Fabrication of one-dimensional programmable-height nanostructures via dynamic stencil deposition

Dynamic stencil deposition (DSD) techniques offer a variety of fabrication advantages not possible with traditional lithographic processing, such as the ability to directly deposit nanostructures with programmable-height profiles. However, DSD systems have not enjoyed widespread usage due to their complexity. We demonstrate a simple, low-profile, portable, one-dimensional nanotranslation system that facilitates access to nanoscale DSD abilities. Furthermore we show a variety of fabricated programmable-height nanostructures, including parallel arrays of such structures, and suggest other applications that exploit the unique capabilities of DSD fabrication methods.     

用差热天平对锅炉垢成分进行研究

本着节约能源,笔者采用差热天平对锅炉垢进行了实验性研究,探讨了锅炉垢的主要成分,提出了锅炉使用中应注意的问题.     

Fractal prediction model of thermal contact conductance of rough surfaces

The thermal contact conductance problem is an important issue in studying the heat transfer of engineering surfaces,which has been widely studied since last few decades,and for predicting which many theoretical models have been established.However,the models which have been existed are lack of objectivity due to that they are mostly studied based on the statistical methodology characterization for rough surfaces and simple partition for the deformation formats of contact asperity.In this paper,a fractal prediction model is developed for the thermal contact conductance between two rough surfaces based on the rough surface being described by three-dimensional Weierstrass and Mandelbrot fractal function and assuming that there are three kinds of asperity deformation modes:elastic,elastoplastic and fully plastic.Influences of contact load and contact area as well as fractal parameters and material properties on the thermal contact conductance are investigated by using the presented model.The investigation results show that the thermal contact conductance increases with the increasing of the contact load and contact area.The larger the fractal dimension,or the smaller the fractal roughness,the larger the thermal contact conductance is.The thermal contact conductance increases with decreasing the ratio of Young’s elastic modulus to the microhardness.The results obtained indicate that the proposed model can effectively predict the thermal contact conductance at the interface,which provide certain reference to the further study on the issue of heat transfer between contact surfaces.     

Nondestructive proximate testing of plastic deformations by differential thermal EMF measurements

A method for nondestructive proximate testing of plastic deformations in metals and alloys by measuring the differential thermal emf is considered. Using an instrument that was developed for this problem, thermal emf measurements were performed on several specimens of steels of different types on which notches were made as zones of expected localization of plastic deformations. During extension of specimens, the thermal emf was measured in the plastic-deformation zone. A linear decrease in the thermal emf was observed; the maximum change occurred just before specimen fracture.     

融合加速度的桥梁位移响应倾斜摄影监测方法

桥梁的位移响应是结构健康监测和安全状态评估的基础数据。 为充分发挥计算机视觉测量结构位移的优势,并提高实 测位移的精度,本文提出了一种利用加速度与倾斜拍摄的视觉位移进行数据融合的高精度结构位移监测方法。 一方面,通过加 速度重构结构动位移,补充结构高频位移分量;另一方面,通过同频带加速度重构位移与视觉位移计算比例因子,减小像素坐标 向真实坐标转换的误差。 通过室内悬索桥模型实验和室外简支梁现场试验探索了本文方法的有效性。 在室内实验中,与线性 可变差动变压器位移计测量结果相比,本文方法的归一化均方根误差最大为 2. 70% ,比传统视觉测量方法降低约 60% 。 所提 出方法可推进计算机视觉在桥梁健康监测领域的进一步应用。     

A round-robin test of thermal desorption spectroscopy with quadrupole mass spectrometers calibrated by standard conductance element

The results of a round-robin test of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) in which the quadrupole mass spectrometer of each participant was calibrated in-situ by a standard conductance element are reported. The desorption rate from three commercially available reference materials was quantified from the calibration results, and compared among the three participants. The total reported desorption amounts of hydrogen and argon molecules from the reference materials showed agreement within about 10%. The degree of equivalence of three TDS apparatuses was discussed. It is also shown that the quantification of the gas desorption amounts yields us the appropriate relative ratio between desorbed gas species.     

