温度对多硫电解质及量子点敏化太阳能电池性能的影响

采用电化学的方法研究了温度对多硫电解质导电性能及量子点敏化太阳能电池光电性能的影响.结果表明:随着温度的升高,电解质的电导率逐步升高,多硫离子在电解质中的扩散阻力变小;另外,随着温度的升高,量子点敏化太阳能电池的光电转化效率逐渐降低,这主要是由于在较高的温度下,电池的暗反应逐渐增大和量子点的脱附引起的.     

高活性硫化铅电极的制备及在量子点敏化太阳能电池中的应用

为了提高量子点敏化纳晶薄膜太阳能电池的光电转换效率,我们通过连续在酸和多硫溶液中处理铅片制备了对多硫电解液具有高电催化活性的硫化铅电极.通过电化学阻抗谱测试评价所制备硫化铅电极的催化活性,从而确定制备高效硫化铅电极的最佳条件.以在最佳条件下制备的硫化铅为对电极、CdSe量子点敏化TiO2纳晶薄膜为工作电极和多硫电解液组装成量子点敏化太阳能电池.光电性能测试结果表明所制备的电极具有良好的催化活性和光电转换性能.与已报导的方法相比,新方法大幅度地减少制备过程所需的时间,但却提高了所制备的硫化铅对电极的催化活性.通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜测试表征了硫化铅的生成过程,探讨了催化活性提高的原因.     

CulnS2量子点敏化太阳能电池中尺寸依赖的电子注入和光电性质

研究了CulnS2(CIS)量子点敏化太阳能电池(QDSSCs)的电子注入和器件性能与粒子尺寸之间的依赖关系.首先合成了不同尺寸的CulnS2量子点(QDs),制备了CulnS2量子点敏化的TiO2薄膜,并组装了量子点敏化太阳能电池.通过循环伏安法确定了CulnS2量子点的能级位置.采用时间分辨荧光光谱分析测量了CulnS2量子点到TiO2薄膜的电子转移速率和效率.结果发现,随着粒子尺寸从4.0 nm减小到2.5nm,电子注入速率略微增加而电子注入效率减小,同时量子点敏化太阳能电池的开路电压基本不变,而光电转换效率、短路电流和填充因子(FF)均减小.上述研究结果表明量子点敏化太阳能电池性能的优化可以通过改变量子点的尺寸来实现.     

CuInS_2量子点敏化太阳能电池中尺寸依赖的电子注入和光电性质

研究了CuInS2(CIS)量子点敏化太阳能电池(QDSSCs)的电子注入和器件性能与粒子尺寸之间的依赖关系.首先合成了不同尺寸的CuInS2量子点(QDs),制备了CuInS2量子点敏化的TiO2薄膜,并组装了量子点敏化太阳能电池.通过循环伏安法确定了CuInS2量子点的能级位置.采用时间分辨荧光光谱分析测量了CuInS2量子点到TiO2薄膜的电子转移速率和效率.结果发现,随着粒子尺寸从4.0 nm减小到2.5 nm,电子注入速率略微增加而电子注入效率减小,同时量子点敏化太阳能电池的开路电压基本不变,而光电转换效率、短路电流和填充因子(FF)均减小.上述研究结果表明量子点敏化太阳能电池性能的优化可以通过改变量子点的尺寸来实现.     

高活性硫化铅电极的制备及在量子点敏化太阳能电池中的应用

为了提高量子点敏化纳晶薄膜太阳能电池的光电转换效率,我们通过连续在酸和多硫溶液中处理铅片制备了对多硫电解液具有高电催化活性的硫化铅电极. 通过电化学阻抗谱测试评价所制备硫化铅电极的催化活性,从而确定制备高效硫化铅电极的最佳条件. 以在最佳条件下制备的硫化铅为对电极、CdSe量子点敏化TiO₂纳晶薄膜为工作电极和多硫电解液组装成量子点敏化太阳能电池. 光电性能测试结果表明所制备的电极具有良好的催化活性和光电转换性能. 与已报导的方法相比,新方法大幅度地减少制备过程所需的时间,但却提高了所制备的硫化铅对电极的催化活性. 通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜测试表征了硫化铅的生成过程,探讨了催化活性提高的原因.     

双面进光太阳能电池透明对电极研究进展

近年来,太阳能电池（包括染料敏化、量子点敏化及钙钛矿太阳能电池）因其成本低、质量轻、效率高受到研究人员的广泛关注.双面进光太阳能电池是太阳光能通过光阳极以及透明对电极同时入射的器件,是近年来扩宽太阳能电池光利用率及能效以达到提高器件光电性能的主要手段,其中透明对电极的性能直接影响器件的背面进光效率,因此研究对电极对提高双面进光太阳能电池光电转化效率十分必要.本文针对传统对电极透光性低,成本高,光利用率低等问题,与双面进光的高光电转换效率以及低成本等特点对比,综合分析了透明对电极材料的选择及界面修饰改性等对双面进光染料敏化、量子点敏化及钙钛矿太阳能电池光电性能的影响及其应用前景.     

