Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil and Methanolic Extracts of Ferula microcolea (Boiss.) Boiss (Apiaceae)

The essential oils of Ferula microcolea, collected from west Iran were obtained by hydrodistillation during the flowering stage and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Under the optimum conditions of analysis, 22 constituents (mainly monoterpen compounds) were identified in Ferula microcolea, representing 93.6% of the oil. The main constituents were α-pinene (27.3%), β-pinene (16.4%), nonanal (8.7%), β-caryophyllene (8.5%), and thymol (6.7%). The samples were also subjected to screening for their possible antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. In the first case, the free radical-scavenging activity of polar sub-fraction of methanol extract showed to be superior as compared to other extracts (IC₅₀ = 34.3 ± 0.3 μg/ml). Nonpolar sub-fraction of methanol extract exhibited stronger activity than the essential oil. In the case of the linoleic acid system, oxidation of the linoleic acid was effectively inhibited by the polar sub-fraction of methanol extract (86.5 ± 0.9%), while the oil and nonpolar sub-fraction of methanol extract were less effective (55.2 ± 0.4% and 81.5 ± 0.8%, respectively).     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil of Matricaria recutita

Matricaria recutita is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. The present study reports the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of M. recutita essential oil and its main compounds. The essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of the M. recutita by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components were α-bisabolol oxide (38%), followed by camphene (9.11%), sabinene (4.87%), limonene (6%),1,8-cineole (7.12%), camphor (6.54%), and α-pinene (6%). Essential oil of chamomile was evaluated for its antibacterial activities against three gram-positive and four gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The essential oil and its main compounds were particularly active against Bacillus cereus, with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration value (0.022 and 1.5 μg /mL). In conclusion, these results support the use of the essential oil and its main compounds for their antimicrobial properties.     

微波辅助水蒸气蒸馏调味香料肉豆蔻挥发油化学成分的研究

对云南产调味香料肉豆蔻挥发油进行了成分分析。采用微波水蒸气蒸馏法(MHD,300 W,料液比1∶10,蒸馏时间1 h)及水蒸气蒸馏法(HD)提取了肉豆蔻挥发油,利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术和保留指数比较法分析了该挥发油的化学成分。从MHD肉豆蔻挥发油中鉴定了48种化合物,占挥发油总量的99.81%。主要成分为肉豆蔻醚(36.53%)、4-萜品醇(12.47%)、肉豆蔻酸(8.27%)、榄香素(4.96%)、黄樟素(4.75%)、γ-松油烯(4.56%)和甲基丁香酚(4.38%)。     

Chemical composition,antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities of the essential oils of Myristica fragrans and Morinda citrifolia

BACKGROUND: In this study the chemical composition, antioxidant activities and cytotoxic effect of the essential oils of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and Morinda citrifolia (mengkudu) were determined. RESULTS: Thirty‐eight compounds in nutmeg oil and six compounds in mengkudu oil were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The free radical scavenging activity of nutmeg oil was superior of that mengkudu oil. The MTT assay of nutmeg oil on human colorectal carcinoma (HCT‐116) and human breast carcinoma (MCF‐7) cell lines showed IC₅₀ values of 78.61 and 66.45 µg mL^?1, respectively. The mengkudu oil exhibited IC₅₀ values of 91.46 and 78.15 µg mL^?1 for HCT‐116 and MCF‐7, respectively. CONCLUSION: The results showed that nutmeg oil can be developed as potent anti‐cancer and antioxidant drugs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil from the Peel of Shatian Pummelo (Citrus Grandis Osbeck)

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the peel of Shatian pummelo was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-one components were identified. The monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the principal compound groups with 96.64% (w/w) of the total oil, among which, limonene was observed dominant (89.96 ± 1.64%), followed by β-myrcene (4.49 ± 0.38%), α-pinene (0.63 ± 0.05%), 3-carene (0.48 ± 0.04%), caryophyllene (0.47 ± 0.04%), and other minor constitutes. Esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and ether represented 3.15% of the total oil. Results by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration determination method showed that the essential oil contained a wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Penicillium chrysogenum ATCC 10106, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21616, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, with their inhibition zones ranging from 8.27 ± 1.07 mm to 20.71 ± 1.50 mm. The MIC values were ranging from 4.69 to 37.50 μL/mL. However, no inhibition effect was observed on the Aspergillus niger ATCC 16888.     

