MBBR工艺的应用研究及发展前景

在介绍MBBR工艺原理的基础上,结合现有工程实例阐述了MBBR工艺,MBBR+A/O组合工艺、MBBR+A²/O组合工艺、MBBR+MBR组合工艺应用效果。同时对此三种组合工艺从经济、处理能力以及发展趋势做出比较分析。旨在为污水处理提量提标要求下节约污水处理时间,充分发挥成熟工艺潜能,推进组合工艺发展,为提标改造工艺方案设计提出合理方向和参考价值。     

浅谈石化行业工艺安全信息

本文阐述了完整、准确和全面的工艺安全信息,一般可划分为物料危害信息、工艺设计基础信息、设备基础信息三类。这些信息可以为管理、技术、操作和维修等人员在施工作业与工艺安全管理活动中进行分析、判断、决策提供特定的工艺安全信息,为合理地决策和安全地工作提供相应的保障,在工艺装置管理中的意义以及塔里木油田的工艺安全信息现状。     

新型配位剂对化学镀铜工艺的影响

在以柠檬酸钠为配位剂、次磷酸钠为还原剂的化学镀铜工艺的基础上,加入一种新型配位剂,研究了新的化学镀铜工艺。比较了新化学镀铜工艺与传统的化学镀铜、化学镀镍工艺的不同。结果表明:新型化学镀铜工艺沉积速率快、镀液稳定性好、成本低,是很好的代镍工艺。     

三元前驱体废水脱氨节能工艺

为解决三元前驱体废水处理中难度大、成本高、效果差等问题,以三元前驱体废水脱氨工艺为研究对象,比较常规再沸器式脱氨工艺、直接压缩塔顶富氨蒸汽工艺、再沸器壳程闪蒸气压缩工艺、塔釜管程含氨蒸汽闪蒸气压缩工艺4种工艺,以系统的投资成本和运行成本最低为目标函数,得到最优工艺方案。结果表明：当采用直接压缩塔顶富氨蒸汽工艺时,投资成本为15.49万元/吨水,运行成本为10.78元/吨水,总费用最低,相比于常规脱氨塔工艺投资成本增加39%,运行成本降低64.6%,总成本降低1034万元/年。有望解决三元前驱体废水处理中脱氨高成本的难点和痛点,保障整个系统连续稳定地实施生产。     

化工工艺设计中的安全问题及控制管理

对化工工艺设计中的安全问题做了简单的论述,提出了安全控制策略。从工艺角度来说,引发安全问题的主要因素为:化工设备、化工废物、工艺路线、管道安全等。为避免工艺安全问题的发生,加强工艺设计的把控有着重要的意义。因此结合具体研究,进行了分析。     

华亭FMTP项目废水处理工艺选择

为选定华亭FMTP项目配套污水处理工艺,实现投产后污水处理的达标排放,分析了污水预处理工艺、A2/O工艺、SBR工艺、MBBR工艺和BAF工艺的原理及各工艺的优缺点,结合华亭FMTP项目的实际情况和废水指标,预处理工艺选择混凝沉淀和气浮工艺,废水处理工艺选择了SBR和MBBR两级串联的处理工艺。     

高、低水气比变换工艺应用于壳牌气化的分析比较

介绍了低水气比变换工艺的设计基础,使用流程模拟的方法从工艺流程、蒸汽消耗、换热负荷和外排凝液4个方面比较了高、低水气比变换工艺,为变换工艺的选择提供了依据。计算结果表明:低水气比工艺消耗中压蒸汽35.16t/h,仅为高水气比工艺的54%;换热负荷26.45MJ/s,仅为高水气比工艺的52%;外排凝液27.89t/h,仅为高水气比工艺的42%,节能减排和降低投资效果明显。     

典型褐煤干燥技术比较

分析了国内外典型褐煤干燥技术的原理、关键参数、技术特点等,并从技术适应性、工艺条件、干燥效果、环境影响等方面进行综合评价比较。结果表明:美国K-Fuel工艺要求入炉粒度较其它技术大,适应性稍差;褐煤提质后均可作为锅炉燃料。干燥温度越高,褐煤干燥效果越好。德国泽玛克管式干燥成型技术、美国K-Fuel工艺为带压干燥,其他工艺为常压工艺。5种工艺可降低水分7.0%～25.0%,增加热值3.24～5.94kJ/g;澳大利亚BCB工艺、神华HPU-06工艺、德国泽玛克管式干燥成型技术产品为型煤,规格可调;其他工艺产品粒度变小。神州干燥-干选联合工艺回吸可能性大、自燃特性改善不明显,其余工艺深度脱水后可防止自燃,不易回吸。5种工艺污染物排放均较为简单,对环境影响较小。     

