吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中联合效应的研究

目的 探讨吸烟和糖尿病与脑卒中的关系,分析两者对脑卒中的交互作用。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,通过调查问卷收集脑卒中患者及对照者的研究信息。以2013年徐州市慢性病危险因素调查发现的918例脑卒中患者作为病例组,同期参加慢性病危险因素调查相同例数的健康者作为对照组。采用非条件logistic回归模型分析吸烟和糖尿病与脑卒中的关系,通过Bootstrap法计算相对超额危险度比（RERI）、归因比（AP）和交互作用指数（S）以评价吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中的相加交互作用。结果 吸烟与脑卒中有关联（OR=1.63,95%CI：1.33~2.00）;糖尿病与脑卒中也有关联（OR=2.75,95%CI：2.03~3.73）;吸烟和糖尿病同时存在时,与脑卒中关联增大（OR=8.94,95%CI：3.77~21.19）。吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中的相加交互作用：S=3.65（95%CI：1.68~7.94）,RERI=5.77（95%CI：0.49~11.04）,AP=0.65（95%CI：0.42~0.87）。结论 吸烟和糖尿病对脑卒中具有交互作用,两因素同时存在时,对脑卒中的危害大于单因素的作用。     

出生体重对成年期慢性病患病风险及血尿酸的影响研究

目的 探索出生体重对成年期罹患高血压、糖尿病等慢性病的患病风险,并研究出生体重与血尿酸的关系。方法 根据中国成年人慢性病与营养监测方案,在天津市河西、南开、红桥、武清、津南、宝坻、蓟州区共计调查1 131名成年人,收集其出生体重、血压等数据,并采集空腹静脉血检测血尿酸、血糖和血脂等。描述调查人群出生体重状况分布,并分析出生体重对其成年期罹患高血压、糖尿病等慢性病风险及与血尿酸的关系。结果 天津市调查人群平均出生体重为3.37 kg,男性高于女性;无论是超重/肥胖、高血压还是糖尿病,正常出生体重者成年期患病率最低,经单因素logistic回归分析,校正年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒后发现,与正常出生体重者相比,低出生体重与成年期罹患糖尿病（OR=2.91,95%CI：1.46~5.76）、血脂异常（OR=1.79,95%CI：1.01~3.19）关联较强,巨大儿与成年期罹患超重/肥胖关联较强（OR=1.47,95%CI：1.08~2.01）;不同出生体重的血尿酸差异无统计学意义。结论 天津市调查人群低出生体重与其成年期糖尿病、血脂异常患病风险关联较大,巨大儿与其成年期超重/肥胖患病风险关联较大。     

1991-2015年中国9省份18~64岁男性吸烟状况与肥胖风险的关系

目的 分析1991-2015年中国9省份18~64岁成年男性居民吸烟状况与肥胖患病风险的关系。方法 利用"中国健康与营养调查"1991-2015年9轮调查资料，选取参加两轮及以上、有完整人口统计学特征、吸烟状况和体格测量数据的18~64岁成年男性居民作为研究对象，共计32 169名。依据研究对象是否吸烟以及吸烟者每日吸烟数量将研究对象分为不吸烟、轻度吸烟（1~14支/d）、中度吸烟（15~24支/d）和重度吸烟（≥ 25支/d）组。观察不同吸烟程度下研究对象的BMI、腰围、全身性肥胖和中心性肥胖的分布情况，利用两水平混合效应线性回归模型和logistic回归模型分析男性吸烟状况与肥胖患病风险的关系。结果 不同吸烟程度下调查对象的BMI、腰围、全身性肥胖和中心性肥胖的患病率呈现逐年上升的趋势。在校正混杂因素后，轻、中和重度吸烟者BMI分别比不吸烟人群减少了0.19 kg/m²（95%CI：-0.27~-0.10）、0.40 kg/m²（95%CI：-0.49~-0.31）和0.36 kg/m²（95%CI：-0.53~-0.19）；腰围分别减少了0.49 cm （95%CI：-0.76~-0.21）、0.80 cm （95%CI：-1.08~-0.51）和0.79 cm （95%CI：-1.38~-0.36）。男性轻、中和重度吸烟者患全身性肥胖的风险分别是不吸烟者的0.70倍（OR=0.70，95%CI：0.62~0.79）、0.61倍（OR=0.61，95%CI：0.55~0.69）和0.78倍（OR=0.78，95%CI：0.65~0.96）；患中心性肥胖的风险分别是不吸烟者的0.78倍（OR=0.78，95%CI：0.73~0.84）、0.74倍（OR=0.74，95%CI：0.70~0.79）和0.84倍（OR=0.84，95%CI：0.76~0.95）。结论 1991-2015年间，男性不吸烟与吸烟（轻、中和重度）居民的BMI、腰围和肥胖患病率均呈现显著上升趋势。成年男性居民吸烟与肥胖患病风险呈显著性负向关联。     

