一种新型二氰基乙烯修饰的二呋喃环戊烯光开关:荧光性质、传感性能和生物应用（英文）

近年来,借助于高度优化的小分子荧光染料,荧光蛋白和先进的标记技术,荧光标记技术得到了极大的发展.二芳基乙烯光开关荧光染料的研究,主要通过在二芳基乙烯中引入荧光核和对芳基的结构修饰.与噻吩相比,呋喃具有更好的刚性、溶解性和可生物降解能力以及更强的荧光.因此,二呋喃乙烯可以作为荧光标记技术的小分子荧光染料.设计并制备了一种基于二氰基乙烯的二呋喃乙烯新型荧光光开关.该化合物在溶液中呈现典型的可逆光致变色性能,且以其出色的选择性、灵敏度和高对比度来实现氰根离子的荧光检测.此外,通过核磁滴定实验,解释了其对氰根离子的响应机理.由于采用呋喃替换噻吩使得该化合物拥有更强的荧光,成功应用于生物体内的荧光染料和氰根离子探针.     

有机光致变色材料的最新成就与机遇

综述了近年来在有机光致变色领域所取得的成就,主要包括螺恶嗪类化合物、吡喃类化合物、俘精酸酐及其衍生物、新型二芳基乙烯和质子转移体系共五大类光致变色体系。     

新型烯桥二芳基乙烯光致变色体系

光致变色材料在一定的波长和强度的光作用下分子结构发生开闭环等变化,从而导致其对光的吸收峰（即颜色）的相应改变,且这种改变一般是可逆的。光致变色体系在光照前后的物理、化学性能（特别是吸收、荧光性质）会发生显著变化,可广泛应用于变色眼镜、光开关、逻辑门以及信息存储等领域。在众多光致变色体系中,有机二芳基乙烯体系具有高热稳定性,一直是应用研究的热门对象。由于全氟环戊烯作为烯桥具有突出的抗疲劳度、双稳态性能,目前大多数二芳基乙烯皆基于此烯桥而设计制备。鉴于二芳基乙烯的烯桥处于光反应中心,对光致变色性能调控尤为显著,而全氟环戊烯作为烯桥在结构上惰性而难以实现化学修饰,因而近年来涌现出许多新型的桥连,实现了更好的性能和更多的应用,本文介绍具有代表性的烯桥及其对应的二芳基乙烯化合物的研究现状,并对其应用前景进行了分析及展望。     

新型二芳基乙烯光致变色化合物的制备及其应用基础研究

<正>二芳基乙烯光致变色化合物在存储、显示、开关、防护、防伪及化学传感器等方面具有潜在的应用价值.本论文设计合成了一系列分别以2,5-二氢噻吩和咪唑为桥头的新型二芳基乙烯光致变色化合物,研究了该类化合物的光致变色性质,并探索了它们在光存储、光开关和化学传感器等方面的应用.     

光致荧光诱导的分子开关合成

二噻吩乙烯类化合物是目前光致变色分子开关研究的热点[1～3].2002年,Irie[4]首次报道了光致闪光分子开关的合成,将荧光结构单元和分子开关结构单元结合在一起,起到光控闪光的效果.本文将咔唑类荧光单元和二噻吩乙烯类化合物分子开关连接在一起,试图通过紫外光的照射将荧光分子从基态激发到激发态,当激发态返回到基态的过程中,将能量有效地传递给分子开关,调控分子开关,实现分子开关的光致荧光诱导.     

1,2-二芳基乙烯分子无损读取研究

1,2-二芳基乙烯类光致变色分子具有优良的热稳定性和耐疲劳性.它们作为新一代的光存储材料以及分子器件中光电微观性质控制的分子开关,引起了人们的重视.本文介绍了1,2-二芳基乙烯类光致变色分子的合成方法和光致变色性质,重点综述了这类分子在无损读取光存储材料方面的研究进展.     

二芳基乙烯类光致变色材料的合成概述

由于具有多种潜在的应用价值, 光致变色化合物作为高级功能材料的研究在国内外广受关注. 在众多的有机光致变色化合物中, 二芳基乙烯特别是二噻吩乙烯, 由于其具有良好的热稳定性和优良的耐疲劳度而成为这类化合物的杰出代表. 近年来, 有关二芳基乙烯类光致变色化合物的各种合成及性能方面的报道已涉及到信息存储、分子开关、逻辑电路、液晶显示、磁性材料等众多领域. 主要是从有机合成的角度, 对这类材料的合成进行了较为全面的概括, 对各种合成方法分别加以介绍和分析, 对其发展趋势予以探索和展望.     

