超声诊断甲状腺乳头状癌颈部转移淋巴结的研究进展

甲状腺癌的发病率在世界范围内逐渐升高,其中甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary carcinoma of the thyroid,PTC）为最常见的病理学类型。PTC具有进展慢、预后好的特点,但颈部淋巴结转移率对预后有较大影响,术前诊断转移淋巴结对于PTC的临床处理具有重要意义。目前超声是诊断颈部转移淋巴结的主要影像学方法之一,然而其准确度仍有待提升。本文就超声诊断PTC颈部淋巴结的研究进展进行综述。     

甲状腺乳头状癌患者颈部淋巴结转移的超声诊断价值

目的 探讨超声检查对甲状腺乳头状癌患者颈部淋巴结转移的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实为乳头状癌的294例患者共322个结节,将322个结节分为转移组和无转移组,对2组间性别、年龄、结节位置、是否邻近包膜、结节大小进行统计学分析,年龄分为≤40岁和>40岁组,结节位置分为上部、中部、下部、峡部组,邻近包膜为在二维超声上紧贴包膜而未突破包膜,结节大小分为≤5 mm、5～10 mm、>10 mm组。并计算超声检查颈部淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、漏诊率及误诊率。结果 甲状腺乳头状癌患者颈部淋巴结转移与性别、结节位置及是否临近被膜差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,与患者年龄及结节大小差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。患者的年龄和结节大小是颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,年龄≤40岁（OR=0.57,P=0.020）,结节大小5～<10 mm(OR=3.99,P=0.002),结节大小≥10 mm(OR=8.02,P<0.001)。超声诊断颈部转移性淋巴结的灵敏度为33.8%,特异度为96.8%,漏诊率为66.2%,误诊率为3.2%。结论 超声检查对甲状...     

常规超声特征联合增强CT检查甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移临床应用

目的 探讨常规超声特征联合增强CT检查甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移中的临床应用。方法 选取甲状腺乳头状癌患者60例,常规超声特征联合增强CT检查作为观察组,单纯CT检查作为CT对照组,单纯超声检查作为对照组,每组的患者均为20例,分析三种方法在甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移中影像表现特征。结果 观察组、CT对照组、对照组的Ⅰ区转移颈部淋巴结的诊断阳性率分别是83.76%、72.07%、72.87%。观察组的Ⅰ区转移颈部淋巴结的诊断阳性率均高于CT对照组和对照组。观察组、CT对照组、对照组的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区转移颈部淋巴结的诊断阳性率分别是87.50%、70.55%、82.69%。观察组的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ区转移颈部淋巴结的诊断阳性率均高于CT对照组和对照组。观察组、CT对照组、对照组的Ⅴ、Ⅵ区转移颈部淋巴结的诊断阳性率分别是92.31%、72.00%、76.79%。观察组的Ⅴ、Ⅵ区转移颈部淋巴结的诊断阳性率均高于CT对照组和对照组。结论 常规超声特征联合增强CT可显著提高单项CT检查对甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移诊断的准确性。     

甲状腺乳头状癌超声特征与颈部转移性淋巴结之间的关系

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)患者癌结节的超声声像图多个特征与颈部淋巴结转移之间的关系。方法回顾性分析212例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的临床病理及超声影像学资料,按照手术病理诊断分为无颈部淋巴结转移组(103例)及颈部淋巴结转移组(109例),分析两组患者的年龄、性别及甲状腺癌结节位置、大小、数目、回声、形态、钙化灶类型、有无囊性变、是否侵犯甲状腺被膜、内部血流等癌结节超声特征与颈部淋巴结转移的相关性。结果两组患者在年龄、性别、癌结节分布位置方面均无统计学显著性差异(P>0.01)。PTC患者淋巴结转移组的癌结节最大径大于无淋巴结转移组、癌结节内微钙化及粗大钙化率高于无淋巴结转移组、癌结节内血流达3级者高于无淋巴结转移组、癌结节侵犯甲状腺被膜者高于无淋巴结转移组,这些征象均具有统计学显著性差异(P<0.01)。PTC患者淋巴结转移组的癌结节数量及内部囊性变率较无淋巴结转移组未见统计学显著性差异(P>0.01)。结论综合分析甲状腺乳头状癌结节的多个超声特征,一定程度上或可预测颈部淋巴结转移,为临床上制定首次治疗策略、判断患者预后等方面提供有用依据。     

