湖北省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的敏感性

对2014年采自中国湖北省7个县、市的206株小麦赤霉病菌样品进行单孢分离与鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法随机测定了其中100株菌株对多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的敏感性,建立了其敏感基线。结果表明:多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺对湖北省小麦赤霉病菌的EC50值范围分别为0.115~0.705、0.006~1.356和0.002~0.370 μg/mL,平均值分别为0.248、0.181和0.040 μg/mL;供试100株小麦赤霉病菌对3种药剂的敏感性频率均呈单峰拟正态分布,因此可将所得各EC50平均值分别作为湖北省小麦赤霉病菌对3种药剂的敏感基线参考值。以各药剂EC50平均值的10倍作为敏感性鉴别浓度,对2015及2016年湖北省小麦赤霉病菌的敏感性进行了监测,在该鉴别浓度下,多菌灵、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺对2015年小麦赤霉病菌的平均抑制率分别为100%、85.14%和82.35%,对2016年小麦赤霉病菌的平均抑制率分别为100%、76.67%和73.62%。研究表明,虽然戊唑醇和咪鲜胺对2016年小麦赤霉病菌的抑制率略有下降,但整体而言,湖北省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵、戊唑醇及咪鲜胺仍具有较高的敏感性。     

2017年-2021年江苏省小麦赤霉病菌群体对4种杀菌剂的抗药性监测

为明确江苏省小麦赤霉病菌群体对常用杀菌剂的抗药性情况,本研究于2017年-2021年连续5年分别从苏南、苏北及苏中小麦种植区采集病穗,分离培养获得赤霉病菌菌株共计4 055株,采用区分剂量法测定了供试菌株对4种杀菌剂(多菌灵、氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺)的抗性频率。结果表明:2017年-2021年江苏省田间小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性频率分别为58.44%、56.30%、44.68%、48.28%、46.39%,呈逐年下降的趋势;不同地区小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性呈现地区差异性,苏北地区对多菌灵的抗性频率最高,其次是苏中地区,抗性频率最低的是苏南地区。2021年首次在田间采集到对氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺的抗性菌株,其抗性频率分别为0.45%、0.89%和0.09%,在以上的抗性菌株中同时具有多菌灵抗性的双重抗性菌株。表明江苏省小麦赤霉病菌对氰烯菌酯、戊唑醇和咪鲜胺产生了抗药性,虽抗性频率较低,仍需尽快制定田间抗性治理方案,延缓田间病菌对常用杀菌剂的抗性发展。     

禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺敏感性基线的建立及药剂田间防效

为明确琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类新型吡啶酰胺杀菌剂氟唑菌酰羟胺在中国小麦赤霉病防治中的应用潜力,分别采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了氟唑菌酰羟胺对湖北省6个地区106株禾谷镰孢菌的室内毒力、田间防效及其与多菌灵和氰烯菌酯的交互抗性。结果显示:氟唑菌酰羟胺对106株禾谷镰孢菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值为 (0.018 0 ± 0.209 0) mg/L,平均值为 (0.072 8 ± 0.025 9) mg/L;对分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀值为 (0.052 7 ± 0.473 2) mg/L,平均值为 (0.176 0± 0.059 6) mg/mL;且其EC₅₀值频率分布均呈单峰曲线,因此可分别将菌丝生长和孢子萌发的平均EC₅₀值作为禾谷镰孢菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性基线。初步的交互抗性测定结果表明,抗多菌灵或氰烯菌酯的菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺均未表现出抗性。田间试验显示,氟唑菌酰羟胺有效剂量200 g/hm2处理的防效 (超过90.0%) 显著高于对照药剂氰烯菌酯600 g/hm2的防效 (78.0%),与空白对照相比增产效果在127%~135%之间。经氟唑菌酰羟胺处理后,小麦籽粒中由禾谷镰孢菌产生的毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇 (DON) 的含量比空白对照降低了55.09%。研究表明,氟唑菌酰羟胺对禾谷镰孢菌呈现出较高的室内活性且田间防效优越,同时还能降低小麦籽粒中DON毒素的含量及提高小麦产量,因此可作为生产中防治小麦赤霉病的替代或后备药剂,同时也可考虑用作为禾谷镰孢菌对多菌灵抗性治理的替代药剂。     