A technique and setup for obtaining the differential conductance of resonant-tunneling structures

A technique for obtaining the differential conductance within the negative differential resistance region for resonant-tunneling and tunneling heterostructures is developed. An experimental setup for this technique is created and tested with a resonant tunneling diode device.     

更换桥梁支座实时监测技术

本文介绍了对北京地铁运营公司更换桥梁支座过程的实时监测技术.     

A new thermal property measurement technique by modified pattern search method

The high temperature thermal properties of materials are critical in industrial production and theoretic simulation. However, these properties are not always readily available. In this paper, a new technique was developed to obtain the temperature dependent thermal conductivity and specific heat through only one experiment. More importantly, this experiment was very convenient, since only thermal cycle recording was necessary. In addition, the finite element method and pattern search method were applied to optimize the supposed thermal property values. In order to avoid the convergence difficulty of the classical pattern search method, the step size adjusting function was rewritten. A solid sample and a particle like sample were selected to verify the measurement technique. The verification experiment showed that the thermal property results were accurate to some extent.     

Development of a one-dimensional differential deposition system for X-ray mirror figure correction

A thin-film deposition system was developed for the surface coating of X-ray mirrors of up to 1 m in length. With two coating process areas and four sputtering cathodes, various combinations employing a single layer, multilayered, and co-sputtered thin films are possible. Furthermore, it is possible to correct and modify the mirror surface shape by controlling the speed of the substrate stage. In this study, to evaluate the performance of the proposed coating system, the static coating distribution was measured to check the vertical direction. In a 10 mm area, a 0.9% peak-to-valley error and 0.2% root mean square error occurred. A differential deposition test was also performed for the horizontal direction (stage scan direction). In this study, arbitrary shapes were deposited on 100-mm and 400-mm-long mirrors. After removing the measurement error, the deposition error was less than 1 nm (peak-to-valley). The results demonstrate that this system can correct the surface of an X-ray mirror with ultra-high precision.     

应用微分算法处理特种管道测厚激光超声信号

为了实现特种管道在高温、高压、辐射等特殊环境下管壁厚度的非均匀性检测,提出一种基于微分算法的管道壁厚激光超声测量及特征信号处理方法。采用脉冲激光激励和激光干涉探测的激光超声方法,实验测得管道试件的宽频带激光超声信号。采用数字平均算法对宽带激光超声信号进行去噪处理,提高原始激光超声信号的信噪比。采用微分算法对激光超声信号进行特征提取处理,得到表征管壁厚度的激光超声特征信号。根据管道材料声速和激光超声传播时间反演计算得到管道试件的壁厚值,管壁厚度测量值与实际值的误差小于5%。研究表明,基于微分算法的管道壁厚激光超声测量及特征信号处理方法具有良好的信噪比、准确的信号特征量和较高的测量精度,可用于管道壁厚的在线实时检测以及因腐蚀、应力引起的管道壁厚不均匀性检测。     

A new method of two-phase flow measurement by orifice plate differential pressure noise

The mechanism of differential pressure noise of orifices in two-phase flow has been investigated and a theoretical model has been developed for measurement of the double parameters, i.e. mass flow rate as well as phase fraction (steam quality). The model has been proved in a set of orifice experiments in a two-phase flow system at a pressure range of 5.8–12.1 MPa and steam quality of 0.05–0.95, and a practical model has been fitted. The r.m.s. errors of mass flow rate and steam quality estimated by the model are 9.0 and 6.5%, respectively. The results of the studies create a method to measure double parameters of two-phase flow at once using only a single orifice.     

A model of thermal contact conductance at high real contact area fractions

Thermal contact conductance (TCC) is studied in the whole range of real contact area fractions between zero and unity. For this purpose, a two-scale model is developed in which the effective (macroscopic) TCC coefficient is obtained from the solution of the heat conduction problem at the scale of asperities. Additional thermal resistance at the real contact spots is included in the model. The model is applied for several real 3D roughness topographies for which the effective TCC coefficient is determined as a function of the real contact area fraction and the local TCC coefficient at real contact spots. An analytical function is found which approximates this relationship in the whole range of parameters, and a characteristic length-scale parameter is introduced which characterizes the effective TCC properties of a rough surface.     