苏州市社区建成环境与居民体力活动的关联分析

目的 了解苏州市居民体力活动水平,探索社区建成环境与居民体力活动的关联。方法 2017年采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取苏州市25~64岁常住人群进行面对面调查,采用国际体力活动量表长卷（IPAQ-L）评估居民体力活动水平,采用居民环境步行量表简表（NEWS-A）评价社区建成环境主观感知。结果 苏州市居民过去1周总体力活动水平M=3 610.42 MET-min/w,以工作相关体力活动水平为主,交通、家务及休闲相关体力活动水平较低。控制社会人口学因素后,公共服务可及性与社区居民的总体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.522,95%CI：0.329~0.830）,场所设施多样性与工作相关体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.701,95%CI：0.492~0.999）,步行和自行车道设施与工作相关体力活动水平呈正相关（OR=1.603,95%CI：1.004~2.559）;交通安全与交通相关体力活动水平呈负相关（OR=0.642,95%CI：0.416~0.990）;住宅密度与休闲相关体力活动水平呈正相关（OR=1.001,95%CI：1.000~1.002）;此外,社区美观与舒适的主观感知程度越高,工作、交通、家务及总体力活动水平越高（OR=1.889,95%CI：1.176~3.033;OR=1.671,95%CI：1.120~2.495;OR=1.775,95%CI：1.143~2.756;OR=1.593,95%CI：1.079~2.350）。结论 完善步行道和自行车道设施、提高社区的美观和舒适程度对于增加居民体力活动有重要作用。     

母亲孕前体质指数和孕期体重增加及其交互作用对新生儿出生体重的影响

目的 研究孕妇孕前BMI和孕期增重对新生儿出生体重的影响及其交互作用。方法 应用队列研究方法,选取2014年1月至2015年3月在安徽省安庆市立医院住院分娩的孕妇进行问卷调查,收集孕妇基本情况,并通过医院电子病历信息系统获取孕妇及新生儿信息。采用χ²检验、多分类logistic回归、相乘模型和相加模型分析孕妇孕前BMI、孕期增重及其交互作用与新生儿出生体重的关系。结果 共纳入单胎活产孕妇2 881例,其中小于胎龄儿359例（12.46%）,大于胎龄儿273例（9.48%）。多分类logistic回归分析显示,控制可能的混杂因素后,孕前体重过低（aRR=1.33,95%CI：1.02~1.73）与孕期增重不足（aRR=1.64,95%CI：1.23~2.19）可增加小于胎龄儿发生风险,孕前超重/肥胖（aRR=1.86,95%CI：1.33~2.60）与孕期增重过多（aRR=2.03,95%CI：1.49~2.78）可增加大于胎龄儿发生风险;交互作用分析显示,未发现二者对新生儿出生体重存在交互作用。结论 母亲孕前体重和孕期增重与新生儿出生体重相关,但未发现二者之间的交互作用。     