葡萄胶孢炭疽菌对3种麦角甾醇脱甲基抑制剂类杀菌剂的敏感性

系统比较了从云南省主要葡萄产区采集的57株葡萄胶胞炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides对三唑类脱甲基抑制剂烯唑醇、腈菌唑及咪唑类脱甲基抑制剂咪鲜胺的敏感性、交互敏感性及敏感性与生存适合度的相关性等指标。结果表明:供试菌株对咪鲜胺的EC50值在0.01~1.58 mg/L之间,高于其对烯唑醇(EC50值为0.05~25.45 mg/L)和腈菌唑(EC50值为0.49~192.93 mg/L)的敏感性;部分菌株对烯唑醇和腈菌唑的敏感性显著降低,而对咪鲜胺仍保持较高的敏感性;供试菌株对烯唑醇和腈菌唑的敏感性具有显著的相关性,而对咪鲜胺的敏感性与对烯唑醇和腈菌唑的敏感性之间则无显著相关性。低敏感性菌株的致病力和菌落生长速率与敏感菌株无显著差异,具有较高的生存适合度。     

小麦白粉病菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感基线建立

氟唑菌酰羟胺是一种新型琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂(succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, SDHI)类杀菌剂,2019年在我国登记在小麦上防治赤霉病,为明确其对小麦白粉病的潜在防治效果,以及为监测小麦白粉病菌群体对其是否产生抗药性,本文采用离体叶段法测定了2000年前和2019年采自我国河南、山东等9省市的110株小麦白粉病菌菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性。结果表明,采自2019年的88株菌株,其EC50范围为0.010 2~0.766 8 μg/mL,平均EC50为(0.224 3±0.179 6)μg/mL;采自2000年前的22株菌株,其EC50范围为0.052 1~0.882 4 μg/mL,平均EC50为(0.356 3±0.279 6)μg/mL;两组菌株群体间的敏感性无显著差异。氟唑菌酰羟胺对110株菌株的EC50范围为0.010 2~0.882 4 μg/mL,平均EC50为(0.250 7±0.210 3)μg/mL,敏感性频率分布呈单峰曲线,可作为小麦白粉病菌对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感基线。本研究结果可为氟唑菌酰羟胺防治小麦白粉病以及未来监测该病原菌对药剂的抗性提供参考依据。     

基于刃天青微平板法测定交链格孢菌橘致病型对戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的敏感性

由交链格孢菌橘致病型(Alternaria alternata tangerine pathotype)引起的柑橘链格孢褐斑病(Alternaria brown spot,ABS)是柑橘上的主要病害,目前主要采用杀菌剂防治。本研究以采自中国各柑橘链格孢褐斑病发生区的54个交链格孢菌橘致病型菌株为供试群体,采用刃天青微平板法测定了病原菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长对戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的敏感性。结果表明:刃天青微平板法最佳体系中的培养基为完全培养基(CM),刃天青终浓度为40 μmol/L,孢子浓度为105个/mL。戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的有效抑制中浓度(EC50)范围分别为0.304~0.885 μg/mL和0.367~0.873 μg/mL,平均值分别为0.562和0.609 μg/mL。正态分布检测结果显示:这2种药剂抑制交链格孢菌橘致病型群体的EC50值均符合正态分布,因此认为所得EC50值可作为病原菌对戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的敏感性基线。本研究结果可为田间防治褐斑病和监测交链格孢菌对戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的抗药性奠定基础。     

小麦赤霉病菌对叶菌唑的抗性风险分析

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定了2012–2014年采自我国江苏、安徽、山东和河南4个省份的100株小麦赤霉病菌对叶菌唑的敏感性,并通过室内药剂驯化获得叶菌唑抗性突变体,研究了抗性突变体的适合度及CYP51基因序列和表达量.结果表明:叶菌唑对供试菌株的EC50值范围为0.04～0.51μg/mL,平均EC50值为(0.18±...     

