镇雄县2011-2014年期间农村饮水安全工程水质卫生监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握农村饮水安全工程水质卫生状况及其变化趋势、为改善农村饮水安全工程的水质卫生状况和预防介水性传染病提供科学依据。方法按照《云南省农村饮水安全工程水质监测技术方案》进行采样检测。结果 2011年-2014年共监测480个工程,共监测960个小水样、合格396份,合格率为41.25%,呈逐年下降的趋势(?2=55.47,p0.01);无论是出厂水与末梢水,合格率均较低无差异性(?2=0,p0.05);枯水期水质显著好于丰水期(?2=124.22,P0.01),枯水期不同年份合格率有显著差异(?2=30.47,P0.01),丰水期不同年份合格率有显著差异(?2=33.92,P0.01)。单项指标低于90%的有:总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、菌落总数等指标。结论:镇雄县农村饮水安全工程以日供水规模较小的工程为主,无完全水处理工程。供水合格率呈逐年下降趋势,微生物不合格是水质合格率低的主要原因。     

应用定量微生物风险评估海水浴场人体健康风险

【背景】定量微生物风险评估作为定量评估游泳人群暴露于病原微生物后健康风险的方法,在国外已得到广泛应用,但目前国内的应用处于起步阶段且缺乏所需的游泳人群暴露数据。【目的】收集游泳人群暴露数据,并在海水浴场中进行应用,评估粪大肠菌群作为风险评估指标的可行性。【方法】通过对6个典型海水浴场的水质状况、粪大肠菌群浓度与环境因子的相关性进行分析,并发放调查问卷收集国内游泳人群的暴露数据,进而应用定量微生物风险评估方法,得出各个海水浴场的胃肠道疾病患病风险。【结果】6个海水浴场中粪大肠菌群浓度均与水温、气温及总云量具有显著相关性(P<0.01)。位于南方的海水浴场粪便污染情况较北方严重,粪大肠菌群浓度第95百分位数远高于国内“差”类水质标准的阈值。儿童、成年男性、成年女性单次沐浴事件吞下海水的体积分别为35.1 mL (95%置信区间为32.4-37.8,α=0.578,β=0.016),45.0 mL (95%置信区间为31.1-59.3,α=0.532,β=0.012),35.7 mL (95%置信区间为29.7-41.8,α=0.753,β=0.032)。6个海水浴场患胃肠道疾病的风险...     

0~7岁住院儿童九项呼吸道非细菌性病原体IgM检测分析

目的分析患儿九项病原体血清IgM检测结果,初步得出本地区的感染谱及流行特征,为临床诊治提供依据。方法检测标本来自2013年11月至2014年3月住院的0~7岁儿童,共1 150例,间接免疫荧光法检测血清中IgM,统计分析各病原体的阳性率以及混合感染情况,比较不同性别、年龄组感染率差异。结果 1 150例检测标本,共检出阳性461例,阳性率为40.1%;阳性率前三位的分别是:肺炎支原体(24.6%),腺病毒(11.3%),甲型流感病毒(10.3%);阳性标本中单一感染率为65.9%(304/461);女性儿童感染率(48.0%)显著高于男性儿童(34.4%),2~7岁组主要的4种病原体阳性率均显著高于0~1岁年龄组。结论肺炎支原体、腺病毒、甲型流感病毒是本地区住院儿童呼吸道感染主要的非细菌性病原体,女童较男童更为易感,2~7岁较0~1岁更为易感。     

鸡隐孢子虫在安徽的首次定种及感染情况的数学分析

本次调研共采集合肥地区五个大型鸡场的150个新鲜鸡粪便样品,结果在62个粪样中检出了隐孢子虫,总阳性检出率为1.3％。因五个鸡场均发现有隐孢子虫,说明该虫感染在合肥地区较为普遍。不过,各鸡场之间的阳性检出率从10.0%到83.3％高低不等。本研究同时剖检了其中四个鸡场的38只病死鸡尸,发现隐孢子虫的有11只,死鸡感染率为28.9％。通过鉴定,首次认为安徽省有火鸡孢子虫（C.Meleagridis）和贝氏隐孢子虫（C.baileyi)两个虫种。统计分析得知：隐孢子虫的阳性检出率与鸡群的日龄呈一种极显著的抛物线形相关关系;与球虫感染相比,虽然阳性检出率略低,但差异不显著,均可达到同（第）一位（原虫）感染水平;不过,二者之间不存在有直线相关关系。     

沈阳市居民乙肝感染状况调查

对不同性别、年龄的沈阳市居民乙型肝炎病毒血清标志物进行检测,分析HBV感染状况。采集3 780名健康体检者血清标本检测乙肝5项、ALT和TBIL,统计分析后的结果显示:乙肝感染率为3.28%,不同性别间结果无明显差异(P>0.05),但不同年龄组间乙肝感染率有显著差异(P<0.01),41～50岁年龄组感染率是6.23%,30岁以下和50岁以上感染率较低,分别为2.94%和1.84%;1、4、5感染模式占总感染例数的69.4%,HBV感染者中ALT或TBIL单项升高及二者均升高者占22.6%。沈阳市居民乙肝感染率低于全国平均水平,慢性乙肝感染较多,肝功能与乙肝感染病程不呈平行关系,疫苗接种可有效预防乙肝感染。     