基于CT影像组学诺模图术前预测甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移

目的 探讨联合平扫、增强CT影像组学和临床危险因素建立的诺模图在术前预测甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)颈部淋巴结转移(CLNM)的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2017年9月至2021年6月经病理诊断为PTC的130例患者的术前临床资料及CT图像。按7∶3比例随机将患者分为训练集(n=91)和测试集(n=39),从每例患者的CT轴位平扫期和增强扫描静脉期的图像中各提取影像组学特征851个;使用递归消除支持向量机(SVM-RFE)最终从CT平扫图像筛选出6个、增强扫描图像筛选出3个与PTC CLNM高度关联的影像组学特征。联合临床危险因素及影像组学评分,通过多元Logistic回归,构建影像组学诺模图。模型的诊断效能通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)和校准曲线进行评估,临床应用价值通过决策曲线分析(DCA)进行评估,在测试集中对模型进行验证。结果 分析患者临床及影像组学特征,证实原发病灶最大径(≥10 mm)、病灶侵犯甲状腺包膜以及平扫、增强扫描影像组学评分均与PTC发生CLNM具有相关性(P<0.05)。联合CT影像组学评分及临床危险因素构建的诺模图,显示出良好的校准和区分能力,在训练集中的...     

甲状腺乳头状癌超声特征与颈侧区淋巴结大量转移的相关性

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(papillary thyroid carcinoma, PTC)超声特征术前对颈侧区淋巴结大量转移的预测价值。方法收集甲状腺全切及颈侧区淋巴结清扫术,术后病理证实为颈侧区淋巴结转移的PTC患者83例,分析PTC超声特征与颈侧区淋巴结大量转移之间的关系。结果83例患者中发生颈侧区淋巴结大量转移者18例,无颈侧区淋巴结大量转移者65例。两组患者在性别方面相匹配,无显著差异;在结节的位置、边界、形态、纵横比、微钙化、被膜侵犯等方面差异亦无统计学意义( P >0.05);与无颈侧区淋巴结大量转移者相比,年龄≤45岁、病灶多发、原发病灶直径较大者易发生颈侧区淋巴结大量转移,两组之间差异有统计学意义( P <0.05)。结论甲状腺乳头状癌超声征象对颈侧区淋巴结大量转移风险的评估有一定的参考价值。     

基于超声造影参数构建列线图模型对甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移评估效能

目的探讨基于超声造影参数构建列线图模型评估甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的效能。方法选取自2017年1月至2018年12月徐州医科大学附属沭阳医院收治的210例行甲状腺切除和颈部淋巴结清扫术的甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者为研究对象。根据颈部淋巴结转移的发生情况将患者分为颈部淋巴结转移组(n=62)与非颈部淋巴结转移组(n=148)。采用Logistic回归分析筛选甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素。采用R 4.1.2建立甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的列线图模型。结果Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄<45岁、男性、糖尿病、血流丰富、包膜受侵、多个病灶、肿瘤直径≥7 mm及钙化是甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素(P<0.05)。甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的列线图模型的模型一致性指数为0.841(95%可信区间:0.811~0.872),校正曲线和理想曲线基本一致,列线图受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.824。决策曲线显示阈值概率在2%~77%时,采用本列线图模型预测甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的发生风险具有较高的净获益值。结论年龄<45岁、男性、糖尿病、血流丰富、包膜受侵、多个病灶、肿瘤直径≥7 mm及钙化是甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素。基于危险因素所建立的列线图模型有助于预测甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的发生风险。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素分析——单中心回顾性研究