海南玉米小斑病菌室内药剂筛选及对戊唑醇、嘧菌酯的敏感性

为明确7种杀菌剂对玉米小斑病菌CM-4的抑菌效果和玉米小斑病菌对戊唑醇和嘧菌酯的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对菌株CM-4的抑菌效果,并根据初筛结果,对来自海南省8个市县的36株玉米小斑病菌进行戊唑醇和嘧菌酯的敏感性测定。结果显示:7种药剂中,430g/L戊唑醇SC和250g/L嘧菌酯SC的抑菌效果较好,70%甲基硫菌灵WP和50%多灵菌WP的抑菌效果较差。敏感性测定中,430g/L戊唑醇SC的EC50均值为7.389 2μg/mL,敏感性频率分布出现了2个明显的峰值,检验结果不符合正态分布,出现敏感性下降的菌株。250g/L嘧菌酯SC的敏感性频率分布呈现单一连续性曲线,检验结果符合正态分布,其EC50均值5.699 5μg/mL可作为玉米小斑病菌对嘧菌酯的敏感性基线。敏感性基线的建立可为病原菌抗性研究和监测提供基础数据,同时指导田间用药。     

不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的控制效果

为探明不同杀菌剂对小麦赤霉病和小麦籽粒DON毒素(包括DON、3-ADON和15-ADON)的控制效果, 采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种药剂对禾谷镰刀菌野生型菌株PH-1的室内活性, 同时采用液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS)测定了这些药剂对DON毒素的抑制效果, 并开展了小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的田间防治试验。结果表明, 12种原药对菌丝生长抑制活性强弱依次为氟唑菌酰羟胺>咪鲜胺>戊唑醇>丙硫菌唑>叶菌唑>氰烯菌酯>氟环唑>多菌灵>甲基硫菌灵>吡唑醚菌酯>嘧菌酯>井冈霉素A。氟环唑EC50和EC90离体胁迫均刺激DON毒素产生, 其他杀菌剂EC50和EC90胁迫均抑制DON毒素产生。田间试验结果表明, 200 g/L氟唑菌酰羟胺SC、30%丙硫菌唑OD和20%叶菌唑WP病指防效和DON防效为87.68%~94.77%; 430 g/L戊唑醇SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC、45%咪鲜胺EW、25%氟环唑SC、50%多菌灵WP和70%甲基硫菌灵WP病指防效和DON防效为57.63%%~85.49%; 250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯EC和250 g/L嘧菌酯SC病指防效分别为72.18%和51.98%, DON防效分别为43.06%和-7.96%; 24%井冈霉素A AS病指防效和DON防效分别为42.37%和62.87%。药剂离体和田间控毒效果不完全一致, 赤霉病有效防控是DON防控的前提, 病害防效与DON防效不完全一致, 本研究为小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素防控提供了科学依据。     

禾谷镰刀菌Fgβ2 S138A对多菌灵和噻菌灵敏感性的影响

由禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum引起的小麦赤霉病（Fusarium head blight,FHB）是小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦等禾谷类作物的毁灭性病害。目前,生产上防治小麦赤霉病主要依靠化学药剂防治,多菌灵等苯并咪唑类杀菌剂使用较为广泛,其作用靶标为β微管蛋白。禾谷镰刀菌有2个β微管蛋白,通过分子对接结果发现β2微管蛋白第138位氨基酸位点可能为多菌灵结合位点。本研究对β2第138位丝氨酸位点进行突变研究,以明晰其生物学功能。结果表明Fgβ2S138A突变后禾谷镰刀菌对多菌灵的敏感性显著增加,EC50值由0.617 mg/L降至0.290 mg/L,但不影响对噻菌灵的敏感性,EC50值为0.950 mg/L左右,并且该突变不影响禾谷镰刀菌菌丝营养生长、无性繁殖、有性生殖和致病性。本研究结果可为多菌灵对小麦赤霉病的化学防治提供理论基础,在生产上具有一定指导意义。     

Baseline sensitivity and cross-resistance to demethylation-inhibiting fungicides in Ontario isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