中国10个地区成年人心力衰竭流行情况及其吸烟影响因素研究

目的 描述我国心力衰竭（心衰）流行情况,探究吸烟行为与心衰发病风险的前瞻性关联。方法 研究对象来自中国慢性病前瞻性研究,基线调查为2004年6月至2008年7月。剔除BMI信息缺失、基线调查后即失访以及基线自报有冠心病、脑卒中或恶性肿瘤的研究对象,共纳入487 197人进行分析。本研究使用的随访数据截至2016年12月31日。采用Cox比例风险模型计算吸烟行为与心衰发病风险的关联。结果 研究对象中位随访10.15年,随访期间共有4 208人新发心衰,粗发病率为0.87/1 000人年,累积发病率为0.86%。基线年龄越大,心衰发病率越高。高年龄组、农村、男性心衰发病率分别高于低年龄组、城市、女性人群。相比于非吸烟者,偶尔吸烟者心衰发病风险无显著差异（HR=1.05;95%CI： 0.91~1.22）,而既往吸烟者（HR=1.48;95%CI：1.31~1.67）和当前吸烟者（HR=1.34;95%CI：1.22~1.49）的风险升高。合并非吸烟或偶尔吸烟者组后,既往吸烟者（HR=1.33;95%CI：1.21~1.46）和当前吸烟者（HR=1.46;95%CI：1.31~1.64）相比于该组的心衰发病风险均升高。当前吸烟者（趋势检验P=0.347）和既往吸烟者（趋势检验P=0.066）的吸烟量与心衰风险间均不存在剂量反应关系。与非吸烟或偶尔吸烟组相比,既往吸烟者戒烟<5、5~、10~、≥20年的心衰发病风险比分别为1.61（95%CI：1.36~1.92）、1.55（95%CI：1.27~1.90）、1.24（95%CI：1.02~1.51）、1.35（95%CI：1.08~1.68）（趋势检验P=0.091）,非因疾病戒烟者与因疾病戒烟者心衰发病风险比分别为1.23（95%CI：1.04~1.45）和1.62（95%CI：1.41~1.86）。健康吸烟行为较非健康吸烟行为对心力衰竭有明显的保护作用（HR=0.75;95%CI：0.69~0.81）。城乡地区和冠心病家族史与吸烟行为是否健康存在对心衰发病风险的交互作用（交互检验P<0.05）。结论 我国心力衰竭发病率男性高于女性,农村高于城市,随年龄增长而升高。无论吸烟频率、吸烟量、戒烟时长和戒烟原因,既往吸烟和当前吸烟者相比于从不吸烟或偶尔吸烟者,心衰风险均较高。吸烟是心力衰竭的重要危险因素,应继续坚持全面禁烟措施。     

中国2019年HIV感染孕产妇所生儿童的失访状况及影响因素分析

目的 分析2019年中国HIV感染孕产妇所生儿童（HIV暴露儿童）的失访状况及影响因素。方法 资料来源于我国预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统2019年全国医疗机构报告的HIV感染孕产妇和HIV暴露儿童的基本信息和随访记录,HIV暴露儿童失访的定义为出生后满18月龄无法随访到且21月龄时仍未随访到的存活儿童。采用回顾性资料分析方法,HIV暴露儿童的失访影响因素分别采用χ²检验和logistic回归模型进行单因素和多因素分析。采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 在5 039例HIV感染孕产妇中,分娩的HIV暴露儿童5 035例,HIV暴露儿童的失访率为5.62%（283/5 035）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,孕产妇职业为农（牧、渔）民（aOR=0.34,95%CI：0.22~0.53）、婚姻状况为未婚（aOR=0.47,95%CI：0.24~0.93）、初婚（aOR=0.38,95%CI：0.22~0.67）、再婚（aOR=0.36,95%CI：0.20~0.67）与同居（aOR=0.47,95%CI：0.23~0.97）和本次妊娠前知晓自己感染HIV（aOR=0.53,95%CI：0.40~0.70）的HIV暴露儿童失访率较低;孕产妇为汉族（aOR=1.52,95%CI：1.09~2.13）、小学（aOR=2.06,95%CI：1.10~3.89）和初中文化程度（aOR=1.81,95%CI：1.03~3.17）、未抗病毒治疗（aOR=6.21,95%CI：4.32~8.93）和在乡（街道）级助产机构分娩（aOR=5.72,95%CI：1.61~20.27）的HIV暴露儿童失访率较高。结论 2019年我国HIV暴露儿童存在一定的失访,为进一步降低其失访率,提高妇女孕前HIV检测率和HIV感染孕产妇的抗病毒治疗率,对有效实施预防艾滋病母婴传播综合干预措施有重要意义。     