3种微孢子虫在我国西南部分地区腹泻患者中的流行情况调查

目的调查毕氏肠道微孢子虫(Enterocytozoon bieneusi)、肠炎微孢子虫(Encephalitozoon intestinalis)和兔脑炎微孢子虫(Encephalitozoon cuniculi)在我国西南地区的流行情况。方法收集了124份西南地区腹泻患者的粪便,通过显微镜镜检、PCR检测等手段,进行微孢子虫的分离与鉴定。结果毕氏肠道微孢子虫和肠炎微孢子虫的检出率较高,分别为7.26%(9/124)和3.23%(4/124),兔脑炎微孢子虫的检出率为0。结论西南地区腹泻患者有感染微孢子虫的情况,感染类型多为毕氏肠道微孢子虫和肠炎微孢子虫。     

长沙市2889例3月～16岁儿童幽门螺旋杆菌感染现状及对生长发育的影响分析

本研究对长沙市2889名3月~16岁无症状体检儿童进行了生长发育评估,并通过胶体金法检测了其血清幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)IgG水平。结果显示共检测的2889名儿童(男童1652名,女童1237名)中幽门螺旋杆菌感染阳性765名(26.4%),男童432名(26.2%),女童333(26.9%)。各年龄组幽门螺旋杆菌感染率分别为3月~1岁为31.8%、1岁~3岁为31.4%、3岁~6岁为18.9%、6岁以上15.4%。采用卡方检验及非参数检验进行统计,结果显示男女两组儿童幽门螺旋杆菌感染率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。3月~1岁与1岁~3岁、3岁~6岁与6岁以上组间幽门螺旋杆菌感染率无差异,其余组两两间均有差异。幽门螺旋杆菌感染阴性组儿童的身长/身高与幽门螺旋杆菌感染阳性组间无统计学差异(P>0.05),而幽门螺旋杆菌感染阴性组儿童的体重与幽门螺旋杆菌感染阳性组间有统计学差异(P<0.001);幽门螺旋杆菌感染阳性组与幽门螺旋杆菌感染阴性组中营养不良或矮身材发生率不具有统计学差异(P>0.05)。结果表明,幽门螺旋杆菌的感染在儿童群体中并无性别差异,并未使儿童的身材/身高、以及矮身材、营养不良等严重生长发育性疾病的发病率增加,但可能对儿童的体重带来一定影响。     

长江中游长吻鮠、蛇鮈寄生粘孢子虫感染率的季节动态

1.寄生长吻鮠上的粘孢子虫有3种:巨囊两极虫和四极虫一种,寄生在胆囊中,碘泡虫一种寄生在肾脏中;寄生蛇鮈上的粘孢子虫有2种:湖北碘泡虫,寄生在脑、鳃、肾、体腔、肠,主要寄生在脑,楚克拉虫一种,寄生在胆囊中。2.粘孢子虫对长吻鮠、蛇鮈的感染率存在明显的季节变化;对长吻鮠的感染率最高值出现在6月(95%),最低值出现在2月(43%),年平均值为65%;湖北碘泡虫对蛇鮈的总感染率最高值出现在12—2月(63—67%),其次在8月(58%),春秋两季感染率较低(36—44%),年平均值为51%。3.总感染率(IR)与鱼体全长(TL)的关系:长吻鮠IR=0.956-0.009TL;蛇鮈IR=-2.0678+0.3838(TL)-0.0136(TL)2,8厘米以下的蛇鮈未发现感染。4.粘孢子虫的感染率与长吻鮠、蛇鮈的性别无关。5.感染粘孢子虫的长吻鮠,肥满度下降不大(0.04),感染粘孢子虫的蛇鮈,肥满度下降0.12,体重平均下降12.4%。6.长吻鮠中寄生粘孢子虫的总感染率(IR)与长江中游水温(T℃)呈显著正相关,二者关系可用下式描述:IR=0.3129+0.0192(T℃)。蛇鮈寄生粘孢子虫的总感染率(IR)与水温(T℃)之间的关系呈一反抛物线型、两者关系可用下式描述 IR=1.1228-0.073777T+0.001795T2       

241 例儿童社区获得性肺炎支原体感染的临床分析

目的：总结2011-2012 年黄岛地区儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患儿中支原体的感染情况,以指导临床诊断和治疗。方法：选取 2011-2012 年间因CAP住院的患儿241 例,所有CAP 患儿均于住院第2 天采集空腹血行9 项呼吸道感染病原体IgM检查,包括 肺炎支原体、嗜肺军团菌、Q热立克次体、肺炎衣原体、腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒。结 果：241 例社区获得性肺炎患儿中支原体感染阳性74 例(30.7%),其中132例男性CAP患儿中支原体感染38 例(28.8%),109 例女 性CAP 患儿中支原体感染36 例;＞3 岁患儿的感染率为41.2%,1-3 岁患儿感染率26.2%,＜1 岁婴幼儿感染率为5.4%;2011 年 CAP患儿支原体感染率为19.4%,而2012 年为34.6%;74 例支原体阳性患儿合并其他感染者6 例。结论：黄岛地区儿童社区获得 性肺炎中支原体感染占重要地位,且有升高趋势,应重视婴幼儿支原体感染及难治性支原体肺炎的诊治。     

探讨二次供水微生物水质检验结果分析

目的:通过对二次供水微生物水质检验分析,判断该地区二次供水的安全性。方法:在2015年3月5日随机从我市抽取二次供水的30所高校,对这些学校的二次供水水质进行水样采集总共140份进行检测,同时对这些学校的二次供水的水质管理相关资料进行调查。结果:经过对水质的检测,这些高校中水质合格率为50%,关于水质档案管理检查全部合格率为33.3%。且大部分水质是由于微生物过多引起的不合格。结论:我市高中学校二次供水水质存在着较大的安全隐患,应采取相应的措施进行水质杀菌消毒。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.