Four hundred and thirty-five isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa from eight populations in southern Ontario were tested for sensitivity to the demethylation-inhibiting (DMI) fungicides, propiconazole, myclobutanil, fenarimol and tebuconazole. The isolates were collected in summer 1994 just prior to legal DMI fungicide use on turfgrass in Ontario. There were wide variations in sensitivities, and seven of the eight populations were very sensitive to the fungicides. Based on mean EC₅₀ and the distribution of DMI sensitivity, one population near the U.S. border was suspected of having been previously exposed to DMI fungicide. Pairwise comparisons of EC₅₀ values for the different fungicides showed low to moderate correlations between fungicides. EC₅₀ values of myclobutanil and propiconazole had the best correlation, followed by the pair of tebuconazole and fenarimol. Other pairwise comparisons were not statistically significant except for a barely significant relationship between EC₅₀ values of myclobutanil and tebuconazole. For field populations of plant pathogens, cross-resistance to different DMI fungicides may not be as strong as conventionally thought. The data collected here will allow comparison to subsequent years to look for detectable shifts in S. homoeocarpa sensitivity to DMI fungicides as they become more frequently used in Ontario.     

稻田土壤8种真菌对4种杀菌剂的敏感性分析

基于ITS-5.8s rDNA区序列,初步鉴定了浙江大学试验基地稻田土壤的8种常见真菌。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了井冈霉素、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和三唑酮4种常用杀菌剂对这8种土壤真菌的抑菌活性,以及多菌灵与咪鲜胺混用对禾柄锈菌、黑曲霉和长枝木霉3种真菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明:8种真菌对咪鲜胺最敏感,EC50值在0.091~3.1 mg/L之间;多菌灵的EC50值在0.15~1.8 mg/L之间;三唑酮的EC50值在0.57~8.5 mg/L之间;井冈霉素的敏感性最低,EC50在12~94 mg/L之间。由4种杀菌剂的SSDs曲线分析结果得出,不同真菌对杀菌剂敏感性存在显著差异。当多菌灵与咪鲜胺按其EC50值分别以体积比3∶2、1∶1和7∶3混用时,增效系数分别为1.615、1.039和1.042,表现出一定的协同或相加作用。本研究结果为进一步阐明杀菌剂对稻田生态系统真菌群落的生态效应及杀菌剂的科学合理使用提供了重要依据。     

桃褐腐病菌(Monilinia fructicola)对3种杀菌剂的敏感性

采用生长速率法测定了采自北京平谷区3个桃园的125株桃褐腐病菌对甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和异菌脲3种杀菌剂的敏感性,发现甲基硫菌灵对桃褐腐病菌的EC50主要分布在1.0×10^-5～0.2μg/mL,戊唑醇对桃褐腐病菌的EC₅₀主要分布在0.006～0.022μg/mL之间。异菌脲对桃褐腐病菌的EC₅₀主要分布在0.15～0.55μg/mL之间。研究结果表明,北京地区的桃褐腐病菌对这3种杀菌剂都比较敏感,未产生明显的抗药群体。建立了褐腐病菌对异菌脲抗药性的敏感基线。而且,数据分析表明:甲基硫菌灵、戊唑醇和异菌脲之间均不存在交互抗性。     

多菌灵等4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病菌的室内生物活性

采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法，分别测定了烟草灰霉病菌对多菌灵、嘧霉胺、异菌脲和丙环唑的敏感性，同时通过离体叶片法评估了这4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病的保护和治疗作用。结果表明:4种杀菌剂对烟草灰霉病菌的菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现出了不同程度的抑制活性，并对灰霉病同时具有保护和治疗作用。其中多菌灵对菌丝生长的抑制活性最强，EC₅₀平均值为0.06 mg/L，其次为丙环唑、嘧霉胺和异菌脲，EC₅₀平均值分别为0.36、0.53和0.60 mg/L；异菌脲和丙环唑对烟草灰霉病菌孢子萌发的抑制活性较强，EC₅₀平均值分别为2.05和2.21 mg/L，其次为嘧霉胺和多菌灵，EC₅₀平均值分别为10.56和131.23 mg/L。异菌脲和多菌灵对灰霉病的保护作用和治疗作用均最强，当药剂质量浓度为200 mg/L时，其对离体叶片的保护和治疗作用防效分别为100%、100%和98.3%、91.8%。研究结果可为烟草灰霉病的科学防治提供依据。     

Sensitivity of populations ofBotrytis cinerea to triazoles,benomyl and vinclozolin