取暖固体燃料暴露及其时长对30~79岁居民呼吸系统疾病发病风险影响的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨取暖固体燃料暴露及其时长与呼吸系统疾病发病风险之间的关联。方法 利用中国慢性病前瞻性研究四川省彭州市项目点数据,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析取暖固体燃料暴露及其时长与总呼吸系统疾病发病风险之间的关联,进一步分析其与呼吸系统疾病中慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）、肺炎发病风险之间的关联。结果 共纳入46 082名30~79岁研究对象,冬季11 634名（25.25%）进行取暖,其中8 885名（19.28%）使用清洁燃料,2 749名（5.97%）使用固体燃料;34 448名（74.75%）不取暖。控制多个混杂因素后,Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,与清洁燃料相比,不取暖降低总呼吸系统疾病（HR=0.81,95%CI：0.77~0.86）、COPD（HR=0.86,95%CI：0.78~0.95）、肺炎（HR=0.80,95%CI：0.74~0.86）的发病风险;固体燃料暴露增加总呼吸系统疾病的发病风险（HR=1.10,95%CI：1.01~1.20）,与COPD、肺炎的发病风险无统计学关联。与没有固体燃料暴露相比,随着固体燃料暴露时长增加,总呼吸系统疾病（1~19年：HR=1.23,95%CI：1.10~1.37;20~39年：HR=1.25,95%CI：1.16~1.35;≥40年：HR=1.26,95%CI：1.15~1.39）及肺炎（1~19年：HR=1.21,95%CI：1.03~1.42;20~39年：HR=1.30,95%CI：1.16~1.46;≥40年：HR=1.35,95%CI：1.18~1.54）发病风险增加（趋势检验均P<0.001）;固体燃料暴露时长1~19、20~39年使COPD的发病风险增加23%（HR=1.23,95%CI：1.02~1.49）、16%（HR=1.16,95%CI：1.00~1.35）。结论 取暖固体燃料暴露增加了总呼吸系统疾病、COPD、肺炎的发病风险。     

哈尔滨市人群饥荒暴露对中老年期慢性病患病风险的影响

目的 研究哈尔滨市人群的饥荒暴露对中老年期糖尿病、肥胖、高血压、冠心病和脑卒中等慢性病患病风险的影响。方法 以中国慢性病前瞻性研究（China Kadoorie Biobank,CKB）项目哈尔滨市的基线调查人群为研究对象,采用回顾性队列研究设计,应用logistic分析比较饥荒暴露人群与非饥荒暴露人群中老年期糖尿病、肥胖、高血压、冠心病和脑卒中等慢性病患病风险的差异。结果 调整影响因素后,饥荒暴露人群的肥胖（OR=1.204,95% CI：1.104~1.313,P<0.01）、高血压（OR=1.315,95% CI：1.210~1.429,P<0.01）和冠心病（OR=1.495,95% CI：1.369~1.632,P<0.01）的危险性高于非饥荒暴露人群。饥荒暴露年龄越小,中老年期各种慢性病发生风险越大。结论 饥荒暴露是肥胖、高血压和冠心病的危险因素。保证生命全过程,尤其是生命早期和青少年期的营养充足对预防中老年期肥胖、高血压和冠心病具有重要意义。     

