Temporary pacing after His bundle ablation for drug-refractory atrial fibrillation: a risky enterprise?

AIM: In patients with and without a permanent pacemaker His bundle ablation was performed for symptomatic drug-refractory atrial fibrillation. This study was performed to examine the complications of temporary pacing in patients without an already implanted pacemaker. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between January 1996 and December 1998, 152 consecutive patients, both referred and our own (non-referred), underwent His bundle ablation for drug-refractory atrial fibrillation. Primary end-point complications were temporary lead dislodgement requiring immediate repositioning (1), severe arrhythmia (2), death (3) and persistent damage to an already implanted pacing system (4). Secondary end-points were malsensing and malpacing of the temporary lead, and blood vessel problems. Lead dislodgement of the temporary pacemaker occurred in three patients (2.9%), all of whom were in the referred group. Severe arrhythmia and death did not occur. Persistent damage of the already implanted pacing system was not observed. Secondary end-points occurred in 15.8%) of the patients and were successfully managed by a conservative approach. CONCLUSION: Permanent pacemaker implantation is recommended prior to His bundle ablation in order to avoid haemodynamic deterioration due to dislocation of the temporary pacemaker lead. RF current used for His bundle ablation caused no permanent damage to permanent pacing systems.     

Long-term single procedure efficacy of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation

Background Two important limitations of the data regarding the outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) are the short-term follow-up used in most published studies and the lack of single-procedure outcomes.Objective The objective was to report the long-term single-procedure outcomes at our center.Materials and methods The patient population was comprised of 200 consecutive patients who underwent ablation (133 men; age 56 ± 11 years). Atrial fibrillation was paroxysmal in 92 (46%). Success was defined as absence of symptomatic AF, off antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) after a single procedure.Results After a follow-up of 26 ± 11 months, the single-procedure long-term success rate was 28% with an additional 7% of patients demonstrating improvement. After including repeat procedures in 64 patients, the overall long-term success rate was 41% with 11% demonstrating improvement. Further subgroup analysis of 48 paroxysmal AF patients considered to be optimal candidates for the procedure, revealed a long-term success rate of 69% with an additional 4% demonstrating improvement. A major complication occurred in 7.9% of patients.Conclusion The results reveal that the long-term single-procedure success rate of catheter ablation of AF in a cohort of patients with predominantly non-paroxysmal AF is less than 40%. The inclusion of redo procedures resulted in an improvement in outcomes. A much higher success rate of 69% was achieved in patients with paroxysmal AF considered to be optimal candidates for this procedure. These results make it clear that further advances in the technique of catheter ablation of AF are needed to improve the safety and efficacy of this procedure. In order to be able to compare outcomes of various techniques in differing patient populations, we urge investigators to report long-term single procedure outcomes.This study was supported by The Norbert and Louise Grunwald Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Fund.     

环肺静脉口部线性消融治疗心房颤动的初期体会

目的报告环肺静脉口部线性消融治疗心房颤动(房颤)的初期体会和结果。方法56例药物治疗无效的房颤患者(阵发性房颤50例,持续性房颤6例)入选,平均年龄(50.6±9.6)岁。利用三维电解剖标测系统,围绕左和右侧肺静脉口部线性消融左心房,另外二条消融线分别连接左、右环状消融线以及左环状消融线至二尖瓣环。术后服用抗心律失常药3个月。结果55例患者接受消融治疗,其中53例完成预定的线性消融,操作时间和X线曝光时间分别为(193±56)min和(35±11)min。术中14例患者为房颤心律,其中8例(57.1%)消融过程中恢复窦性心律;20例出现迷走神经反射现象。随访时间>3个月(7.3±3.4)个月的41例,其中无房颤发作者25例(包括2例仍服用胺碘酮,61.0%),房颤发作次数和持续时间明显减少者11例(26.8%),无效者5例。无1例发生肺静脉狭窄。结论纯解剖方式的环肺静脉口部线性消融治疗房颤是安全可行的。其主要治疗机制是改变房颤的心房基质和去迷走神经作用。     