1-(2-螺二芴)-3,4-二[3-(2,5-二甲基呋喃)-2,5-二氢吡咯的合成及光致变色性质的研究

将螺二芴引入二芳基乙烯分子中,设计合成了一种新型的含螺二芴呋喃芳香杂环的二芳基乙烯光致变色分子7a.用FT-IR,NMR,MS和元素分析进行结构表征;研究了7a在正己烷溶液和乙腈溶液中的光致变色反应,结果表明7a在两种溶剂中均具有良好的光致变色性能.并且7a在正己烷溶液中变色速率和转化率比在乙腈溶液中大.还研究了7a光致变色过程中荧光光谱的变化,发现关环反应后荧光被淬灭,并且7a的荧光发射峰在极性溶剂中有很大的蓝移.研究了开环态7a,关环态7b的热稳定性,发现7a的热失重温度比未用螺二芴修饰的8a提高了100℃.7b的热稳定性也比8b高.     

亲水性二芳基乙烯荧光分子开关的研究进展

二芳基乙烯荧光分子开关因具有优良的抗疲劳性和双稳态特征而被广泛地研究与应用,亲水化成为其作为荧光开关探针走向应用的关键点之一。本文综述了亲水性二芳基乙烯荧光分子开关当前的研究进展,归纳了实现亲水性的几种重要途径和结构,分析了各种亲水化方法的优缺点,并着重介绍了亲水性二芳基乙烯荧光分子开关作为荧光开关探针在化学传感、生物传感、生物成像以及超分辨成像等领域的应用现状,并指出当前应用研究中存在的一些问题,同时也对其未来的应用前景进行了展望。     

1,3,4-噁二唑键联二芳基乙烯化合物的合成及性质

将1,3,4-噁二唑基团引入二芳基乙烯分子中, 合成了2种新的二芳基乙烯类光致变色化合物1-氰基-2-(2H-5-苯基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-1,2-二(2,4,5-三甲基-3-噻吩)乙烯(3)和1,4-二{[1-氰基-2-(2H-5-苯基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-1,2-二(2,4,5-三甲基-3-噻吩)乙烯]-1,3,4-噁二唑}苯(4). 通过IR, NMR, MS和元素分析对化合物进行了结构表征, 并研究了其UV-Vis吸收、荧光发射、动力学特性和抗疲劳性质. 实验结果表明, 化合物[STHZ]3[STBZ]和[STHZ]4[STBZ]具有良好的光致变色性质, 光致变色闭环反应为零级反应, 开环反应为一级反应.     

Single-molecule fluorescence photoswitching of a diarylethene-perylenebisimide dyad: non-destructive fluorescence readout

Single-molecule fluorescence photoswitching plays an essential role in ultrahigh-density (Tbits/inch(2)) optical memories and super-high-resolution fluorescence imaging. Although several fluorescent photochromic molecules and fluorescent proteins have been applied, so far, to optical memories and super-high-resolution imaging, their performance is unsatisfactory because of the absence of "non-destructive fluorescence readout capability". Here we report on a new molecular design principle of a molecule having non-destructive readout capability. The molecule is composed of acceptor photochromic diarylethene and donor fluorescent perylenebisimide units. The fluorescence is reversibly quenched when the diarylethene unit converts between the open- and the closed-ring isomers upon irradiation with visible and UV light. The fluorescence quenching is based on an electron transfer from the donor to the acceptor units. The fluorescence photoswitching and non-destructive readout capability were demonstrated in solution (an ensemble state) and at the single-molecule level. Femtosecond time-resolved transient and fluorescent lifetime measurements confirmed that the fluorescence quenching is attributed to the intramolecular electron transfer.     

Photoswitching of conductance of diarylethene-Au nanoparticle network

A network composed of gold nanoparticles covered with diarylethene dithiophenols was prepared on an interdigitated nanogapped gold electrode to show the reversible photoswitching of the conductance due to the photochromism of the diarylethene molecules induced by UV and visible light.     

具有光控功能的两种氮氧自由基体系磁偶合作用的理论研究

采用密度泛函结合对称性破损态(DFT-BS)方法, 通过计算具有光控磁性分子开关功能的二氮氧自由基二芳基乙烯化合物的磁偶合常数, 合理解释了其分子结构发生开环和闭环变化时, 分子磁性发生的改变．同时设计了二氮氧自由基二甲基二氢化芘分子光控开环和闭环模型, 并用同样的方法计算了模型分子的磁偶合常数, 发现这些模型分子的磁行为类似于二氮氧自由基二芳基乙烯化合物, 有可能也具有光控磁性分子开关功能．     

Digital photoswitching of fluorescence based on the photochromism of diarylethene derivatives at a single-molecule level

Photochromic reactions of diarylethene derivatives were detected at a single-molecule level by using a fluorescence technique. Fluorescent photoswitching molecules in which photochromic diarylethene and fluorescent bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene units are linked through an adamantyl spacer were synthesized, and switching of fluorescence upon irradiation with UV and visible light was followed in solution as well as on polymer films at the single-molecule level. Although in solution the fluorescence intensity gradually changed upon irradiation with UV and visible light, digital on/off switching between two discrete states was observed at the single-molecule level. The "on"- and "off"-times were dependent on the power of UV and visible light. When the power of UV and visible light was increased, the average on- and off-times became short in proportion to the reciprocal power of the light. The response-times were found to show distribution. The distribution of the on- and off-times is considered to reflect the difference in the micro-environment as well as conformation of the molecules.     