江苏省心血管病高危人群颈动脉斑块流行及影响因素分析

目的 了解颈动脉斑块（CP）在江苏省心血管病高危人群中的流行概况及相关影响因素。方法 2015-2016年依托中国心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目,以江苏省6个项目点筛查出的11 392名心血管病高危人群作为研究对象,进行问卷调查、身体测量、实验室检测以及颈动脉彩色超声检测,探讨CP的流行概况,对CP发生的影响因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果 研究对象年龄为（59.4±8.9）岁,男性4 821例（42.3%）。颈动脉异常5 971例（52.4%）,其中颈动脉内中膜增厚1 782例（15.6%）,CP 3 811例（33.5%）,颈动脉狭窄378例（3.3%）。高龄（OR=2.253,95%CI：2.127~2.386）、城市居民（OR=2.622,95%CI：2.375~2.895）、高血压（OR=1.439,95%CI：1.195~1.732）、吸烟（OR=1.441,95%CI：1.259~1.650）、脉压差增大（OR=1.270,95%CI：1.198~1.347）、FPG升高（OR=1.109,95%CI：1.059~1.161）、LDL-C/HDL-C升高（OR=1.225,95%CI：1.164~1.288）增加心血管病高危人群发生CP的风险,女性（OR=0.558,95%CI：0.494~0.630）、高BMI（OR=0.948,95%CI：0.904~0.994）、较高的文化程度（OR=0.708,95%CI：0.531~0.945）和较高的家庭年收入（OR=0.773,95%CI：0.669~0.894）则降低其风险。结论 江苏省超一半心血管病高危人群颈动脉异常,高血压、高血糖、高血脂和吸烟是相关影响因素。     

Exposure to the Great Famine in Early Life and the Risk of Obesity in Adulthood: A Report Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey

Intrauterine malnutrition has a long-term effect on human health. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between exposure to famine in early life and obesity in adulthood in Chinese adults. A total of 5033 participants (22,132 observations) of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 1991–2015 were classified into three famine exposure groups according to their birth year: unexposed (1963–1966), fetal-exposed (1959–1962) and childhood-exposed (1955–1958). Compared with the unexposed group, the fetal-exposed group had higher levels of body-mass-index (BMI) and waist-circumference (WC), and higher prevalence of overweight and central obesity, whereas the childhood-exposed group had lower levels of the measurements. However, the positive associations of fetal exposure with BMI, WC and prevalence of overweight and central obesity were attenuated by additionally adjusting for age at survey. Stratified analysis showed that the adverse effect of fetal exposure to famine was only observed in subjects at several specific age-groups, and in men living in rural areas and in women living in more severe famine exposed areas (p for interaction < 0.05). Our results provide evidence for the weak effect of fetal exposure to famine on body measurements in adulthood, and suggest the importance of severity of famine exposure and timing of exposure.     

生命早期饥荒暴露与成年期高血压患病风险的关联分析

目的探讨胎儿和婴儿时期饥荒暴露与成年后高血压患病风险之间的关系。方法基于2012年吉林省慢性病调查数据,选取1956-1965年出生的5960名研究对象,分为未暴露(1963-1965年)、胎儿期暴露(1959-1961年)、儿童早期暴露(1956-1958年)和过渡(1962年)4组。采用logistic回归模型探讨早期饥荒暴露与成年期高血压患病风险之间的关系。结果胎儿期暴露(OR=1.249,95%CI:1.049~1.486)和儿童早期暴露(OR=1.360,95%CI:1.102~1.679)均是高血压的危险因素。在农村地区,与未暴露相比,胎儿期暴露(OR=1.401,95%CI:1.091~1.798)和儿童早期暴露(OR=1.460,95%CI:1.145~1.862)增加了其成年后高血压的患病危险。女性胎儿期暴露于饥荒中高血压风险增加36.0%(95%CI:7.8%~71.7%),女性儿童早期暴露于饥荒高血压风险增加31.9%(95%CI:4.8%~66.0%)。结论胎儿期暴露于饥荒中可能会增加成年后高血压的患病风险。因此,生命早期均衡营养对预防成年后高血压的发生有重要意义。     

