SHPB试验中试件的轴向应力均匀性

针对SHPB试验中试件的轴向应力均匀性问题,采用一维弹性波理论,推导了具有任意形状前沿的入射波加载下,试件内应力的时空分布计算公式。以脉冲前沿的上升时间为参数,将矩形、梯形和坡形3种典型的输入脉冲统一表示为梯形波的形式,计算了不同入射波上升时间和不同试件-压杆波阻抗比情况下试件中的应力传播过程,得到了相应的应力均匀度时程曲线以及应力平衡时间。分析了入射波上升时间和试件-压杆波阻抗比对应力平衡时间的影响,得到了一些有意义的认识,为SHPB试验的设计与分析提供了一定的理论依据。     

SHPB测试中的均匀性问题及恒应变率

利用一维应力波理论对霍普金森压杆(SHPB)测试中的均匀性问题作了较为详尽的讨论,对测试中各种加载波形的优缺点及各参数对均匀性的影响进行了分析与评估。给出了测试脆性材料时实现恒应变率加载的加载条件。对在满足应力均匀性要求下SHPB的可测应变率范围作了讨论并修正了前人不完善的结论。讨论了考虑均匀性时应采用的测试数据处理方法。利用图解的方法对弹塑性材料测试时的均匀性问题及相应加载要求作了定性分析,指出对弹塑性材料,测试中的应变不均匀也应予以考虑。     

肌肉类粘弹性超软材料SHPB实验的应力应变均匀性分析

试样的轴向应力和应变均匀问题是霍普金森杆实验行之有效的必要条件,而这对肌肉类粘弹性超软材料尤为重要.本文用量纲分析法,分析出了影响粘弹性材料SHPB实验应力和应变均匀性的无量纲量,结合LS-DYNA数值模拟方法,考察了各无量纲量对粘弹性材料均匀性的影响规律.结果表明,为使肌肉类材料SHPB实验更早达到均匀条件,理想的入...     

高聚物SHPB试验中试件早期应力不均匀性的影响

本文详细分析了在高聚物 SHPB 试验中,试件内部早期应力不均匀性的产生过程以及它对获得应力应变曲线的影响,提出消除这种不均匀性的修正方法。对线性粘弹性材料所做的数值模拟为分析提供了依据;采用新方法处理实测数据给出了较满意的结果.     

岩石SHPB实验加载过程中应力平衡问题分析

运用一维应力波理论,分析了弹性应力波在分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验中的传播过程,推导出试件和压杆中应力分布相关计算公式。探讨了有关因素对试件应力平衡时间的影响规律,发现试件应力平衡时间受试件/压杆广义波阻抗比和入射加载升时的影响显著,而不受试件/压杆截面积比和入射加载应力幅值的影响。结合岩石SHPB实验,计算分析了不同入射加载应力幅值在不同入射加载升时情况下,试件达到应力平衡时的应变变化特征,并提出了降低试件在应力平衡时的应变控制方法,使试件在未达到断裂应变之前达到应力平衡,以保证实验的有效性。得出的结论对岩石类脆性材料SHPB实验方案设计具有一定的参考意义。     

104s-1应变率下SHPB系统实验相关问题探讨

利用小直径(3.17mm)的SHPB系统初步获得两种较高强度材料(一种特种钢和一种WMo合金)应变率达到104s-1以上的动态压缩应力 应变曲线。通过对这次实验过程及结果的观察和分析,对高应变率实验存在的几个问题进行了探讨。     

SHPB实验中试件内早期应力平衡分析

分析了影响SHPB实验试件中早期应力平衡的外部因素,如光滑入射波及其上升时间、压杆波阻抗及压杆与试件横截面积之比等。研究结果表明,当用传统的SHPB装置产生的入射波加载试件时,宜采用与试件波阻抗接近的压杆;在相同的试验条件下,直径较大的试件,其内部应力达到均匀分分布的状态快于小直径的试件,最后给出了改善试件早期应力均匀性的方法。     

SHPB实验中粘弹性试件内部应力波的传播

建立描述SHPB实验中线性粘弹性试件内部应力波传播的控制方程组.根据试件两端与入射杆及透射杆接触的应力波特征关系给出耦合边界条件.对方程组和定解条件进行Laplace变换,求得试件内部应力在变换域像函数的表达式.采用数值反变换技术进行反Laplace变换,获得试件两端的应力时程曲线.对现有的固定Talbot反变换算法进行改进:将入射波像函数分解为基本部分和延迟部分,利用固定Talbot算法对基本部分入射波作用下的波动问题求解,其他部分的解通过延迟定理得到,最终解为两部分的叠加.采用这种改进算法得到的不同入射波下粘弹性试件的内部应力解与传统的基于特征线数值模拟方法的结果吻合.在此基础上探讨了粘弹性试件的几何参数和材料本构参数对透射波波形的影响.     