反渗透技术在TFT-LCD行业工艺废水回收中的应用

采用反渗透工艺对TFT-LCD行业的工艺废水的生化处理出水进行回用处理,重点介绍了该工艺的流程、设计参数及运行效果。运行结果表明,该工艺脱盐率为95.3%,TOC去除率为95.1%,清洗频率为4个月。该工艺运行稳定,出水达到超纯水制备系统水质要求。     

固化工艺参数对导电胶的LTCC互连机械性能研究

采用导电胶的唯象模型,用COMSOL互连的有限元模型,分析了导电胶在一定的固化工艺参数(时间、压力、温度)下的剪切应力和翘曲形变,并对三个工艺参数在一定范围内,进行三因素三水平正交试验设计。研究结果表明:工艺参数组合为固化压力1 200 Pa、固化温度120℃、固化时间为10 min变形,其相应的剪切应力为2.4 412 MPa,扭曲度为2.2395E-4%,弓曲度为3.1671E-4%,为互连推荐工艺参数,该工艺参数对导电胶的固化工艺提供了参考。     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高,其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中,研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象,关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效,而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程,再到生物炭的老化,逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述,并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望,为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明,污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素,且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加,在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少,油中先增后减,气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下,气相中的氮含量高于固相,而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明,污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Characterization of Glutathione Peroxidase 4 in Rat Oocytes,Preimplantation Embryos,and Selected Maternal Tissues during Early Development and Implantation

This study aimed to describe glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4) in rat oocytes, preimplantation embryos, and female genital organs. After copulation, Sprague Dawley female rats were euthanized with anesthetic on the first (D1), third (D3), and fifth days of pregnancy (D5). Ovaries, oviducts, and uterine horns were removed, and oocytes and preimplantation embryos were obtained. Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescent, and Western blot methods were employed. Using immunofluorescence, we detected GPx4 in both the oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Whereas in the oocytes, GPx4 was homogeneously diffused, in the blastomeres, granules were formed, and in the blastocysts, even clusters were present mainly around the cell nuclei. Employing immunohistochemistry, we detected GPx4 inside the ovary in the corpus luteum, stroma, follicles, and blood vessels. In the oviduct, the enzyme was present in the epithelium, stroma, blood vessels, and smooth muscles. In the uterus, GPx4 was found in the endometrium, myometrium, blood vessels, and stroma. Moreover, we observed GPx4 positive granules in the uterine gland epithelium on D1 and D3 and cytoplasm of fibroblasts forming in the decidua on D5. Western blot showed the highest GPx4 levels in the uterus and the lowest levels in the ovary. Our results show that the GPx4 is necessary as early as in the preimplantation development of a new individual because we detected it in an unfertilized oocyte in a blastocyst and not only after implantation, as was previously thought.     

High-Performance Polymers for Separation and Purification Processes: An Overview

Separation and purification techniques are applied in many important fields, such as in the medical, chemical, metallurgical, environmental, and pharmaceutical industries. Recent advances in separation science and the urgent need for highly selective purification have necessitated a rapid progress with respect to the reagents, chemicals, and surfactants used in separation processes to attain a high efficiency and selectivity. Polymeric materials have attracted considerable interest, and they have been widely used as extractants, catalysts, and modifiers, in separation and purification processes. This review outlines the recent advances in the use of novel polymers, natural and synthetic, in different separation and purification techniques. Various separation techniques such as chromatography, crystallization, precipitation, distillation, electrophoresis, filtration, and mineral processing methods are discussed, and the polymers used in each method are described in terms of their properties, structure, and function. The application of polymers shows great promise in achieving a highly efficient separation, especially in the areas of membrane separation and water purification. The rational design of new multifunctional polymers with triggered functions presumably presents new opportunities for the development of advanced separation methods.     