The Risks of Overweight,Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Middle Age after Exposure to Famine in Early Life: Evidence from the China’s 1959–1961 Famine

Objective

Several studies have revealed that exposure to famine in early life was associated with higher body mass index(BMI) and waist circumference, and most of them used data from cross-sectional studies and defined those born before or after the famine period as non-exposed participants, which ignored the effects caused by age. Our objective was to study the effects of undernutrition in early life on overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity in those aged 54–56.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study with the status at age of 54–56 as outcomes. 1092 participants born between 1959 and 1961 from 2015 wave of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were defined as exposed and 1616 born between 1955 and 1957 from 2011 wave of CHARLS were defined as control. We used the prevalence odds ratios(ORs) to estimate the risks of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity, and stratified by famine severity and sex separately for comparisons.

Results

Exposed group had higher risks of overweight (OR 1.357, 95%CI 1.067,1.727) and obesity (OR 1.356, 95%CI 1.001,1.836) in women, not in men. Participants in exposed group were more likely to have abdominal obesity (OR 1.362, 95%CI 1.139,1.629), regardless of famine severity and gender.

Conclusion

Undernutrition in early life increased the risks of overweight and obesity in women not in men. And the risk of abdominal obesity was increased with the experience of undernutrition at early age both in men and women.

     

Prenatal Programming of Childhood Overweight and Obesity

Objective: To review the scientific evidence for prenatal programming of childhood overweight and obesity, and discuss its implications for MCH research, practice, and policy. Methods: A systematic review of observational studies examining the relationship between prenatal exposures and childhood overweight and obesity was conducted using MOOSE guidelines. The review included literature posted on PubMed and MDConsult and published between January 1975 and December 2005. Prenatal exposures to maternal diabetes, malnutrition, and cigarette smoking were examined, and primary study outcome was childhood overweight or obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) for children ages 5 to 21. Results: Four of six included studies of prenatal exposure to maternal diabetes found higher prevalence of childhood overweight or obesity among offspring of diabetic mothers, with the highest quality study reporting an odds ratio of adolescent overweight of 1.4 (95% CI 1.0–1.9). The Dutch famine study found that exposure to maternal malnutrition in early, but not late, gestation was associated with increased odds of childhood obesity (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.4). All eight included studies of prenatal exposure to maternal smoking showed significantly increased odds of childhood overweight and obesity, with most odds ratios clustering around 1.5 to 2.0. The biological mechanisms mediating these relationships are unknown but may be partially related to programming of insulin, leptin, and glucocorticoid resistance in utero. Conclusion: Our review supports prenatal programming of childhood overweight and obesity. MCH research, practice, and policy need to consider the prenatal period a window of opportunity for obesity prevention. Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this paper are the authors’ and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the institutions with which the authors are affiliated.     

壮族居民生命早期经历饥荒与成年后中心型肥胖的相关性研究

目的 探讨壮族居民生命早期饥荒经历与成年后中心型肥胖的关系。方法 将1 279名在1959—1961年经历饥荒的研究对象分为未经历组(1963年之后出生)、胎儿期经历组(1959—1962年出生)、儿童期经历组(1949—1958年出生)、青春期经历组(1941—1948年出生),采用二分类logistic回归模型评估壮族居民生命早期饥荒暴露与成年后中心型肥胖的关系。结果 壮族居民成年后中心型肥胖的发生率为30.88%。与未经历暴露人群相比,胎儿期暴露(OR=3.527,95%CI:1.877～6.627)和儿童期暴露(OR=2.863,95%CI:1.3297～6.167)的壮族居民成年后中心型肥胖的风险较高。结论 壮族居民生命早期经历饥荒是成年后中心型肥胖的危险因素。经历饥荒的广西壮族居民,应关注中心型肥胖发生情况,预防其他相关慢性病。     

Obesity at the age of 50 y in men and women exposed to famine prenatally.

