南京市机动车排气污染现状分析

阐述了南京市机动车发展现状、道路交通现状和机动车污染监测情况,对机动车排放因子、机动车污染、交通干线的污染物日排放特征、机动车源排放污染物的分担率以及机动车尾气污染物排放进行了分析和预测。指出南京市机动车污染状况必须采取有效措施加以控制,并提出了贯彻机动车尾气控制标准,完善污染控制管理机制;重点控制公交、出租和专业物流的机动车污染;严格控制车用油品质量;建立车辆污染数据库;加快道路建设,运用交通综合管理制度削减污染;实施保护区和控制区管理以及实施机动车标志管理等合理化建议。     

北京18个区县采用遥测技术监测机动车

19辆机动车尾气激光遥感监测车近日投入到北京市18个区县和经济技术开发区的控制机动车污染工作中。据北京市环保局副局长杜少中介绍,激光遥感监测机动车尾气排放技术的应用,提升了全市对机动车污染排放的监测能力,使北京在全国率先实现了对上路行驶机动车尾气排放的大规模动态监测。     

2020年江苏省机动车排放污染分布特征及与大气质量耦合性研究

依据生态环境部2021年6月发布的《排放源统计调查产排污核算方法和系数手册》,结合本地实测数据,在对汽油车颗粒物(PM)排放系数进行测算的基础上,核算了2020年江苏省机动车PM、氮氧化物(NO_(X))、挥发性有机物(VOC_(S))的排放总量,分析了机动车排放污染分布特征及与大气质量的耦合关系。结果表明:2020年江苏省机动车PM、NO_(X)、VOC_(S)排放量分别为0.5×10^(4),3.71×10^(5),1.17×10^(5) t。从区域分布来看,苏州、南京、无锡3市的3项污染物排放总量及NO_(X)、VOC_(S)排放量均位列前3位,PM排放量位列前3位的是苏州、徐州、无锡。从车型、燃料类型和排放阶段来看,国Ⅳ及以下排放标准的汽油小型客车是机动车VOC_(S)排放控制的重点,国Ⅲ排放标准的重型柴油货车是机动车PM和NO_(X)排放控制的重点。分析区域机动车PM排放量与大气中PM_(2.5)来源解析结果的耦合关系,其间存在不同程度的正相关性,控制机动车污染对改善大气环境会产生积极成效,南京、徐州和盐城3市的成效会尤为明显。     

建立深圳市机动车氮氧化物排放因子初探

针对国内机动车排放因子研究处于起步阶段的实际情况,因地制宜地确定了深圳市当地的机动车氮氧化物排放因子研究技术路线,通过大量的调研、实测建立深圳市道路和联片建成区机动车氮氧化物排放因子,为深圳市机动车排气污染研究和控制提供了参数.     

广州白云国际机场飞机大气污染物排放分析

根据收集到的2008-2012年广州白云国际机场航班起降次数,参考《珠江三角洲非道路移动源排放清单开发》飞机污染物估算方法及排放因子,计算出此期间机场飞机大气污染物排放量,并与2010-2012年广州市机动车污染物排放情况对比。结果表明：飞机大气污染物排放量随客运量的增长呈逐年上升趋势,而与机动车排放相比,飞机大气污染物排放量较小,故现阶段仍应以机动车作为移动源污染控制的重点。     

宝鸡市机动车尾气排放现状调查与分析

通过对宝鸡市区机动车尾气排放检测数据的比较分析，基本摸清了机动车尾气排放现状及规律，并对尾气超标原因作了分析，提出了控制和减少尾气污染的对策．     

沈阳市机动车大气污染物排放清单的研究

基于机动车主要污染物排放量计算方法,对主要污染物排放因子进行识别与修正,建立沈阳市机动车污染物排放清单。结果表明:沈阳市机动车污染物的排放总量为206 804. 3 t,CO、NOx、HC和PM10的排放量分别为128 500. 4 t、44 206. 3 t、32 104. 8 t和1 992. 8 t;机动车排放的各污染物二环以内的排放量占总量70. 0%以上,和平区、沈河区和铁西区是该市机动车污染物高排放区域;小型客车和出租车对CO、HC的排放分担率较高,重型货车和轻型货车是NOx、PM10的主要排放源;沈阳市机动车污染物主要来自汽油车和柴油车,新能源机动车排放量较低。     

南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策

简述了南京市机动车排气污染控制和管理对策。对新机动车排气控制实施了新车上牌的环保注册登记目录制,鼓励生产厂家采用先进的排放控制技术,达到国家制定的排放控制目标和排放标准;对在用机动车排气控制实施检测／维护(I／M)制度,对尾气排放不达标车辆进行正常的维修和保养,保证其发动机处于正常技术状况;对高排放污染机动车辆,安装尾气净化装置,以改善机动车排放水平。定期检测中各类型车辆维护前后排气污染物削减结果表明,85％的高排放污染车辆能达标,且CO的削减率最高,达50％左右;定期检测中各类型车辆安装机内净化器前后排气污染物削减结果表明,二次补气机内净化器对CO的净化率为22．5％～30．0％,对HC的净化率为9．7％～30．0％;高能电子点火机内净化器对CO的净化率为5．4％～22．2％,对HC的净化率为17．2％～30．8％。不定期检测中,一些高排放污染车辆安装三元催化反应器后,其净化率可达80％～90％。     