Note: Thermal conductivity measurement of individual poly(ether ketone)/carbon nanotube fibers using a steady-state dc thermal bridge method

Customized engineered fibers are currently being used extensively in the aerospace and automobile industries due to the ability to "design in" specific engineering characteristics. Understanding the thermal conductivity of these new fibers is critical for thermal management and design optimization. In the current investigation, a steady-state dc thermal bridge method (DCTBM) is developed to measure the thermal conductivity of individual poly(ether ketone) (PEK)/carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers. For non-conductive fibers, a thin platinum layer was deposited on the test articles to serve as the heater and temperature sensor. The effect of the platinum layer on the thermal conductivity is presented and discussed. DCTBM is first validated using gold and platinum wires (25 μm in diameter) over a temperature ranging from room temperature to 400 K with ±11% uncertainty, and then applied to PEK/CNT fibers with diverse CNT loadings. At a 28 wt. % CNT loading, the thermal conductivity of fibers at 390 K is over 27 Wm(-1)K(-1), which is comparable to some engineering alloys.     

High-accuracy differential measurement of ultrasonic velocity in liquids

An improved technique for measuring very accurately the difference in sound velocity between two liquids is described. The technique, which can be used over a frequency range from 1 to 100 MHz, uses a differential cell that is completely submerged in a thermostatically controlled fluid and a phase-sensitive detection scheme accurate to 2x10(-4) signal periods. Measurements of the velocity difference between water and dilute NaCl solutions (3x10(-5) to 6.6x10(-4) M), accurate to +/-0.02 cm s(-1) (relative accuracy 1 part in 10(7)), are presented.     

激光差动共焦曲率半径测量系统的研制

针对国内高精度曲率半径计量需求,研制一套激光差动共焦曲率半径测量系统.该系统采用差动共焦定焦技术,利用轴向光强响应曲线的过零点精确对应物镜聚焦焦点这一特性,借助过零点对被测件的猫眼和共焦位置进行精密瞄准定位,通过干涉测长技术获取两点间的距离,继而实现曲率半径的高精度测量.该测量系统的机电控制由主控软件完成,可实现机电扫描、数据采集及数据处理,自动化程度高.实验证明,该系统定焦灵敏度高,受环境波动影响小,测量精度可达3×10-6,满足了高精度曲率半径的计量需求.     

Pyrometric temperature measurement of ceramic thermal shock samples

The determination of critical failure parameters during thermal shock requires a time and space resolved temperature measurement of the sample. High frequency pyrometry is a suitable technique for such a measurement task, which usually requires the knowledge of the optical properties of the investigated material. Another challenge is the infrared transparency of materials to be checked in the wavelength range of the pyrometer. The thermal shock disks are very thin, due to the need of homogeneous temperature distribution and to maintain a two-dimensional problem. To allow a pyrometric temperature measurement a universal calibration method for high frequency infrared cameras has been developed. Pyrometry in various media was demanded, as well as the estimation of optical properties (reflection, transmittance and emission) for the selected ceramics to be tested.     

The prediction and measurement of thermal contact resistance

Apart from safety, one of the most important aspects governing industrial processes is the economy of performance. Demands for higher efficiencies and the use of higher power densities and temperatures require more and more detailed information on the design parameters associated with the prediction of performance. Invariably, such parameters can only be arrived at experimentally. This is due to the nature and complexity of modern technological systems, as a result of the number of variables involved. One such aspect which is becoming increasingly important is the effect of thermal distortion when thermal energy transfer takes place between one solid conducting medium and another. This paper is concerned with various experimental techniques which have been developed to analyse surfaces, and the prediction and measurement of thermal contact resistance when a heat flux is present. The paper then discusses a technique which may be applied to determine the effects of interfacial distortion on bolted joint systems. This is by way of an iterative process employing finite elements and experimentally determined boundary conditions.