环肺静脉前庭隔离治疗阵发性心房颤动两种手术方法的临床对比研究

目的 比较环肺静脉电极指引下的肺静脉前庭导管消融与单导管技术隔离肺静脉前庭对阵发性心房颤动（房颤）治疗方法学和疗效的差异.方法 2010年9月至2013年9月共有135例阵发性房颤患者在北京同仁医院接受导管消融治疗,分为环肺电极组54例和单导管消融组81例,行三维标测系统（CARTO）下房颤导管消融.行双侧肺静脉前庭隔离后,比较两组的安全性、时效性和临床效果.结果 环肺电极组肺静脉前庭隔离52例（96.3％）,单导管消融组78例（96.3％）,两组隔离率比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.在手术操作时间上,单导管消融组明显快于环肺电极组[（76±41） min比（101±32） min,P＜0.05].单导管消融组X线曝光时间明显少于环肺电极组[（12±6.1） min比（24±6.5） min,P＜0.05].随访8个月,不使用抗心律失常药物成功维持窦性心律的患者,环肺电极组43例（79.6％）,单导管消融组67例（82.7％）,两组差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;环肺电极组有2例肺静脉缩窄的并发症.结论 对于阵发性房颤的消融,单导管消融优于环肺静脉电极指引下导管消融,应用单导管技术定位缝隙实现肺静脉前庭的完全隔离安全有效.     

三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉消融治疗心房颤动

目的 探讨三维标测系统指导下环肺静脉消融治疗心房颤动的安全性和有效性.方法 阵发性心房颤动92例和持续性或永久性心房颤动36例,接受环肺静脉消融术.采用Carto电解剖标测系统,进行环肺静脉左心房线性消融,消融终点为肺静脉电隔离.手术结束时对心律仍为心房颤动者行同步直流电心脏复律.结果 完成"解剖学"环形消融线256条,其中58.6%达到电隔离肺静脉的终点,经寻找缝隙补充消融后最终248条(96.9%)消融线达到终点.手术时间(231±45)min、X线曝光时间(42±13)min和放电时间(66±17)min.术后随访平均10个月,无复发101例(78.9%).接受了再次手术15例,心内电生理检查证实14例有左心房-肺静脉传导,射频消融成功并随访30～270 d,两次射频消融术后总成功率为87.5%,其中阵发性心房颤动成功率为93.0%,持续性或永久性心房颤动为76.7%.并发症发生率为6.2%,包括心包填塞2例、小脑梗死2例、股静脉穿刺部位血肿1例和左侧大量血胸1例,经治疗后均痊愈.结论 以肺静脉电隔离为目标的环肺静脉消融术治疗心房颤动有效和安全.     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy with His bundle pacing as a method of treatment of chronic heart failure in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and left bundle branch block

CRT is a therapeutic option for patients with heart failure, sinus rhythm, prolonged QRS complex duration and reduced ejection fraction. We present a case of 71-year-old woman with dilated cardiomyopathy, NYHA functional class III and AF. We implanted CRT combined with direct His-bundle pacing. The indication for such a therapy was a left bundle branch block with a QRS complex of 178 ms and a left ventricular EF of 15%, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) of 75 mm. After 8 months of follow-up the LVEDD was 60 mm with EF 35–40%.     