CuInS2量子点敏化太阳能电池中尺寸依赖的电子注入和光电性质

研究了CuInS₂（CIS）量子点敏化太阳能电池（QDSSCs）的电子注入和器件性能与粒子尺寸之间的依赖关系. 首先合成了不同尺寸的CuInS₂量子点（QDs）,制备了CuInS₂量子点敏化的TiO₂薄膜,并组装了量子点敏化太阳能电池. 通过循环伏安法确定了CuInS₂量子点的能级位置. 采用时间分辨荧光光谱分析测量了CuInS₂量子点到TiO₂薄膜的电子转移速率和效率. 结果发现,随着粒子尺寸从4.0 nm减小到2.5 nm,电子注入速率略微增加而电子注入效率减小,同时量子点敏化太阳能电池的开路电压基本不变,而光电转换效率、短路电流和填充因子（FF）均减小. 上述研究结果表明量子点敏化太阳能电池性能的优化可以通过改变量子点的尺寸来实现.     

CdTe/CdS共敏化TiO2电极材料的制备与光电性能

将电沉积法和化学浴沉积法结合,分别将CdTe和CdS量子点纳米晶材料引入到TiO_2纳米管阵列上制备CdTe/CdS量子点共敏化TiO_2光电极。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和X射线能量色散光谱等测试手段对所得样品的形貌、晶型和组分进行表征。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,通过电化学工作站测试其光电化学性能。研究结果表明,相对于单一量子点敏化CdS/TiO_2和CdTe/TiO_2光电极而言,共敏化CdTe/CdS/TiO_2光电极表现出更好的光电转化性能,短路电流密度和光电转换效率分别可以达到3.1 m A·cm~(-2)和1.85%。此外,采用电化学阻抗测试技术对材料性能提升的原因进行深入的探究。     

量子点敏化太阳能电池研究进展

量子点敏化太阳能电池(QDSCs)因其制备成本低、工艺简单及量子点(QDs)本身的优异性能(如尺寸效应、多激子效应)等优点,近年来受到广泛关注。在此类电池中,无机半导体量子点敏化剂作为吸光材料,其自身的光电性质、制备方法、表面缺陷、化学稳定性及其在TiO₂光阳极上的敏化方法等是影响电池性能的关键。本文综述了无机半导体量子点敏化剂(包括窄带隙二元量子点、多元合金量子点及Type-Ⅱ核壳量子点)的最新研究进展,重点介绍了胶体量子点的制备方法;分类阐释了量子点在TiO₂光阳极表面的沉积与敏化方法,特别是双官能团辅助自组装吸附法;总结了针对提高电子注入效率和减少复合的量子点表面修饰方法;最后简要介绍了QDSCs的电解质和对电极的研究进展。     

CdTe/CdS共敏化TiO2电极材料的制备与光电性能

将电沉积法和化学浴沉积法结合,分别将CdTe和CdS量子点纳米晶材料引入到TiO₂纳米管阵列上制备CdTe/CdS量子点共敏化TiO₂光电极。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射和X射线能量色散光谱等测试手段对所得样品的形貌、晶型和组分进行表征。在模拟太阳光照射条件下,通过电化学工作站测试其光电化学性能。研究结果表明,相对于单一量子点敏化CdS/TiO₂和CdTe/TiO₂光电极而言,共敏化CdTe/CdS/TiO₂光电极表现出更好的光电转化性能,短路电流密度和光电转换效率分别可以达到3.1 mA·cm^-2和1.85%。此外,采用电化学阻抗测试技术对材料性能提升的原因进行深入的探究。     

基于网状铂电极的新型柔性染料敏化太阳能电池

柔性染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSCs）作为一种新型的化学太阳能电池,因其精简的封装工艺、较低廉的价格、高的化学稳定性以及可弯折等优点而备受关注. 本文介绍了一种新型的柔性DSSC的制备,其光阳极为高度有序的氧化锌（ZnO）纳米线阵列,对电极为柔性、导电、透明的网状铂(Pt networks)电极. 相对于传统的铂对电极而言,这种Pt networks对电极不仅具有优异的导电能力,还展现了极好的透光性（方阻~ 100 Ω•sq^-1,~80%透光率）和催化性能,此外,Pt networks电极可构筑于任意弯曲的衬底,具有优异的机械耐弯折性能. 在ZnO纳米线阵列的DSSCs的应用中,基于Pt networks膜的柔性DSSC的转化效率比铂纳米丝阵列 (Pt nanofiber arrays, Pt NFs）膜高出了32%.     

