SA₁₄-14-2 was adapted to grow in primary canine kidney (PCK) cell culture, and vaccine seeds and a first lot of vaccine were prepared in these cells. Characterization of the PCK-grown virus by various laboratory and animal tests indicated that passage in PCK did not result in detectable phenotypic or genome changes for this virus clone. Markers of attenuation included small plaque size, lack of intracerebral virulence for weanling mice, minimal neurovirulence for rhesus monkeys and a distinct nucleotide pattern compared to the parent SA₁₄ non-attenuated virus. In addition, the seeds and vaccine were free of any detectable adventitious microbial agents that would render these materials unsafe for human immunization. Small-scale clinical trials of the JE SA₁₄-14-2 PCK vaccine can now proceed to test the human safety of this product.     

Effects of different plant protection programs on soil microbes

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of two pesticide regimens (conventional full insurance compared with supervised and reduced pesticide use) and two cultivation techniques (conventional tillage and fertilization compared with no tillage and lower fertilization) on soil microbes in a field study, and to evaluate the results with laboratory tests. The herbicides used were chlorsulfuron, MCPA, and bentazone; the fungicides carboxin-imazalin and propiconazole; and the insecticides dimethoate and pirimicarb. In the field studies, the effects on microbial biota were assessed by measuring biomass (ATP content) and microbial activities related to carbon and nitrogen metabolism (soil respiration, nitrification potential). Potential harmful effects of commercial formulations of the same pesticides on microbes were studied in the laboratory with two bacterial toxicity tests (Pseudomonas putida growth inhibition and Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition tests) and with a soil respiration inhibition test. Bioavailability of the pesticides in the soil was assessed by a solid-phase modification of the luminescent bacteria test. In the field studies the microbial activities and biomass followed the weather conditions during the growing season, and significant effects of pesticide treatments on microbial processes were not observed. In the laboratory studies the toxicity of certain pesticides was clearly detected by bacterial toxicity tests. However, in the soil respiration inhibition assessment with soil similar to that used in the field trial, inhibition was observed only at unrealistically high concentrations. This could be due to the limited bioavailability of the pesticides in soil of high clay and organic carbon content.     

Effects of the pesticides captan, deltamethrin, isoproturon, and pirimicarb on the microbial community of a freshwater sediment

In three microcosm experiments, we exposed microbial communities of a natural sediment to environmentally relevant concentrations of the fungicide captan, the herbicide isoproturon, and the insecticides deltamethrin and pirimicarb. Exposure concentrations were estimated negligible concentrations (NCs), maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs), and 100 times MPC (100MPC). Experimental endpoints were microbial community respiration and biomass, bacterial activity, and denitrification. All four pesticides inhibited bacterial activity by 20 to 24% at MPC, which corresponded to concentrations in the range of microg/kg dry-weight sediment. Treatments with deltamethrin and isoproturon showed inhibiting effects on bacterial activity at NC exposures. Surprisingly, for captan, deltamethrin, and isoproturon, this inhibiting effect was not observed at 100MPC treatments. Microbial biomass was negatively effected in MPC treatments with deltamethrin and in NC treatments with isoproturon. The tested pesticides did not affect community respiration and denitrification rates. These results show that exposure to the tested pesticides may induce toxic responses in sediment microbial communities at concentrations that are predicted to be environmentally safe.     

Pesticide exposure beliefs among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry

BACKGROUND: Pesticide exposure is a major preventable occupational hazard for farmworkers. This study examined the beliefs of Latino farmworkers in North Carolina's Christmas tree industry regarding pesticide exposure. METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Mexican male seasonal farmworkers. Participants discussed beliefs about agricultural chemicals, routes of exposure, and health effects of these chemicals. They also discussed their knowledge and use of pesticide safety practices and safety training received. RESULTS: Most farmworkers knew that pesticides could be harmful, though workers varied in their levels of knowledge regarding routes of exposure, specific health effects of pesticides, and ways to avoid and reduce exposure. Workers varied considerably in the amount of safety training received and use of safety practices. Perceived lack of control and health beliefs were salient factors that decreased workers' use of safety practices. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the growing body of research which documents the health beliefs of Latino farmworkers in the U.S. relative to pesticides and pesticide safety. This literature is beginning to show convergence on several points (e.g., farmworker knowledge of acute vs. long-term illness resulting from pesticide exposure), as well as regional variation in pesticide safety beliefs. This study substantiates the need for pesticide safety education to address issues of control as well as beliefs.