射频消融并植入心脏起搏器对房颤患者生活质量及心功能的影响

目的:研究射频消融阻断房室传导同时植入永久性人工心脏起搏器对老年心房颤动(房颤)患者生活质量及心室结构和功能的影响。方法:2005年1月至2007年2月,7例老年房颤患者在长征医院接受射频消融阻断房室传导同时植入永久性人工心脏起搏器。术前及术后随访平均(7.7±4.9)月时进行生活质量问卷调查及心脏超声检查。结果:患者术后心悸、气短、头晕、胸痛评分较术前显著增加,分别提高120%、104%、94%和25%(P均0.01);总生活质量评分显著改善(P0.01)。与术前相比,7例患者术后室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSTd)[(11.6±2.3)mm∶(9.1±1.4)mm]、室间隔收缩末期厚度(IVSTs)[(17.1±5.1)mm∶(11.8±1.2)mm]、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWTd)[(11.0±2.1)mm∶(9.1±1.4)mm]、左心室后壁收缩末期厚度(LVPWTs)[(16.3±1.9)mm∶(12.2±0.8)mm]显著减小(P均0.05)。3例植入房室全能型起搏器(DDD)的患者,术前后左室射血分无明显变化。心室按需型起搏器。6名患者术后左室收缩末期内径(LVEDs)较术前显著增大[(30.0±6.4)mm∶(34.0±6.4)mm,P=0.01]。无起搏失灵、起搏电极脱位、囊袋感染及起搏综合征等并发症。结论:对于症状严重、药物疗效差或不能耐受药物治疗的老年心房颤动患者,射频消融阻断房室传导同时植入永久性人工心脏起搏器能显著减轻症状,提高生活质量。     

Pulmonary vein isolation using segmental versus electroanatomical circumferential ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that electroanatomic pulmonary vein (PV) antra encircling for the PV isolation will improve the outcome in treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF), compared with segmental PV isolation. METHODS: Fifty-four patients underwent segmental PV isolation (group 1) and 56 patients circumferential PV isolation (group 2) for symptomatic PAF in a randomized study. RESULTS: Following single ablation procedure, at the 48 +/- 8 month follow-up, 30 (56%) and 32 (57%) patients in groups 1 and 2 remained free of arrhythmia (P = 0.41). After repeat ablation, 43 (80%) and 45 (80%) patients in groups 1 and 2 were free of arrhythmia without antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs); 48 (89%) and 51 (91%) patients in groups 1 and 2 did not have arrhythmia recurrences without or with AADs. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates no advantage in long-term arrhythmia-free clinical outcome after circumferential PV isolation in patients with frequent PAF.     

肺静脉电隔离对环肺静脉线性消融术效果的影响

目的:探讨肺静脉完全隔离与否对环肺静脉线性消融术治疗阵发性心房颤动(Af)效果的影响。方法:63例阵发性Af患者随机分为隔离肺静脉组(30例)和不隔离肺静脉组(33例)。所有患者均在三维电解剖系统指导下完成环左右肺静脉线性消融。在术前和术后均放置10极环状导管(Lasso)以标测各肺静脉电位情况,对隔离肺静脉组,如环肺静脉消融完成后仍残存肺静脉电位则补充进行节段性肺静脉隔离,而对不隔离肺静脉组环肺静脉消融完成后不作进一步处理。结果:环肺静脉消融完成后,不隔离肺静脉组33例患者中30例(90.9%)未达完全肺静脉隔离。隔离肺静脉组30例患者中26例(86.7%)未达完全肺静脉隔离,在行补充性节段消融后,隔离肺静脉组完全肺静脉电隔离率达96.7%(29/30)。平均随访(11±3)个月后,不隔离肺静脉组81.8%(27/33)的患者和隔离肺静脉组83.3%(25/30)的患者停用抗心律失常药物后无Af发作,2组间差异无统计学意义。结论:环肺静脉线性消融术用于治疗阵发性Af时,术中完全的肺静脉电隔离对于提高长期疗效并非必需。     

Septic vegetation at the left atrial appendage entrance after pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Pulmonary vein (PV) ablation is increasingly used to treat highly symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Here, we present a case of infective endocarditis (IE) after PV ablation at the uncommon position of the left atrial appendage entrance. We conclude that iatrogenic intracardial manipulation may create predisposing lesions for IE.     