Chemical Composition,Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oil and Ethanol Extract of Coriandrum sativum L. Leaves from Turkey

This study reports the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and ethanol extract of Coriandrum sativum L. leaves. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis identified 19 compounds representing 95.30% of the oil. (E)-2-decenal (29.87%), linalool (21.61%), (E)-2-dodecenal (7.03%), dodecanal (5.78%), (E)-2-undecenal (3.84%), (E)-2-tridecenal (3.56%), (E)-2-hexadecenal (2.47%), tetradecenal (2.35%), and α-pinene (1.64%) were the main components identified in the essential oil. The samples were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and β-caroten bleaching assay. IC₅₀ value for ethanol extract of C. sativum was determined as 74.87 ± 0.03 μg/mL. Total antioxidant activity value for C. sativum ethanol extract was 85.85 ± 0.04%. Total phenolic content for ethanol extract of the plant was determined as 14.97 ± 0.05 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight. The essential oil and ethanol extract were also tested for antimicrobial activity against 28 different foodborne microorganisms, including 19 bacteria, 7 fungi, and 2 yeast species. The ethanol extract of the plant showed weak antimicrobial activities against microbial strains in both disc diffusion and minimal inhibition concentration tests. This study suggested that Coriandrum sativum L. leaves may be used as a potential source of food flavoring, and for their antioxidants and antimicrobial properties.     

Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil and Oleoresin of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe as Affected by Chemical Environment

Three different biochemical test systems were chosen based on their solubility to study the antioxidant activity of ginger extracts. Reducing power and DPPH^. scavenging activity tests were considered to produce hydrophilic environments and the H₂O₂ test was considered as creating a lipophilic environment. The average yields were 10.23 ± 1.02% and 0.48 ± 0.19% for oleoresin and essential oil, respectively. The content of total phenols was 67.6 ± 1.08 mg GAE/g of dry extract. In terms of EC₅₀, in hydrophilic environment standards, it showed the highest effects compared to ginger extracts, with oleoresin presenting more activity than essential oil. In contrast, except for quercetin, essential oil showed the best scavenging activity in inhibiting H₂O₂ compared to all other antioxidants. The present work demonstrated that, when using reducing power, DPPH· free radical scavenging and H₂O₂ scavenging assays, the same ginger extracts exhibit different antioxidant activities, which were affected not only by the extract itself but also by the chemical environment (hydrophilic/lipophilic).     

Chemical Composition,Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oil and Methanol Extracts of Eucalyptus oleosa Leaves

This study was designed to examine the chemical composition of essential oil and in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil of the leaves of E. oleosa was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The main constituents of the oil were found to be 1,8-cineole (45.1%), α-pinene (14.52%), and α-terpineol (4.35%). The essential oil showed strong antibacterial activity against the test microorganisms studied, while polar subfraction of methanol extract had moderate antibacterial activity and the nonpolar subfraction of methanol extract did not show any antibacterial activity. In contrast, the extract showed much better activity than the essential oil in antioxidant activity assays employed, e.g., in DPPH systems, the highest radical-scavenging activity was shown by the polar subfraction (15.1 ± 0.7 μg/ml). In the second case, the inhibition capacity (%) of the nonpolar subfraction (98.2% ± 1.5) was found to be the stronger one. In addition, the amounts of total phenol components in the polar subfraction (186.3 ± 2.1 μg/mg) and the nonpolar subfraction (79.6 ± 1.4) were determined.     