目的 探讨甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)发生颈部淋巴结转移的危险因素。方法 收集2016年1月-2020年12月于解放军总医院第一医学中心因甲状腺结节接受手术并行颈部淋巴结清扫、术后经病理证实为乳头状癌的4742例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,根据有无颈部淋巴结转移将患者分为转移组(n=2407)与无转移组(n=2335)。比较两组年龄、性别、体重指数(BMI)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平、肿瘤直径、被膜侵犯和腺叶累及范围等方面的差异,采用多因素logistic回归分析评估PTC发生颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,并按照肿瘤直径分为微小癌与非微小癌亚组进行多因素回归分析。结果 4742例PTC患者中2407例发生颈部淋巴结转移,发生率为50.8%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,男性、年龄<45岁、肿瘤直径增大、甲状腺外浸润(ETE)、肿瘤多灶为PTC患者颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(P<0.001),而BMI(P=0.369)、TSH水平(P=0.246)和合并桥本甲状腺炎不是危险因素。亚组分析显示,非微小癌中单侧多灶为发生颈部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(OR=1.67,9...     

超声检查对甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊断价值

目的通过对28例甲状腺微小乳头状癌患者的术前超声表现进行回顾性分析,探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌的二维声像图和彩色多普勒特征。方法观察结节的超声表现,包括内部回声、有无钙化及钙化的特点、边界、形状、血流信号、有无侵犯被膜及颈部淋巴结转移等。结果 9例单发结节具有典型的甲状腺癌超声图像特征;4例单发结节仅表现为边界清,形态尚规则,低回声,内部回声均匀,血流稀少;15例多发结节中5例仅表现为边界清,形态规则,中等或偏低回声,8例内部可见微小钙化灶,血流较丰富,2例内部可见粗大或弧形的钙化灶。结论高频超声具有准确、实时、方便、价格低廉,尤其适用于随访观察,超声检查对甲状腺微小乳头状癌具有重要的诊断价值。     

甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT表现

目的:评价甲状腺乳头状癌及淋巴结转移的CT特点。方法:回顾性分析我院手术病理证实的53例甲状腺乳头状癌伴淋巴结转移的CT表现。结果:44例为单发病灶,9例呈多发病灶;25例单发病灶和9例多发病灶表现为边缘模糊;25例肿块内见有钙化,14例颗粒状钙化,5例乳头状钙化,6例不规则钙化。49例转移淋巴结边缘规则,另4例边缘模糊或呈融合趋势;转移淋巴结有明显钙化的25例(颗粒状钙化19例,乳头状钙化4例,不规则钙化2例);22例淋巴结有囊性变,13例囊壁内见有乳头状强化。结论:甲状腺体积增大,肿块呈浸润性生长,边界不清的伴有颗粒状钙化的,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的重要指征;若同时伴有颈部淋巴结囊性变、囊壁内乳头状结节及颗粒状钙化,是诊断甲状腺乳头状癌的最可靠征象。     

The accuracy of ultrasonography in the preoperative diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: A meta-analysis

Background

Ultrasonography has been proposed to enhance preoperative assessment of cervical lymph node status in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Management is most controversial for patients with a clinically negative (cN0) neck. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic properties of ultrasonography in the detection of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC.

Materials and methods

Studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with PTC were systematically searched for in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cancerlit and Cochrane Library and other database from January 1995 to November 2010. Two reviewers independently abstracted data including research design, sample size, imaging technique and technical characteristics, method of image interpretation. By patient-based and region- or node-based data analyses, we determined pooled sensitivities and specificities across studies, and constructed summary receiver operating characteristic curves, and area under summary receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated.

Results

The pooled patient-based sensitivity for ultrasonography was 0.72 (95% CI, 0.46–0.88), specificity was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.84–1.00), and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.92–0.0.96). The pooled region- or node-based sensitivity for ultrasonography was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.47–0.76), specificity was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.73–0.99), and the AUC was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.77–0.84). For lesion-based analysis, the subgroup of lateral compartment lymph node involvement was found to have the highest sensitivity (0.72, 95% CI 0.68–0.75) and specificity (0.97, 95% CI 0.93–0.99) among the studies (p < 0.05). Study sensitivity was not correlated with the prevalence of cervical lymph node metastasis (patient-based: R² = 0.0196, p = 0.7915; region- or node-based: R² = 0.3835, p = 0.1381).