心房颤动环肺静脉电隔离术后房性心律失常的再消融治疗

目的探讨应用三维电解剖(Carto)系统引导左房(left atrium,LA)内环肺静脉(pulmo-naryvein,PV)消融治疗心房颤动(房颤)后复发房性心律失常的可能原因和再消融治疗。方法共对77例房颤患者进行环肺静脉电隔离术消融治疗,其中男性58例,20～76岁;阵发性房颤56例,持续性房颤21例。穿刺2～3次房间隔送入2～3支2·67mm(8F)长鞘至LA,送入1～2支Lasso导管入PV。应用Carto-XP系统,3·5mm生理盐水灌注消融导管,在LA内建立三维电解剖结构图。行PV选择性造影标识出PV口。在沿PV口外0·5～1·0cm的LA,设定围绕左或右侧上、下PV的环状消融线,消融终点为PV-LA电隔离。结果71/77例左侧和右侧PV-LA均达到电隔离,6/77例仅单侧PV-LA电隔离。复发病例中,14例再次消融,心电图或动态心电图示房性心动过速(房速)8例,房速-房颤5例,典型心房扑动1例。13例(93%)有左和/或右侧PV-LA传导恢复,其中左、右两侧均恢复8例,左侧和右侧恢复分别为3例和2例。7例患者在术中记录到左房房速,均起源于PV。13例再次消融均达到PV-LA电隔离,1例典型心房扑动达到三尖瓣峡部双向传导阻滞;随访3～30个月,其中12例无房性心律失常发作。结论采用Carto系统引导环同侧PV线性消融治疗房颤安全有效,PV-LA传导恢复可以是房颤消融后复发房性心律失常的主要机制,再次消融达到PV-LA电隔离可进一步提高房颤消融的成功率。     

心房颤动消融术中肺静脉传导恢复的识别及再干预对疗效的影响

目的观察阵发性心房颤动(房颤)环肺静脉电隔离术(CPVI)中不同观察时间内肺静脉传导急性恢复的发生率,并评价再次电隔离术对于临床疗效的影响。方法入选阵发性房颤患者90例,其中男性51例,女性39例,平均年龄56·4±12·3(45～73)岁;随机分为三组行CPVI,组A实现肺静脉电隔离不予观察,组B电隔离后观察时间30min,组C电隔离后观察时间60min,评价肺静脉传导恢复发生率并对其再次行电隔离术。术后随访心电图和24小时动态心电图评价疗效。结果所有患者顺利完成消融术。组A平均手术时间显著短于组B和组C。肺静脉隔离时间和X线透视时间三组中每两组差异均无统计学意义。组B左肺静脉隔离后30min传导恢复8例(25%),60min电位恢复共10例(31·2%);右肺静脉隔离后30min传导恢复6例(18·8%)。组C左肺静脉隔离后30min传导恢复9例(30%),60min传导恢复共11例(36·7%);右肺静脉隔离后30min7例(23·3%)传导恢复,60min共8例(26·7%)传导恢复。平均随访6·7±2·3(4～9)个月,组A17例(60·7%)、组B27例(84·3%)、组C26例(86·7%)无房性快速性心律失常发作,P=0·04。结论环肺静脉电隔离术中肺静脉传导急性恢复率为30%左右,多数发生在肺静脉隔离后30min内,再次电隔离术有助于提高消融成功率。     