A highly selective fluorescent probe for Sn based on a new photochromic diarylethene with a phenol-containing Schiff base unit

A novel diarylethene with a phenol-containing Schiff base unit was successfully synthesized and its multi-responsive photoswitching property was investigated by the stimulation of base/acid and light. The diarylethene showed not only normal photochromism by photoirradiation, but also abnormal photochromism by base and light stimuli. By the stimulation of sodium hydroxide, the absorption maximum of its open-ring isomer showed extraordinarily large redshift of 60 nm, accompanied with a notable color change from colorless to yellow. Subsequent irradiation with 297 nm light further caused a dramatic change in its structure transformation from the deprotonated open-ring isomer to the original closed-ring isomer. Similarly, its deprotonated closed-ring isomer returned to its original open-ring isomer upon irradiation with appropriate visible light. Its deprotonated forms could be restored by the stimulation of hydrochloric acid. Moreover, the diarylethene could be served as a fluorescence probe for recognition of Sn²⁺ with high selectivity.     

Live Cell Imaging Using Photoswitchable Diarylethene‐Doped Fluorescent Polymer Dots

Fluorescence photoswitching using nanomaterials has recently emerged as a promising approach for the imaging of biological targets. However, despite intensive research efforts during the last decade, practical microscopy of biological targets using photoswitchable nanoparticles in real time remains challenging. To address this problem, we have developed live macrophage cell imaging and single particle imaging methods, using photoswitchable fluorescent diarylethene‐doped polymer nanoparticles (P‐dots) under Xe lamp irradiation. We established a 34‐times prolonged “off‐state”, using P‐dots doped with a diarylethene‐containing methoxy substituent, upon visible‐light irradiation using a Xe lamp and a green fluorescent protein filter cube. To demonstrate the practicality of doped P‐dots imaging, we imaged lysosomes in macrophage cells, and observed 11‐times slower recovery of the fluorescence from the “off‐state” to the “on‐state”, indicating their potential for cellular imaging.     

Synthesis of a new diarylethene diradical which has extended π-conjugated chains from the 2,5-position of one thiophene ring

A diarylethene diradical having a new switching unit for intramolecular magnetic interaction was synthesized. The photoswitching unit has an extended π-conjugated chain in one aryl unit, and two nitronyl nitroxide radical are placed at both ends of the π-conjugated chain. The diarylethene moiety is located in the middle of the chain. This diarylethene is designed to change the hybrid orbital from sp² to sp³ at the 2-position of the thiophene ring when this diarylethene undergoes a photochromic reaction. But the new diradical compound did not undergo photocyclic reaction upon irradiation with UV light. The photochemical behavior is perturbed by a resonant quinoid structure which stabilizes the open-ring isomer.     

Photoswitching Molecular Junctions: Platforms and Electrical Properties

Remarkable advances in technology have enabled the manipulation of individual molecules and the creation of molecular electronic devices utilizing single and ensemble molecules. Maturing the field of molecular electronics has led to the development of functional molecular devices, especially photoswitching or photochromic molecular junctions, which switch electronic properties under external light irradiation. This review introduces and summarizes the platforms for investigating the charge transport in single and ensemble photoswitching molecular junctions as well as the electronic properties of diverse photoswitching molecules such as diarylethene, azobenzene, dihydropyrene, and spiropyran. Furthermore, the article discusses the remaining challenges and the direction for moving forward in this area for future photoswitching molecular devices.     

A modular approach to mechanically gated photoswitching with color-tunable molecular force probes

Molecular force probes conveniently report on mechanical stress and/or strain in polymers through straightforward visual cues. Unlike conventional mechanochromic mechanophores, the mechanically gated photoswitching strategy decouples mechanochemical activation from the ultimate chromogenic response, enabling the mechanical history of a material to be recorded and read on-demand using light. Here we report a completely redesigned, highly modular mechanophore platform for mechanically gated photoswitching that offers a robust, accessible synthesis and late stage diversification through Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions to precisely tune the photophysical properties of the masked diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch. Using solution-phase ultrasonication, the reactivity of a small library of functionally diverse mechanophores is demonstrated to be exceptionally selective, producing a chromogenic response under UV irradiation only after mechanochemical activation, revealing colored DAE isomers with absorption spectra that span the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Notably, mechanically gated photoswitching is successfully translated to solid polymeric materials for the first time, demonstrating the potential of the masked diarylethene mechanophore for a variety of applications in force-responsive polymeric materials.

A highly modular and synthetically accessible mechanophore platform enables mechanically gated photoswitching in solution and in solid polymeric materials.