机动车尾气污染物排放和控制分析

随着国民经济的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高,近几年来我国私家车以及整体汽车保有量都有着明显的上升。出行便捷的同时也带来了反面的效果,即机动车尾气排放的污染日益加重,探索如何大幅度治理与控制汽车尾气就成了亟待解决的问题。本文试对机动车尾气污染物排放控制的重要意义以及具体的处理措施做了分析。     

基于隧道法的机动车对上海城市大气环境中氨的源排放贡献研究

以上海交通最为繁忙的隧道之一的邯郸路隧道为研究对象,设计了隧道内(进口、中段、出口)机动车NH_3排放因子测定实验和隧道外(垂直于隧道口310 m范围内)机动车NH_3排放环境扩散梯度实验。隧道内实验结果表明,隧道出口的ρ(NH_3)分别是隧道进口和外围环境质量浓度的5倍和11倍,机动车NH_3排放因子(平均值±标准差)为(28±5)mg/km。据此估算,2014年上海机动车的NH_3排放总量约为1 300 t,占该市NH_3排放量的12%。梯度实验表明,邯郸路隧道出口处的机动车NH_3排放一旦扩散到大气中,其对环境的影响强度在短短数十米内迅速降低,超过150 m的范围后影响基本趋同。证实了在交通路网密集的城市,机动车是大气环境NH_3的重要来源,进而对城市颗粒物污染有潜在贡献。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Screening of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Pseudomonas strains as biosensor for lead and some other metals contamination

δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD; E.C. 4.2.1.24) is a metalloprotein and plays a crucial role in heme synthesis. Its sensitivity to toxic metals depends on the metallic co-factors. In this study the effects of some heavy metals on ALADs activity of five Pseudomonas isolates from Akar?ay stream (Afyonkarahisar) have been studied in order to determine whether their ALADs could be used as biosensor for lead and other heavy metals contamination. The data obtained from the study were analysed statistically by using SPSS 10.0 software for Windows. According to the results, Ni(II) increased the ALAD activity of Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes and Pseudomonas aureginosa ATTC 27853. Mn(II) also increased the enzymic activity in all strains examined except P. pseudoalcaligenes. These were found not to be statistically meaningful. P. aeruginosa 2’s enzymic activity was inhibited by Mg(II) and Zn(II), significantly (p’lt;’.05). There was a statistically meaningful relation between enzymic activity of both P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. putida and increasing Pb(II) concentration (p’lt;’.05). In addition, a formula was also deviced in order to determine the doses of metals in the environment of the organisms. As a result of the study, we can suggest that Pseudomonas ALADs can be used as a biosensor for lead and some other heavy metal exposure in aquatic environments.     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

Impact of Pollution Caused by Uranium Production on Soil Macrofauna

Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web.     

A Comparison of Bacterial Indicators and Methods in Rural Surface Waters

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends the use of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci as indicators of enteric pathogens in fresh waters; however, fecal coliform analyses will remain important by virtue of the large amount of historic data collected in prior years. In this study, we attempted, in a real-world situation (i.e., a rural inland watershed in the Piedmont of South Carolina) to compare different bacterial indicators and methods to one another. We compared fecal coliforms, enumerated by membrane filtration with E. coli, enumerated by a commercialized enzyme substrate method and observed E. coli/fecal coliform ratios of 1.63 and 1.2 for two separate tests. In the same watershed, we observed an E. coli/fecal coliform ratio of 0.84 when we used the commercialized enzyme substrate method for both enumerations. Given these results, users of such data should exercise care when they make comparisons between historic membrane filtration data and data acquired through the use of the more modern enzymatic methods. Some sampling and side-by-side testing between methods in a specific watershed may be prudent before any conversion factors between old and new datasets are applied.     

Electrofishing in boatable rivers: Does sampling design affect bioassessment metrics?

Data were collected from 60 boatable sites using an electrofishing design that permitted comparisons of the effects of designs and distances on fish assemblage metrics. Sites were classified a priori as Run-of-the-River (ROR) or Restricted Flow (RF). Data representing four different design options (i.e., 1000 and 2000 m for both single and paired banks) were extracted from the dataset and analyzed. Friedman tests comparing metric values among the designs detected significant differences for all richness metrics at both types of sites and for catch per unit effort and percent tolerant species at ROR sites. Richness metrics were generally higher for the two 2000-m designs than for the two 1000-m designs. When plotted against cumulative electrofishing distance, the percent change in metrics declined sharply within approximately 1000 m, after which metrics usually varied by less than 10%. These data demonstrate that designs electrofishing 1000 m of shoreline are sufficient for bioassessments on boatable rivers similar to those in this study, regardless of whether the shoreline is along a single bank or distributed equally among paired banks. However, at sites with depths greater than 4 m, it may be advisable to employ nighttime electrofishing or increase day electrofishing designs to 2000 m.The U.S. Governments right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

南京市机动车排气监测与评价

通过对南京市机动车排气污染物的年检监测,表明南京市的汽油车、柴油车、摩托车排气合格率总体呈上升趋势,2002年全市机动车排气监测总合格率为99.9%,比1993年上升了8.6个百分点;汽车尾气达标率也呈上升趋势,2002年达83.8%,比1993年上升了2.6个百分点。对机动车排气路检结果表明,CO超标的车辆占84.4%,CO、HC两项指标都超标的车辆占31.1%。对各类汽油助力车排气监测结果表明,二冲程汽油助力车尾气中CO、HC排放量要高于四冲程汽油助力车的排放量。对各类正三轮摩托车排气抽检结果表明,大部分四冲程正三轮摩托车尾气排放污染物能达标,且排气管无碳烟;二冲程正三轮摩托车尾气中HC值偏高,排气管碳烟明显。