花岗岩在SHPB冲击破坏实验中最低加载应变率的杆径效应

基于Steverding-Lehnigk脆性断裂准则,分析了半正弦应力波加载条件下SHPB杆径尺寸与导致花岗岩试样单次冲击破坏对应的最低应变率之间的关系。采用杆径分别为22、36、50和75 mm的SHPB实验系统对相应尺寸规格的花岗岩试样进行了应变率从高到低的冲击实验,讨论了花岗岩试样在单次冲击破坏情形下对应的最低应变率与实验杆径的相关性。理论和实验结果表明:岩石试样的最低加载应变率随着SHPB杆径的增大而以乘方关系减小,但当应变率低到100 s-1量级时,Hopkinson杆径已超过100 mm,增大Hopkinson杆径降低加载应变率的效果不再明显。     

混凝土类材料SHPB实验中确定应变率的方法

由于混凝土类材料在SHPB实验中很难实现恒应变率加载,为了确定非恒应变率加载下的实验数据所对应的应变率,本文中针对不同强度(C20,C45,C70)和不同钢纤维含量(0%,0.75%,1.50%,4.50%)的混凝土进行了SHPB实验。对实验得到的30组恒应变率加载下的数据进行了分析总结,结果表明:实验数据所对应的恒应变率与全段平均应变率之间存在一定的比值关系,从而混凝土类材料SHPB实验数据所对应的应变率可以采用全段平均应变率的1.38倍来表征。通过对比非恒应变率加载和恒应变率加载下得到的应力应变曲线,验证了该确定应变率方法的合理性,并指出较短恒应变率加载下实验数据对应的应变率直接采用短平台段对应的应变率来表征是不合理的。     

Dynamic stress equilibration in split Hopkinson pressure bar tests on soft materials

The condition of dynamic stress equilibrium is not satisfied automatically when a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is employed to determine the dynamic properties of soft materials. In order to develop guidelines for the proper design of SHPB experiments under valid testing conditions, an integrated experimental/analytical study has been conducted to examine the process of dynamic stress equilibrium in a soft rubber specimen. Dynamic compressive experiments on a RTV 630 and an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber with a SHPB modified for soft material testing were conducted to determine the effects of specimen thickness and loading rate on the stress equilibrating process. An analytical model was employed to analyze the equilibrating processes observed in experiments. It is found that the incident loading rate dominates the initial non-equilibrium stress state, and the specimen thickness mainly affects the dynamic stress equilibrium after the initial stage.     

基于SHPB的球形压痕实验方法

提出一种基于霍普金森压杆装置的动态球形压痕实验方法,通过将硬质合金小球置于2个试件中间,实现加载过程中2个试件的同时压入,以得到准确的压痕力与位移的关系。利用有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit对该实验方法进行了数值模拟,从实验结果的可行性、准确性等方面,对新实验方法与传统的动态压痕实验方法进行了比较;采用新方法对铝合金材料进行了实验,并得到了压入力-位移曲线等关系。研究结果表明:采用新实验方法能得到较准确的结果,能较真实地描述压痕过程。     

确定材料在高温高应变率下动态性能的Hopkinson杆系统

描述了一种利用Hopkinson杆装置确定在高温（温度可高达1 173 K）、高应变率下材料动态性能的试验方法。在试样加温过程中,试样不与入射杆及透射杆接触。当试样加热到预定温度时,气压驱动同步组装系统,推动透射杆及试样,使得应力波到达入射杆与试样接触面时,入射杆、试样及透射杆紧密接触。利用以上系统,完成了连铸单晶铜及上引法连铸多晶铜从室温到1 085 K范围内的应力应变曲线。测试结果表明,不论是上引法连铸多晶铜还是连铸单晶铜,流动应力随温度的升高而下降,在温度低于585 K时,材料的应变硬化率明显大于在温度高于585 K时的应变硬化率。     