量子点敏化太阳能电池对电极研究进展

对电极(CE)是量子点敏化太阳能电池(QDSSCs)的重要组成部分之一,改进对电极的综合性能是提高QDSSCs能量转换效率(PCE)的有效手段。本文简要介绍了对电极应具备的性能,并按不同材料的使用,分类阐述了金属、导电聚合物、碳、无机金属化合物以及它们的复合材料对电极的制备方法和研究进展。其中,以铜、钴、铅的硫化物等为主的无机金属化合物对电极催化活性高,成本低,研究最为广泛;导电聚合物、新型碳材料以及各类复合材料对电极也因其各自的优势在量子点敏化太阳能电池中的研究越来越成熟。     

Corrosion of copper electrode in sodium sulfide solution

The electrochemical reactions of a copper electrode in Na₂S solutions were studied using cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic and galvanostatic measurements. In addition surface examination and morphological studies were applied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX). There are three anodic peaks were found in the anodic branch of the voltammogram’s. These peaks may be corresponding successively to the formation of Cu₂S, CuS and Cu₂O. On the other hand, the cathodic branch contains four peaks. These peaks correspond to the reduction of copper oxide and copper sulfide formed on the anodic branch.     

Fabrication of Mesoporous CoS2 Nanotube Arrays as the Counter Electrodes of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Mesoporous cobalt sulfide nanotube arrays on FTO‐coated glass were synthesized by combining three simple technologies: the selective etching of ZnO sacrificial templates, mesoporous Co₃O₄ formation from cobalt‐chelated chitosan, and ion‐exchange reaction (IER). The mesoporous Co₃O₄ nanotubes composed of the Co₃O₄ nanoparticles possess a high surface area and are taken advantage for further removal of templates and IER. The morphologies and crystal structures of the CoS₂ nanotube arrays were characterized by SEM, TEM, and XRD analyses. Their electrocatalytic properties were determined by electrochemical analyses including cyclic voltammetry measurements and Tafel polarization. The DSSCs assembled with a CoS₂ counter electrode achieved a power conversion efficiency of 6.13 %, which was comparable to that of the DSSC with the Pt counter electrode (6.04 %). This indicates that the mesoporous CoS₂ nanotube array can be a low‐cost and efficient alternative for the reduction of electrolytes in DSSCs.     

Influence of highly efficient PbS counter electrode on photovoltaic performance of CdSe quantum dots-sensitized solar cells

PbS electrode with high catalytic activity to S_n ^2? reduction certificated by the measurements of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry was prepared by a simple method. The high catalytic activity makes it be a low-cost alternative counter electrode to platinum (Pt) to be used in quantum dots-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) based on polysulfide electrolyte. The photovoltaic performance enhancement of the quantum dots (QDs)-sensitized semiconductor thin films due to the PbS counter electrode was evaluated by fabricating QDSSCs based on CdSe QDs-sensitized ZnO (SnO₂) thin film. CdSe QDs-sensitized ZnO thin film has the lower internal total series resistance and electron transmission time, the higher electron lifetime and electron collection efficiency than the CdSe QDs-sensitized SnO₂ thin film. Replacing the Pt counter electrode with the PbS counter electrode leads to more improvement on the short circuit photocurrent density for QDSSC based on the ZnO thin film than the SnO₂ thin film. Therefore, the process to limit the photovoltaic performance of CdSe QDs-sensitized solar cell and the possible way to improve the photovoltaic performance were analyzed.     

Improving Na+ transport kinetics and Na+ storage of hierarchical rhenium-nickel sulfide (ReS2@NiS2) hollow architecture by assembling layered 2D-3D heterostructures

Mixed metal sulfides have been widely used as anode material of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their excellent conductivity and sodium ion storage performance. Herein, ReS₂@NiS₂ heterostructures have been triumphantly designed and prepared through anchoring ReS₂ nanosheet arrays on the surface of NiS₂ hollow nanosphere. Specifically, the carbon nanospheres was used as hard template to synthesize NiS₂ hollow spheres as the substrate and then the ultrathin two-dimensional ReS₂ nanosheet arrays were uniformly grown on the surface of NiS₂. The internal hollow property provides sufficient space to relieve the volume expansion, and the outer two-dimensional nanosheet realizes the rapid electron transport and insertion/extraction of Na⁺. Owing to the great improvement of the transport kinetics of Na⁺, NiS₂@ReS₂ heterostructure electrode can achieve a high specific capacity of 400 mAh/g at the high current density of 1 A/g and still maintain a stable cycle stability even after 220 cycles. This hard template method not only paves a new way for the design and construct binary metal sulfide heterostructure electrode materials with outstanding electrochemical performance for Na⁺ batteries but also open up the potential applications of anode materials of SIBs.     