肉豆蔻挥发油抑菌及抗花生油氧化作用研究

以水蒸气蒸馏法提取肉豆蔻挥发油。平板法涂布研究了肉豆蔻挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌及酿酒酵母菌种的最低抑菌浓度(MIC);滤纸片固相扩散法研究了肉豆蔻挥发油对供试菌体的抑菌活性。以人工合成抗氧化剂二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)为对照,以过氧化值、酸值为指标研究了肉豆蔻挥发油对花生油的抗氧化作用。结果表明肉豆蔻挥发油有一定的抑菌作用和抗花生油氧化作用。肉豆蔻挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌、大肠杆菌及酿酒酵母的MIC分别为:5.0、120.0、150.0、10.0 m L/L,对上述4种菌的抑菌圈直径分别为:(13.46±0.85)、(11.59±0.68)、(10.52±0.74)、(12.15±0.76)mm。在35 d的贮藏期内,添加肉豆蔻挥发油的花生油过氧化值(POV)和酸值极显著低于空白组(P0.01)。在0~14 d贮藏期内添加0.12%、0.18%、0.24%肉豆蔻挥发油的花生油POV值和酸值极显著低于BHT组,但从第21天起添加肉豆蔻挥发油的花生油各组过氧化值和酸值极显著高于BHT组。     

Determination of Chemical Composition,Total Phenolic,Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Echinophora tenuifolia Essential Oil

In this study, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, total phenolic content, and essential oil composition of Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana were investigated. The antioxidant activity of investigated essential oil was assessed by ABTS and DPPH assays. DPPH radical scavenging activity expressed by IC₅₀ was 2.84 g/L, whereas the TEAC value determined by ABTS assay was 0.032 g TEAC/kg plant. Total phenol content of essential oil determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method was calculated as 1.32 g GAE/kg plant. The essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation (Clevenger apparatus) was investigated by GC-MS technique and 78 compounds were identified. The main components of essential oils were found to be δ-3-carene (17.93%), p-cymene (8.99%), methyleugenol (16.41%), and α-phellandrene (9.33%). The antimicrobial activity of investigated essential oil was tested using a broth dilution method against 13 bacterial and 2 fungal microorganisms. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oil against Bacillus cereus was 62.5 μg/mL while the antifungal activity was greater than 1000 μg/mL for both Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cereviciae. Investigated essential oil has a certain level of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, which may be attributed to their chemical compounds. The antimicrobial efficiency of essential oil, especially against Bacillus cereus and Staphylocoocus spp., offers its effectiveness to treatment of wound or disease caused by Gram positive bacteria.     

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials of Essential Oil and Acetone Extract of Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Aril Part)

ABSTRACT: The antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant potentials of essential oil and acetone extract were carried out by different techniques. In poison food medium method, the essential oil showed complete zones of inhibition against Fusarium graminearum at the all tested doses. For other tested fungi and bacteria, they gave good to moderate zone inhibition. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and total carbonyl values of rapeseed oil at fixed time intervals. Both the extract and essential oil showed strong antioxidant activity in comparison with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In addition, their inhibitory action in linoleic acid system was studied by monitoring peroxide concentration in emulsion during incubation. The results were well correlated with above values. Their radical scavenging capacity was carried out on 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracyl (DPPH) radicalm, and they showed strong scavenging activity in comparison with synthetic antioxidants. Their reducing power was also determined, which also proved strong antioxidant capacity of essential oil and extract. Gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopy studies on essential oil resulted in the identification of 49 components representing 96.49% of the total amount, and the major component was sabinene (20.22%), followed by terpinen-4-ol (12.08%), safrole (10.32%), αpinene (9.7%), β-phellandrene (6.56%), and γ-terpinene (5.93%). The acetone extract showed the presence of 23 components representing 71.66% of the total amount. The major components were isocroweacin (18.92%), elemicin (17.68%), methoxyeugenol (8.13%), linoleic acid (4.12%), dehydrodiisoeugenol (4.06%), palmitic acid (2.8%), and trans-isoeugenol (2.76%).     

桂花果实精油化学成分及体外抗氧化活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取桂花果实精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析其化学成分,并以面积归一化法测定各成分的相对含量;以维生素C或EDTA为阳性对照,以总还原力、金属离子的螯合作用、ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基的清除作用为指标评价桂花果实精油的体外抗氧化活性。研究结果表明,从桂花果实精油中共鉴定出44个化合物,占精油总量的89.12%,以酯类和酸类为主,分别占挥发油总量的47.28%和15.67%;挥发油主要成分有5-乙烯基-3-吡啶羧酸甲酯、对甲酰基苯甲酸甲酯、棕榈酸、1,21-二十二碳二烯、1,2-环氧十八烷。桂花果实精油具有良好的体外抗氧化活性,其总还原力、金属离子的螯合作用、ABTS自由基和DPPH自由基清除作用的ED50分别为147.63、41.25、33.51、50.94μL,且精油样品量与与各项抗氧化活性指标呈量效关系。     