Conclusions

We conclude that preoperative ultrasonography is a good technique for the preoperative lymph node staging of PTC and is helpful for detecting metastatic cervical lymph nodes at the lateral group. High-quality prospective studies regarding ultrasonography in the evaluation of cervical lymph node status in patients with PTC are still needed to be conducted.     

甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移诊疗现状研究

甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）是甲状腺癌最常见的组织病理学类型,其淋巴结转移影响患者的预后。目前PTC的淋巴结转移机制尚不明确,其诊断方法包括超声、细针穿刺活检、CT、MRI、SPECT/CT、PET/CT等,但特异度及灵敏度均不高,联合使用可以提高检出率。PTC淋巴结转移首选的治疗方式是手术。目前PTC淋巴结转移早期综合诊断及有效治疗是改善和提高PTC患者生活质量的难点。笔者就PTC淋巴结转移的诊疗现状及研究进展进行综述。     

灰阶超声对甲状腺微小乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移的预测

目的:探讨甲状腺微小乳头状癌(papillary thyroid microcarcinoma,PTMC)的灰阶超声表现与颈部淋巴结转移的相关关系。方法:用灰阶超声评估130例患者的135个PTMC结节,均经术后病理证实,分为颈部淋巴结未转移组和颈部淋巴结转移组。灰阶超声主要评估甲状腺结节数目、位置、形态、肿瘤的边界、与甲状腺被膜的关系、内部回声、钙化类型、周边回声特征及后方回声。将上述灰阶超声表现与颈部淋巴结转移行单因素分析和多因素回归分析(Logistic回归),研究两者的关系。结果:PTMC与颈部淋巴结转移有相关性的超声表现是癌结节大小、结节与甲状腺被膜的关系、癌结节内部的钙化类型(P0.05),即癌结节越大、与甲状腺被膜接触面积越大,发生淋巴结转移的可能性越大,结节内出现粗伴微钙化灶时,发生淋巴结转移的可能性较大。Logistic回归分析显示,癌结节大小、与甲状腺被膜的关系、钙化类型是颈淋巴结转移的相关因素。结论:PTMC的大小、与甲状腺被膜关系、内部钙化类型等灰阶超声表现,可提示PTMC发生颈部淋巴结转移的可能性,两者之间存在相关关系。     

cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的危险因素分析

 目的 探讨cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌患者中央区淋巴结转移相关危险因素。方法 纳入北京协和医院行双侧中央区淋巴结清扫的cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌患者570例,回顾性分析患者术前甲状腺超声图像及临床病理资料特征,分析预测cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移相关危险因素。结果 570例cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌患者中发生中央区淋巴结转移282例,占49.5%;其中男性(OR=1.787, 95% CI:1.066-2.997, P=0.028)、年龄小于45岁(OR=2.063, 95% CI:1.366-3.115, P=0.001)、多发病灶(OR=1.764, 95% CI:1.134-2.743, P=0.012)、肿瘤直径＞1 cm(OR=1.844, 95% CI:1.201-2.831, P=0.005)、伴有微钙化(OR=1.965, 95% CI:1.296-2.979, P=0.001)且有被膜侵犯(OR=2.868, 95% CI:1.880-4.377, P=0.000)是中央区淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。结论 对于男性、年龄小于45岁、多发病灶、肿瘤直径＞1 cm、伴有微钙化且有被膜侵犯的cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌应根据影像学及临床病理资料考虑采取积极的手术方式或更加密切的随访。     