BACKGROUND: It was shown that men who were conceived during the Dutch famine of 1944-1945 had higher rates of obesity at age 19 y than those conceived before or after it. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to study the effects of prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine on obesity in women and men at age 50 y. DESIGN: We measured the body size of 741 people born at term between November 1943 and February 1947 in Amsterdam. We compared people exposed to famine in late, mid, or early gestation (exposed participants) with those born before or conceived after the famine period (nonexposed participants). RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) of 50-y-old women exposed to famine in early gestation was significantly higher by 7. 4% (95% CI: 0.7%, 14.5%) than that of nonexposed women. BMI did not differ significantly in women exposed in mid gestation (-2.1%; -7.0%, 3.1%) or in late gestation (-1.3%; -6.3%, 3.9%). In 50-y-old men, BMI was not significantly affected by exposure to famine during any stage of gestation: BMI differed by 0.4% (-3.5%, 4.5%) in men exposed to famine in late gestation, by -1.2% (-5.5%, 3.3%) in those exposed in mid gestation, and by 0.5% (-4.6%, 6.0%) in those exposed in early gestation compared with nonexposed men. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal malnutrition during early gestation was associated with higher BMI and waist circumference in 50-y-old women but not in men. These findings suggest that pertubations of central endocrine regulatory systems established in early gestation may contribute to the development of abdominal obesity in later life.     

生命早期营养不良对成年后超重和肥胖患病危险影响的研究

目的 研究生命早期食物短缺及营养不良对成年后超重和肥胖患病危险的影响，对成年人慢性病的原因溯源，为国家制订妇女儿童营养改善政策提供科学依据。方法 应用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查资料，将三年自然灾害（1959—1961年）出生的研究对象作为受灾害影响人群，将灾害之后（1964年）出生的人群作为未受灾害影响人群（对照组），比较两组人群平均体重指数（BMI）及超重和肥胖患病率，并计算受灾害影响组人群患超重和肥胖的相对危险度（OR）。结果1959—1961年出生女性的BMI均值显著高于未受灾害影响的1964年出生的女性（P〈0．01），调整地区等因素后，1959—1961年出生女性的超重患病率均显著高于1964年出生的对照组女性（P〈0．05）；1959、1960年出生女性的肥胖患病率显著高于1964年出生的对照组女性（P〈0．05）。与1964年出生女性比较，生命早期受灾害影响的1959—1961年出生女性患超重的危险性分别增加28．9％（OR值95％CI为1．063～1．565）、37．2％（OR值95％CI为1．136～1．658）、35．2％（OR值95％CI为1．103～1．657），1959、1960年出生女性患肥胖的危险性分别增加46．5％（OR值95％CI为1．088～1．972）、39．6％（OR值95％CI为1．039～1．876）。而男性四组之间的平均BMI水平、超重和肥胖患病率的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 生命早期遭受食物供应不足及营养不良可能会使成年后患超重和肥胖的危险性增加，制订适合国情的妇女、儿童营养改善政策，特别是控制新生儿低体重的有效措施对预防成年后慢性病的发生具有重要意义。     