A quartz-crystal-embedded split Hopkinson pressure bar for soft materials

A dynamic experimental technique that is three orders of magnitude as sensitive in stress measurement as a conventional split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has been developed. Experimental results show that this new method is effective and reliable for determining the dynamic compressive stress-strain responses of materials with low mechanical impedance and low compressive strengths, such as elastomeric materials and foams at high strain rates. The technique is based on a conventional SHPB. Instead of a surface strain gage mounted on the transmission bar, a piezoelectric force transducer was embedded in the middle of the transmission bar of a high-strength aluminum alloy to directly measure the weakly transmitted force profile from a soft specimen. In addition, a pulse-shape technique was used for increasing the rise time of the incident pulse to ensure stress equilibrium and homogeneous deformation in the low-impedance and low-strength specimen.     

Determination of dynamic fracture-initiation toughness using three-point bending tests in a modified Hopkinson pressure bar

We present a procedure for measuring the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness of materials. The method is based on three-point bending tests at high loading rates, performed in an experimental device which is a modification of the classical split Hopkinson pressure bar. Coupled with the loading device, a high-speed photography system was used to measure the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) directly on the specimen. The stress intensity factor was calculated by three different simplified methods and the time to fracture was obtained from an appropriate specimen instrumentation. To evaluate the results derived from the simplified methods, a two-dimensional full-numerical analysis of the dynamic bending fracture test was made. The model includes the specimen, the input bar, the impacting projectile and the supporting device and takes into account the possible loss of contact during the experiment between the input bar and the specimen and between the specimen and its supports. From the tests and numerical results, it can be concluded that the CMOD procedure, together with the knowledge of the time to fracture determined using crack gages, seems to be the best method for measuring dynamic fracture-initiation toughness.     

改进的霍普金森压杆技术在聚氨脂泡沫塑料动态力学性能研究中的应用

用改进的霍普金森杆技术得到了聚氨脂泡沫塑料在动态应力均匀和恒应变率条件下的实验结果。     

SHPB帽形试样尺寸效应研究

利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件开展不同尺寸帽形试样的SHPB数值模拟,研究帽形试样的尺寸效应。结果表明,当帽形试样剪切变形区域宽度大于0.2 mm时,根据经典公式处理得到的应力值将随t的增大而显著增大, 严重偏离理论值,当t=1.0 mm时,计算得到的应力值甚至接近理论值的2倍。采用分体模型进行的进一步计算表明,数据处理结果中应力偏差主要来源于帽形试样中环状部位的膨胀变形。提出改进的数据处理方法,并采用圆柱样与几种不同尺寸帽形试样开展了验证实验,结果与计算结果基本一致。     

Hopkinson压杆技术的推广应用

简要介绍了Hopkinson杆的几种工程应用,包括:(1)用同步组装系统进行高温、高应变率耦合作用下材料动态力学性能的测试;(2)在Hopkinson压杆技术中实现单脉冲加载及其在动态损伤力学中的应用;(3)用Hopkinson压杆加载三点弯曲试样测定材料的动态起裂韧性;(4)用Hopkinson压杆技术对加速度传感器在3 000~200 000g范围内进行g值校准。还介绍了这些应用的基本原理、测试方法及所取得的成果。     

A split Hopkinson pressure bar technique to determine compressive stress-strain data for rock materials

This paper presents a split Hopkinson pressure bar technique to obtain compressive stress-strain data for rock materials. This technique modifies the conventional split Hopkinson bar apparatus by placing a thin copper disk on the impact surface of the incident bar. When the striker bar impacts the copper disk, a nondispersive ramp pulse propagates in the incident bar and produces a nearly constant strain rate in a rock sample. Data from experiments with limestone show that the samples are in dynamic stress equilibrium and have constant strain rates over most of the test durations. In addition, the ramp pulse durations can be controlled such that samples are unloaded just prior to failure. Thus, intact samples that experience strains beyond the elastic region and postpeak stresses can be retrieved for microstructural evaluations. The paper also presents analytical models that predict the time durations for sample equilibrium and constant strain rate. Model predictions are in good agreement with measurements.