Cystic lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to illustrate and discuss the sonographic spectrum of surgically proven cystic nodal metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma. By correlative evaluation of the sonographic imaging findings to gross pathology and histology, our purpose was to provide useful hints to differentiate cystic lymph node metastases from other benign cystic neck lesions such as branchial cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sonographic examinations of 74 patients (47 women, 27 men; mean age, 49 years) with 97 histologically confirmed cystic lymph nodes metastases from papillary thyroid carcinoma were included in the study. The anatomic relationship of the nodes relative to the primary tumor was recorded, and all cystic nodes were qualitatively categorized as either simple (purely cystic) or complex (thickened outer wall, internal nodules, internal septations, and calcifications). All imaging findings were compared with gross pathologic specimens. RESULTS: Most of the cystic metastases were ipsilateral to the primary tumor (87.8%) and located in the mid or lower jugular chain (73.2%). In 14.9% of all patients, cystic lymph node metastases were the initial manifestation of disease. Only 6.2% of all lymph node metastases were purely cystic (all of these occurred in patients less than 35 years old). Of the 91 complex metastases, a thickened outer wall was present in 35.2% of patients, internal nodules in 42.9%, and internal septations in 57.1%. No calcifications were seen in the 91 complex metastases, and two or more findings were seen in 23.1%. All sonographic findings were verified by surgery. CONCLUSION: In most of the patients, cystic lymph node metastases are characterized sonographically by the presence of a thickened outer wall, internal echoes, internal nodularity, and septations. However, in younger patients, the lymph nodes might appear purely cystic, thereby mimicking branchial cysts and thus requiring biopsy for final diagnosis and therapy planning.     

Parapharyngeal lymph node involvement in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Papillary thyroid cancer extends to lymphatic nodes in approximately 40% of cases. Node involvement often occurs in the internal jugular and recurrent laryngeal chain on the side of the lesion. To the authors' knowledge, only 4 cases with I-131 uptake in pharyngeal metastatic nodes have been reported previously in the literature. The authors report parapharyngeal node involvement demonstrated by I-131 scintigraphy in a patient with papillary thyroid cancer.     

CT在评估甲状腺乳头状癌侧颈部淋巴结转移中的价值

目的探讨CT在评估甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)侧颈部淋巴结转移中的价值。方法回顾经病理证实的145例PTC患者202组侧颈部淋巴结的CT资料,观察最小径/最大径≥1/2、高强化、最小径/最大径≥1/2+高强化、囊变和微钙化在侧颈部淋巴结转移中的分布。结果 202组侧颈部淋巴结中,73组淋巴结转移阳性和129组淋巴结转移阴性,最小径/最大径≥1/2、高强化、最小径/最大径≥1/2+高强化及囊变更常见于侧颈部淋巴结转移组中(P<0.05),其敏感性、特异性和准确度分别为88.9%、57.8%、68.6%;85.2%、58.8%、67.9%;81.5%、88.2%、85.9%;13.7%、100%、68.8%,微钙化仅见于4组侧颈部淋巴结转移中。结论最小径/最大径≥1/2和高强化在单独诊断侧颈部淋巴结转移时价值有限,二者联合可明显提高PTC侧颈部淋巴结转移诊断的特异性和准确度;尽管囊变的敏感性较低,但对PTC侧颈部淋巴结转移具有确诊价值。     

甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的CT特征及临床意义

目的：探讨甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的CT特征性表现,提高甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的诊断正确率,为外科手术方案和手术范围选择提供可靠依据。方法回顾分析经手术病理证实的共334例甲状腺乳头状癌患者的CT影像资料,对其中141例发生颈部淋巴结转移的病例进行统计学分析。结果141例患者中包括仅有中央区（Ⅵ区）淋巴结转移79例,CT诊断符合为60例;中央区及侧颈区（Ⅱ～Ⅴ区）均转移者62例, CT诊断符合51例。结果采用χ2检验。102例淋巴结密度、强化程度与甲状腺癌相似,其中23例伴有囊变坏死,14例伴有颗粒状钙化灶,7例并发喉返神经侵犯或气管、血管侵犯。结论甲状腺癌转移淋巴结好发部位为中央区;但侧颈区亦同样常常有转移,应高度重视。转移淋巴结的CT扫描特征：淋巴结明显强化,强化程度与甲状腺乳头状癌保持一致,可发生囊性变或坏死,以及出现颗粒状钙化灶,CT检查对临床手术方案制定具有重要指导意义。