孕前BMI、妊娠期糖尿病与儿童4岁时肥胖相关指标关联的出生队列研究

目的 探讨孕前BMI、妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）与儿童4岁时肥胖相关指标的关联。方法 基于已经建立的“马鞍山市优生优育队列”,对2013年10月至2015年4月出生的单胎活产儿,随访至4岁。在孕期首次填写问卷调查孕前身高、体重,在24～28周接受75 g口服糖耐量试验进行GDM诊断。在儿童4岁时测量身高、体重、腰围和体成分。组间比较采用χ²检验、方差分析或t检验,采用logistic回归模型与广义线性模型分析孕前超重/肥胖、孕前患有GDM与儿童肥胖相关特征的关系。结果 儿童4岁时超重、肥胖率分别为13.08%、6.03%。控制孕期和儿童人口统计学变量后,孕前母亲超重/肥胖者儿童在4岁时发生肥胖、腰围超标、腰围身高比超标的风险要高,其OR值（95% CI）分别为3.27（2.15～4.98）、2.32（1.72～3.14）和2.29（1.73～3.02）;且与体成分指标（骨骼肌、体脂肪、体脂百分比）相关（P<0.05）。孕期母亲患有GDM者,儿童4岁时肥胖发生风险要比母亲未患有GDM者高1.78倍（OR=1.78,95% CI：1.14～2.79）;但是孕期母亲患有GDM对4岁儿童腰围超标、腰围身高比超标发生风险并无影响,与体成分指标（骨骼肌、体脂肪、体脂百分比）无统计学关联。结论 孕前母亲超重/肥胖、孕期患有GDM是4岁儿童肥胖的独立危险因素,且孕前BMI与儿童体成分的各项指标相关。     

Body fat mass of exclusively breastfed infants born to overweight mothers

BackgroundAlthough there is evidence that maternal prepregnancy obesity (body mass index [BMI; calculated as kg/m²] ≥30) results in elevated risk of obesity in the offspring later in life, maternal prepregnancy overweight (BMI 25 to 29.9) has not been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for the future development of obesity in the offspring.ObjectiveOur objective was to determine if body composition differs between infants born to lean or overweight breastfeeding women.DesignBody composition (PeaPod, COSMED USA, Inc) and anthropometric outcomes were measured in 65 infants born to lean mothers (n=46) (BMI 18.5 to 24.9) or overweight mothers (n=19) (BMI 25 to 29.9) between 2006 and 2007. Maternal body composition (BodPod, COSMED USA, Inc) was also measured.ResultsBody fat mass was higher in infants born to overweight mothers compared with infants born to lean mothers at age 2 weeks and 3 months (11.9% vs 15.3% and 24.1% vs 26.8%, respectively; P<0.05). After adjusting for gestational weight gain and birth weight, body fat mass was significantly greater only at age 2 weeks.ConclusionsInfants of overweight mothers have greater body fat mass in the neonatal period compared with infants of lean mothers, suggesting that maternal overweight may predispose fetal metabolism to favor fat storage. Although our data suggest that this effect is short lived, future studies are needed to investigate children beyond the infancy period to test if body composition is greater in offspring of overweight women.     

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood growth trajectory: a random effects regression analysis

Background

Although maternal smoking during pregnancy has been reported to have an effect on childhood overweight/obesity, the impact of maternal smoking on the trajectory of the body mass of their offspring is not very clear. Previously, we investigated this effect by using a fixed-effect model. However, this analysis was limited because it rounded and categorized the age of the children. Therefore, we used a random-effects hierarchical linear regression model in the present study.

Methods

The study population comprised children born between 1 April 1991 and 31 March 1999 in Koshu City, Japan and their mothers. Maternal smoking during early pregnancy was the exposure studied. The body mass index (BMI) z-score trajectory of children born to smoking and non-smoking mothers, by gender, was used as the outcome. We modeled BMI trajectory using a 2-level random intercept and slope regression.

Results

The participating mothers delivered 1619 babies during the study period. For male children, there was very strong evidence that the effect of age in months on the increase in BMI z-score was enhanced by maternal smoking during pregnancy (P < 0.0001). In contrast, for female children, there was only weak evidence for an interaction between age in months and maternal smoking during pregnancy (P = 0.054), which suggests that the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the early-life BMI trajectory of offspring differed by gender.

Conclusions

These results may be valuable for exploring the mechanism of fetal programming and might therefore be clinically important.Key words: body mass index, childhood growth, gender, multi-level analysis, pregnancy, smoking