Sensitivity of field isolates (121) ofBotrytis cinerea from France (1992), Germany (1979–1992), Israel (1990) and the Netherlands (1970–1989) to the triazoles tebuconazole and triadimenol, the benzimidazole benomyl and the dicarboximide vinclozolin were tested in radial growth experiments. Resistance to benomyl (in 21 to 100% of isolates tested) and vinclozolin (in 25 to 71% of isolates tested) was common in most countries. EC₅₀s (concentrations of fungicides inhibiting radial mycelial growth ofB. cinerea on B5-agar by 50%) for tebuconazole and triadimenol ranged between 0.01–1.64 and 0.4–32.6g ml^–1, respectively, and were log-normally distributed. The variation factor (ratio between EC₅₀s of the least and most sensitive isolate tested) amounts 164 and 82 for tebuconazole and triadimenol, respectively. These values are comparable to those for azole fungicides applied in control of other pathogens. Hence, variation in sensitivity to triazoles can probably not explain limited field performance of triazoles towardsB. cinerea. Isolates from south west Germany (1992) were significantly less sensitive to tebuconazole than isolates collected earlier in Germany, Israel and the Netherlands. Such less sensitive populations may contribute to the limited field performance of DMI fungicides towardsB. cinerea. The sensitivity of isolates from south west Germany to tebuconazole was similar to that of DMI-resistant mutants generated in the laboratory. These mutants displayed stable resistance with Q-values (ratio between EC₅₀ of resistant mutant and wild type isolate) between 5 and 20. Sensitivity of field isolates and laboratory mutants to tebuconazole and triadimenol was correlated.     

七种杀菌剂对蘑菇褐腐病菌的药效及对双孢蘑菇的安全性评价

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对蘑菇褐腐病菌Mycogone perniciosa Magn.的室内毒力及其中5种杀菌剂对双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus的室内安全性,并通过田间小区试验评价了其中6种杀菌剂对蘑菇褐腐病的药效及对双孢蘑菇的安全性。室内测定结果表明:多菌灵、咪鲜胺、噻菌灵、百菌清、苯醚甲环唑及戊唑醇对蘑菇褐腐病菌的毒力均较强,EC50值分别为0.036 9、0.024 5、0.296、0.136、0.036 0和0.058 1 mg/L,福美双毒力较弱,EC50值为88.0 mg/L;多菌灵和百菌清对双孢蘑菇较安全,苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇及福美双对其有药害风险。田间试验结果表明:按有效成分质量分数计,50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）250、500和1 000 mg/kg,50%咪鲜胺锰盐WP 333、266和200 mg/kg,75%百菌清WP 375 mg/kg对蘑菇褐腐病的防效较好,且对双孢蘑菇生长无显著影响;而采用43%戊唑醇悬浮剂（SC）143.3、86.0 mg/kg防治褐腐病时,双孢蘑菇的减产率分别为20.54%和13.19%,采用10%苯醚甲环唑可分散粒剂（WG）33.3 mg/kg时,减产率为4.73%,表明这2种杀菌剂对双孢蘑菇的安全性较差,不宜用于防治蘑菇褐腐病;50%福美双WP 1 000 和 500 mg/kg均会造成蘑菇出菇推迟,而166.7 mg/kg的防效较差,因此也不宜用于防治蘑菇褐腐病。     

Thiophanate-methyl sensitivity and fitness in Lasiodiplodia theobromae populations from papaya in Brazil

Stem-end rot, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, is an important postharvest disease of papaya in Brazil. The use of fungicides is one of the main disease management measures. However, there are no data available on the sensitivity of L. theobromae to thiophanate methyl (methyl benzimidazole carbamate), the most common fungicide used in papaya orchards in northeastern Brazil. Thus, the effective concentration that results in 50 % of mycelial growth inhibition (EC₅₀) of 109 isolates, representing five populations of the pathogen was estimated in vitro. Seven components of fitness were measured for the 10 isolates with lower and high values of EC₅₀. Of the 109 isolates, 20.2 % were resistant to the fungicide with EC₅₀ values greater than 300 μg ml^?1, whereas the remaining 79.8 % were sensitive with an average EC₅₀ of 1.87 μg ml^?1. The EC₅₀ values for the resistant isolates were significantly (P?≤?0.05) higher than those for the sensitive isolates. When the fitness components were evaluated, only in relation to the spore production was significant difference among sensitive and resistant isolates, and resistant isolates showed sporulation capacity significantly lower than the S isolates, indicating a fitness cost.