应用盐水灌注消融导管进行肺静脉-心房电隔离治疗阵发性心房颤动

目的探讨应用盐水灌注消融导管对肺静脉-心房(PV-LA)电隔离治疗阵发性心房颤动(房颤)的效果.方法26例患者,男性22例,女性4例,年龄31～69(52±11)岁,均有阵发性房颤病史.患者分为2组,第1组15例应用普通4 mm电极温控导管消融,第2组11例应用盐水灌注导管消融.所有患者均在环状标测电极导管指导下行3根或4根肺静脉(PV)消融.结果第1组15例患者第1次消融了50根PV,即刻PV-LA电隔离成功率92%,手术时间平均3.5 h.其中在2例因房颤复发行第2次消融的患者中,第1次消融的7根PV中有6根(86%)恢复了与LA间的传导.第1组随访平均13个月,无房颤发作者8例(53%,含2例经再次消融患者),有效3例(20%).第2组11例患者第1次消融了44根PV,即刻PV-LA电隔离成功44根,成功率100%,11例手术时间平均2.8 h,1例应用盐水灌注消融导管消融时发生心脏压塞.第2组随访平均4个月,无房颤发作者7例(64%),有效2例(18%).结论应用盐水灌注消融导管进行PV-LA电隔离可能(1)缩短PV-LA电隔离所需的时间和提高成功率;(2)减少术后PV-LA电传导恢复的可能性,从而减少复发率;(3)初步结果表明应用盐水灌注消融导管较安全,但是否增加PV狭窄和心脏压塞等并发症尚需进一步的资料.     

持续性心房颤动环肺静脉消融术后随访及复发因素

目的探讨Lasso标测导管指导下环肺静脉消融术(CPVA)后心房颤动(简称房颤)早晚期复发的预测因素。方法收集持续性房颤CPVA术后患者的临床及电生理资料结合术后随访,进行多因素相关分析,了解各因素与术后房颤复发的相关性。结果共89例行CPVA术,早期复发房性心律失常29例(32.6%),其中房颤19例(21.3%),晚期共复发房颤29例(32.6%)。多因素回归分析提示最大P波时程(OR1.024,CI1.002～1.046,P=0.03)是房颤早期复发的独立预测因素;而对于房颤晚期复发来说,器质性心脏病(OR4.849,CI1.582～14.866,P=0.006)以及最大P波时程(OR1.048,CI1.017～1.080,P=0.002)是独立预测因素。结论持续性房颤CPVA术后患者,最大P波时程是早晚期复发的独立预测因素,器质性心脏病是晚期复发的独立预测因素。     

心房颤动肺静脉电隔离术后房性早搏的三维标测和消融

目的 探讨心房颤动（房颤）环肺静脉电隔离术后频发房性早搏（房早）的分布特点和评价消融的效果.方法 21例患者（男性13例,女性8例）,平均年龄（51.2±8.7）岁.平均距阵发性房颤环肺静脉隔离术（2.3±1.1）个月.经24 h动态心电图检查,平均房早个数为（12110±375）个.肺静脉起源房早予以再次补点隔离肺静脉,其他部位房早采用三维激动标测和消融.消融术后随访心电图、24 h动态心电图评价消融效果.结果 肺静脉电位恢复2例,均为房早起源部位（左上肺静脉1例,左下肺静脉1例）,补点隔离肺静脉后房早消失.余19例无肺静脉电位恢复,其中起源于左心房右后上壁2例、后下壁4例,左心房顶部4例、左心房左前上壁2例,冠状静脉窦口1例,界嵴中部2例,高右心房间隔2例,高右心房后上壁1例,三尖瓣环6点位置1例.消融后共使18例（85.7%）房早消失.消融术后随访（11.7±4.2）个月,17例（81.0%）无房早复发.结论 阵发性房颤环肺静脉电隔离术后房早分布离散,主要起源于左心房（66.7%）,但多与肺静脉电位无关,其次为起源于右心房.三维标测和消融疗效良好.     