Evaluation of the Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of the Peel Oil of Citrus nobilis

Peel oil of Citrus nobilis (Lour) was analyzed for determining its chemical composition. Fourteen identified components accounted for 99.1% (GC) and 100.0% (FID) of the total oil. Major component of the oil was limonene (76.8%-GC and 86.2%-FID). Essential oil was also evaluated for its antioxidant activity in four complementary test systems namely; β-carotene/linoleic acid, DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. In the first system, antioxidant activity increased with the increasing concentration. At 20.0 mg.ml^?1 concentration, antioxidant property of the oil was 96.8% ± 0.2 and as strong as the positive controls BHT and α-tocopherol. Scavenging effect of the oil was superior to the positive controls BHT and α-tocopherol at 1.5 mg.ml^?1 concentration (96.4% ± 0.1). Reducing power and chelating effect of the essential oil increased with the increasing concentration.     

黑莓籽油脂肪酸成分及抗氧化活性研究

采用超声波辅助提取从黑莓籽中提取籽油,用GC/MS方法对籽油脂肪酸成分进行了分析,并通过测定籽油清除DPPH自由基的能力对黑莓籽油的抗氧化能力进行了评价。结果表明:黑莓籽油中不饱和脂肪酸占68.48%,对DPPH自由基清除能力研究表明1 mL黑莓籽油的抗氧化能力相当于2.092 mg抗坏血酸,具有良好的抗氧化能力。     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity Cuminum cyminum L. Essential Oils

Cuminum cyminum L. is comprised of several relevant species for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry analysis revealed thymol as a major component of C. cyminum, with its contribution to the oil 40.05%, respectively. The C. cyminum oil revealed the highest antioxidant activity in all conducted assays (β-carotene bleaching test and reducing power). These results clearly showed the antioxidant effects of the C. cyminum essential oil.     

Phenolic Composition,Essential Oil,and Antioxidant Activity in the Aerial Part of Artemisia Herba-Alba from Several Provenances: A Comparative Study

This study characterized the phenolic, aroma compositions, and antioxidant capacities of four Artemisia herba alba accessions collected from north and center regions in Tunisia in order to select valuable origin with optimal bioactive compounds production. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents varied between accessions with maxima contents observed in center regions. Kaempherol, apigenin, naringenin, p-coumaric, trans-cinnamic, and caffeic acids were the most abundant compounds with percentage varying depending on the considered accession. Significant changes on essential oil yields (0.4–1.2%) were found between accessions and three different oil chemotypes were distinguished: camphor, fenchol/α-thujone, and α-thujone/camphor. Cluster analysis of volatile and phenolic compositions grouped the accessions on different groups. Antioxidant activities of extracts were found to be higher than essential oils for the four provenances. The results suggested that the center regions have high potential for selecting varieties rich on essential oil, antioxidant phenolic acids, and flavonoids.     

茼蒿挥发油化学成分分析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用法对茼蒿挥发油成分进行了分析,经毛细管色变分离出了38种组分,并确认了32种成分,检出率达84.21%,并用气相色谱面积归一化法测定了各种成分的相对百分含量,其主要成分为4-甲基-2-戊烯、4-甲基-2,3-二氢呋喃、β-蒎烯、苯甲醛等。     

大籽蒿精油化学成分及其抗菌抗氧化活性

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取采自西藏地区藏药大籽蒿的精油,通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析鉴定其化学成分,采用峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对含量;并对大籽蒿精油体外抑菌能力和抗氧化能力进行测定。大籽蒿精油中共鉴定48 种化合物,占精油总量的95.36%,主要成分为红没药醇、兰香油奥、α-水芹烯、棕榈酸和薰衣草醇等;体外抑菌结果表明,大籽蒿精油对枯草芽孢杆菌、粪肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和新型隐球菌具有较强的抑菌效果,而对大肠杆菌具有较弱抑菌效果;体外抗氧化活性结果表明大籽蒿精油对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基、2,2’-联氮双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基和羟自由基具有一定的的清除能力,且清除效果强于VC。