木质素在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中液化过程分析

通过研究木质素分别在超临界甲醇和乙醇溶剂中的液化过程，分析反应温度（260～340℃）及反应时间（0～120min）对木质素在两种溶剂中的转化率、生物油收率及其组分差异的影响。实验表明，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率及产物收率均高于甲醇。当反应温度340℃，反应时间60min，木质素在超临界乙醇中的转化率和生物油收率比在甲醇中分别提高了16.23%和11.54%，残渣收率降低了16.23%。通过GC-MS和FTIR对生物油和残渣分析，发现生物油组分中芳香族化合物相对含量较高，在甲醇和乙醇溶剂中分别达到66.13%和58.84%；随着反应时间的延长，甲醇溶剂中残渣的醚键官能团逐渐增强，而在乙醇溶剂中则先增强后减弱。分析认为在木质素降解过程中，超临界乙醇和甲醇均可产生氢自由基作为供氢体，攻击木质素及其大分子片段中的官能团，同时使液化产物中的活性片段减活，减弱重聚合反应，从而更利于芳烃产物的生成。而甲醇在液化过程中容易与木质素断键产生的苯酚中间体发生脱氢缩合反应，通过醚键聚合产生长链芳香族化合物，形成残渣，降低生物油收率。     

Sp7 Transgenic Mice with a Markedly Impaired Lacunocanalicular Network Induced Sost and Reduced Bone Mass by Unloading

The relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and mechanoresponse has not been well studied. The lacunocanalicular structures differed in the compression and tension sides, in the regions, and in genders in wild-type femoral cortical bone. The overexpression of Sp7 in osteoblasts resulted in thin and porous cortical bone with increased osteoclasts and apoptotic osteocytes, and the number of canaliculi was half of that in the wild-type mice, leading to a markedly impaired lacunocanalicular network. To investigate the response to unloading, we performed tail suspension. Unloading reduced trabecular and cortical bone in the Sp7 transgenic mice due to reduced bone formation. Sost-positive osteocytes increased by unloading on the compression side, but not on the tension side of cortical bone in the wild-type femurs. However, these differential responses were lost in the Sp7 transgenic femurs. Serum Sost increased in the Sp7 transgenic mice, but not in the wild-type mice. Unloading reduced the Col1a1 and Bglap/Bglap2 expression in the Sp7 transgenic mice but not the wild-type mice. Thus, Sp7 transgenic mice with the impaired lacunocanalicular network induced Sost expression by unloading but lost the differential regulation in the compression and tension sides, and the mice failed to restore bone formation during unloading, implicating the relationship of lacunocanalicular network structure and the regulation of bone formation in mechanoresponse.     

The Effects of Immunosuppressive Treatment during Pregnancy on the Levels of Potassium,Iron, Chromium,Zinc, Aluminum,Sodium and Molybdenum in Hard Tissues of Female Rats and Their Offspring

The ideal immunosuppressive regimen should provide for excellent immunosuppression with no side effects. Yet, current immunosuppressive therapy regimens commonly used in clinical applications fail to meet this criterion. One of the complications caused by immunosuppressive drugs is mineralization disorders in hard tissues. In this study, we evaluated the effects of three immunosuppressive therapies used after transplantation on the levels of potassium, iron, chromium, zinc, aluminum, sodium and molybdenum in the bones and teeth of female rats and their offspring. The study was conducted on 32 female Wistar rats, subjected to immunosuppressive regimens (cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone; tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone; and cyclosporine A, everolimus and prednisone). The hard tissues of rats were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, ICAP 7400 Duo, Thermo Scientific) equipped with a concentric nebulizer and a cyclonic spray chamber. All the immunosuppressive regimens included in the study affected the concentrations of the studied minerals in hard tissues of female rats and their offspring. The therapy based on cyclosporine A, everolimus and prednisone led to a decline in the levels of iron in bone, zinc in teeth, and molybdenum in the bone and teeth of mothers, while in the offspring, it caused a decline of bone potassium, with a decrease in iron and increase of molybdenum in teeth. Moreover, the regimen caused an increase in aluminum and chromium in the teeth and aluminum in the bones of the offspring, and consequently, it seems to be the therapy with the most negative impact on the mineral metabolism in hard tissues.     