环肺静脉电隔离对阵发性心房颤动患者左房功能的影响

目的应用超声心动图技术评价环肺静脉电隔离术(CPVA)对阵发性心房颤动(PAF)患者左房功能的影响。方法 PAF患者81例,择期行CPVA,据术后PAF有无复发分为成功组及复发组;应用超声心动图测定术前及术后3天、3个月、12个月时静息状态下左房主动排空容积(LAAEV)、左房主动排空分数(LAAEF)、左房最大容积(LAVmax)、左房总排空容积(LATEV)、左房总排空分数(LATEF)、二尖瓣血流频谱A峰峰值流速(VA)、A峰速度时间积分(A-VTI)及左房射血力(LAEF)。结果成功组,术后3个月与术前比较,反应左房辅助泵功能的指标LAAEV、VA、A-VTI及LAEF均减少(P0.05);术后12个月与术前比较,LAAEV、VA、A-VTI及LAEF均增加(P0.05),反映左房储存功能的指标LAVmax、LATEV及LATEF均增加(P0.05)。复发组,术后12个月与术前比较,LAAEV、VA、A-VTI及LAEF均减少(P0.05)。结论 CPVA对PAF患者术后近期左房功能有不利影响,而术后远期功能得到明显改善。     

Study of surface electrocardiogram spectrum before and after pulmonary vein ablation in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinical cardiac arrhythmia and is usually treated with the electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins from the atria. However, it is estimated that about 30% of the patients undergoing this therapy will develop AF again. The purpose of this study was to test the dynamic changes of the spectra calculated in surface electrocardiograms (ECGs) before and after the ablation of the pulmonary veins. Surface ECGs of 14 patients with persistent AF undergoing this intervention were considered for this study. The QRS-T waves were subtracted from the ECGs using common spatial pattern, isolating the electrical activity of the atrium. The spectrum was then calculated and the main frequency peaks were identified. The smaller peaks with amplitude below 50% of the maximum were discarded. Eleven of the patients were followed up after the intervention for 1 to 6 months. Two of the patients developed AF again; the other 9 remained in sinus rhythm. For most of the patients, the spectrum showed more order after the intervention. However, the main frequency did not experience a significant decrease in average (5.1 Hz [±1.3] to 4.9 Hz [±1.0]). Interestingly, the increment or decrease of the main frequency did not correlate with the recurrence of AF or not.     

心房颤动导管消融术中肺静脉狭窄的原因与随访

目的　探讨心房颤动 (房颤 )导管消融术中发生肺静脉狭窄的可能原因 ,并随访狭窄患者的临床表现。方法　自 1998年 8月至 2 0 0 3年 12月 ,共对连续 2 0 6例房颤患者施行了肺静脉消融治疗。消融后根据选择性肺静脉造影判定有无狭窄 ,并根据狭窄程度分为轻度狭窄 (<5 0 %直径 )、中度狭窄 (5 0 %～ 75 %直径 )和重度狭窄 (>75 %直径 )。通过多因素分析确定与术中肺静脉狭窄相关的临床因素 ,并对所有狭窄患者进行相关临床表现的随访。结果　总计消融 6 2 2根肺静脉 ,其中 10例(4 9% )患者的 10支 (1 6 % )肺静脉出现狭窄 ,包括重度狭窄 2支 ,轻度和中度狭窄各 4支。Logistic多因素回归分析显示 ,在肺静脉深部放电是房颤导管消融术中发生肺静脉狭窄的独立预测因子 (胜算比OR 1 3;95 %可信区间 :1 0 3～ 1 4 1;P <0 0 5 )。肺静脉狭窄部位距离肺静脉开口平均 (1 2± 0 2 )cm。随访 12～ 5 3(4 2 2± 11 8)个月 ,10例患者均未出现提示肺静脉狭窄的临床症状。术后 6～ 12个月 ,9例 (90 % )患者进行了肺通气 /灌注扫描检查 ,均未见异常 ;7例 (70 % )患者接受了肺静脉磁共振血管造影检查 ,原狭窄部位未见狭窄程度进展或消退。结论　 (1)在肺静脉深部放电是导致肺静脉狭窄的重要原因 ;(2 )单支肺静脉狭窄可能     

Asymptomatic pulmonary vein stenosis after cryoballoon catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation is an effective treatment option for symptomatic atrial fibrillation. PV stenosis is a well-recognized complication of radiofrequency energy application but has not been observed following cryoballoon ablation. Here, we report a case of asymptomatic PV stenosis associated with cryoballoon PV isolation, illustrating a risk that should be considered when applying this technique.