Self-supported metal sulphide nanocrystals-assembled nanosheets on carbon paper as efficient counter electrodes for quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells

Developing efficient counter electrodes (CEs) and quantum dots made of earth-abundant and non-toxic elements is essential but still challenging for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs). Here, we report a facile strategy to prepare self-supported and robust CoS₂ and NiS nanocrystals-assembled nanosheets directly grown on carbon paper (MSx NS@CP) as efficient counter electrodes for QDSSCs. Such CEs integrate the merits of fast electron transfer from interconnected conductive scaffold, efficient mass transfer from hierarchically vertical nanosheet on 3D open substrate, as well as abundant highly active catalytic sites from metal sulphide nanocrystal units. As a result, QDDSCs based on such CoS₂ NS@CP and NiS NS@CP CEs achieve a PCE of 8.88% and 7.53%, respectively. The detailed analyses suggest that CoS₂ NS@CP has the highest catalytic activity and shows the lowest charger transfer resistance, leading to the highest PCE. These findings may inspire the design and exploration of other self-supported efficient CEs by integrating highly active catalysts onto 3D conductive networks for efficient QDSSCs.     

Facile synthesis of nanoporous CuS nanospheres for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes

In recent years, development of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials has stimulated a great deal of scientific research. The electrochemical performance of a supercapacitor strongly depends on its material structures. Herein, we report a simple strategy for high-performance supercapacitors by building pseudocapacitive CuS nanospheres with nanoporous structures, nanosized walls(10 nm) and relatively large specific surface area of 65 m~2/g. This electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance including a maximum specific capacitance of 814 F/g at 1 A/g, significant rate capability of 42% capacitance retention at an ultrafast rate of 50 A/g, and outstanding long-term cycling stability at various current densities. The remarkable electrochemical performance of as-prepared nanoporous CuS nanospheres electrode has been attributed to its unique structures that plays a key role in providing short ion and electron diffusion pathways, facilitated ion transport and more active sites for electrochemical reactions. This work sheds a new light on the metal sulfides design philosophy, and demonstrates that nanoporous CuS nanospheres electrode is a promising candidate for application in high-performance supercapacitors.     

CuS–MWCNT based electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of bisphenol A

The rapid and simple detection of bisphenol A is very important for the safety and reproduction of organisms. Here, a sensitive and reliable electrochemical sensor was established for bisphenol A detection based on the high amplification effect of copper sulfide-multi-walled carbon nanotube (CuS–MWCNT) nanocomposites. The flower-like CuS–MWCNT were successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method accompanied by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Compared with bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE), CuS–MWCNT modified GCE could amplify the electrochemical signals in about ten times, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of CuS and MWCNT. The MWCNT could increase the specific surface area of electrodes and improve the electrode activity. The integration of CuS could further enhance the electrode conductivity as well as accelerate the electron transfer rate. Raman spectra and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the successful fabrication of CuS–MWCNT nanocomposites and its uniform and monodispersed morphology. Under optimizing conditions, the oxidation currents of bisphenol A via the differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) showed a good linear relationship with its concentration in a wide range of 0.5–100 μM, with a detection limit of 50 nM. This electrochemical sensor of bisphenol A provided a convenient and economical platform with high sensitivity and reproducibility, which had great potential in environmental monitoring.     

The formation of mixed copper sulfide—silver sulfide membranes for copper( II)-selective electrodes: Part II. Relation between structure and electrochemical behaviour of the electroactive material

Mixed copper sulfide—silver sulfide precipitates used for copper-selective electrodes have been studied by x-ray powder diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and solubility measurements, in order to find an explanation for the high limit of detection, measured in calibration experiments as well as in titrations. X-ray diffraction showed that some precipitates consisted of ternary sulfides (mainly jalpaite, Ag_1.5 ,Cu_0.5 S), while others were mixtures of the binary sulfides. The presence of ternary sulfides could be correlated with optimal electrochemical and mechanical characteristics. The solubility measurements showed extraordinarily high solubilities for these sulfides. Evidence is given that these high solubilities are caused by the oxidation of copper(I) present in the ternary compound, the reaction being Cu₂S ? CuS + Cu²⁺ + 2e^-. S.e.m. photographs gave some additional information about the structure and the particle size of several precipitates.