Early Life Events and Maturation of the Dentate Gyrus: Implications for Neurons and Glial Cells

The dentate gyrus (DG), an important part of the hippocampus, plays a significant role in learning, memory, and emotional behavior. Factors potentially influencing normal development of neurons and glial cells in the DG during its maturation can exert long-lasting effects on brain functions. Early life stress may modify maturation of the DG and induce lifelong alterations in its structure and functioning, underlying brain pathologies in adults. In this paper, maturation of neurons and glial cells (microglia and astrocytes) and the effects of early life events on maturation processes in the DG have been comprehensively reviewed. Early postnatal interventions affecting the DG eventually result in an altered number of granule neurons in the DG, ectopic location of neurons and changes in adult neurogenesis. Adverse events in early life provoke proinflammatory changes in hippocampal glia at cellular and molecular levels immediately after stress exposure. Later, the cellular changes may disappear, though alterations in gene expression pattern persist. Additional stressful events later in life contribute to manifestation of glial changes and behavioral deficits. Alterations in the maturation of neuronal and glial cells induced by early life stress are interdependent and influence the development of neural nets, thus predisposing the brain to the development of cognitive and psychiatric disorders.     

Role of Glucocorticoid Signaling and HDAC4 Activation in Diaphragm and Gastrocnemius Proteolytic Activity in Septic Rats

Sepsis increases glucocorticoid and decreases IGF-1, leading to skeletal muscle wasting and cachexia. Muscle atrophy mainly takes place in locomotor muscles rather than in respiratory ones. Our study aimed to elucidate the mechanism responsible for this difference in muscle proteolysis, focusing on local inflammation and IGF-1 as well as on their glucocorticoid response and HDAC4-myogenin activation. Sepsis was induced in adult male rats by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection (10 mg/kg), and 24 h afterwards, rats were euthanized. LPS increased TNFα and IL-10 expression in both muscles studied, the diaphragm and gastrocnemius, whereas IL-6 and SOCS3 mRNA increased only in diaphragm. In comparison with gastrocnemius, diaphragm showed a lower increase in proteolytic marker expression (atrogin-1 and LC3b) and in LC3b protein lipidation after LPS administration. LPS increased the expression of glucocorticoid induced factors, KLF15 and REDD1, and decreased that of IGF-1 in gastrocnemius but not in the diaphragm. In addition, an increase in HDAC4 and myogenin expression was induced by LPS in gastrocnemius, but not in the diaphragm. In conclusion, the lower activation of both glucocorticoid signaling and HDAC4-myogenin pathways by sepsis can be one of the causes of lower sepsis-induced proteolysis in the diaphragm compared to gastrocnemius.     

Hepatic and Adipose Tissue Depot-Specific Changes in Lipid Metabolism in Late-Onset Obese (LOB) Rats

Transgenic Late-onset OBesity (LOB) rats slowly develop a male-specific, autosomal dominant, obesity phenotype with a specific increase in peri-renal white adipose tissue (WAT) depot and preserved insulin sensitivity (Bains et al. in Endocrinology 145:2666–2679, 2004). To better understand the remarkable phenotype of these rats, the lipid metabolism was investigated in male LOB and non-transgenic (NT) littermates. Total plasma cholesterol (C) levels were normal but total plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) (2.8-fold) and hepatic TAG content (25%) was elevated in LOB males. Plasma VLDL-C and VLDL-TAG levels were higher while plasma apoB levels were 60% lower in LOB males. Increased hepatic TAG secretion explained the increased VLDL levels in LOB males. The hepatic gene expression of FAS, SCD-1, mitochondrial (mt)GPAT, and DGAT2 was up-regulated in both old obese and young non-obese LOB rats. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in heart and epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) was unchanged, while LPL activity was increased in peri-renal WAT (30%) and decreased in soleus muscle (40%). Moreover, FAS, SCD-1 and DGAT2 gene expression was increased in peri-renal, but not in epididymal WAT. Basal lipolysis was reduced or unchanged and β-adrenergic stimulated lipolysis was reduced in WAT from both old obese and young non-obese LOB rats. To summarize, the obese phenotype of LOB male rats is associated with increased hepatic TAG production and secretion, a shift in LPL activity from skeletal muscle to WAT, reduced lipolytic response in WAT depots and a specific increase in expression of genes responsible for fatty acid and TAG synthesis in the peri-renal depot. F. Frick and R. Hume contributed equally to this work.