基于模糊C均值聚类的环境感知推荐算法

针对现有环境感知推荐算法存在的不足,提出一种基于模糊C均值聚类的环境感知推荐算法.首先采用模糊C均值聚类算法对历史环境信息进行聚类,产生聚类及隶属矩阵;然后匹配活动用户环境信息与历史环境信息聚类,采用聚类隶属度作为映射系数将符合条件的非隶属数据映射为隶属数据,最终选择与活动环境匹配的隶属用户评分数据为用户产生推荐.同现有算法相比,该算法不仅解决了因用户环境改变不能准确推荐项目的问题,而且通过采用模糊聚类算法克服了传统硬聚类问题,并且借助于隶属映射函数解决了聚类产生的数据稀疏性问题.在MovieLens数据集上比较了新算法和其他算法的性能,验证了所提算法的有效性.     

一种基于特征属性的 Web 用户模糊聚类改进算法

为降低传统 FCM 算法的计算复杂性,提高 Web 用户聚类的效果,文中提出了一种改进的基于特征属性的 Web 用户模糊聚类算法.首先通过用户访问页面的次数和时间建立 Web 用户兴趣度矩阵,并根据商品的特征属性值将 Web 用户兴趣度矩阵映射为用户对特征属性的偏好矩阵,从而有效降低数据稀疏性;然后以此为数据集,对传统的 FCM 算法进行了改进,将聚类中心分为活动和稳定两种,忽略稳定聚类中的距离计算以降低计算复杂性.最后通过仿真实验证实了新算法的有效性和可行性.     

一种基于特征属性的Web用户模糊聚类改进算法

为降低传统FCM算法的计算复杂性,提高Web用户聚类的效果,文中提出了一种改进的基于特征属性的Web用户模糊聚类算法。首先通过用户访问页面的次数和时间建立Web用户兴趣度矩阵,并根据商品的特征属性值将Web用户兴趣度矩阵映射为用户对特征属性的偏好矩阵,从而有效降低数据稀疏性;然后以此为数据集,对传统的FCM算法进行了改进,将聚类中心分为活动和稳定两种,忽略稳定聚类中的距离计算以降低计算复杂性。最后通过仿真实验证实了新算法的有效性和可行性。     

一种大规模高维数据快速聚类算法

提出了一种面向大规模高维数据的自组织映射聚类算法. 算法通过压缩神经元的特征集合, 仅选择与神经元代表的文档类相关的特征构造神经元的特征向量, 从而减少了聚类时间. 同时由于选取的特征能够将映射到不同神经元的文档类进行有效区分, 避免了无关特征的干扰, 因而提升了聚类的精度. 实验结果表明该方法能够有效加快聚类的速度, 提升聚类的准确度, 达到比较理想的聚类效果.     

利用稀疏自编码的局部谱聚类映射算法

传统谱聚类算法直接对原始数据建立高斯核邻接矩阵后再对数据进行聚类,并未考虑数据的深层次特征以及数据的邻域流形结构,并且仅进行单一聚类,针对以上三点不足,提出了利用稀疏自编码的局部谱聚类映射算法(LSCMS),通过对数据进行预处理,利用稀疏自编码提取能反映原始数据本质的深层次特征,并以此替代原始数据;对每个数据利用其邻域进行线性重构,以重构权值代替高斯核函数建立邻接矩阵.LSCMS在聚类同时将数据映射到聚类指标上进而协调聚类指标.在UCI数据集、手写数据集、人脸数据集上的实验结果表明:算法优于现有的聚类算法.     

综合多重评价因素的Web用户聚类算法

文章提出了综合多重评价因素的Web用户聚类算法;首先从评价因素的数学特征出发,提出了Web资源偏爱度与Web资源关联度的概念,然后运用Kruskal算法的基本原理在由Web资源和Web访问行为所构成的无向图内寻找寻频繁路径,再根据频繁路径和Web资源偏爱度与关联度阈值对Web用户进行聚类处理。该算法在一定程度上提高了Web用户聚类算法的准确性与执行效率。     

基于频繁词义序列的检索结果聚类算法研究

目前大多搜索引擎结果聚类算法针对用户查询生成的网页摘要进行聚类,由于网页摘要较短且质量良莠不齐,聚类效果难以保证。提出了一种基于频繁词义序列的检索结果聚类算法,利用WordNet结合句法和语义特征对搜索结果构建聚类及标签。不像传统的基于向量空间模型的聚类算法,考虑了词语在文档中的序列模式。算法首先对文本进行预处理,生成压缩文档以降低文本数据维度,构建广义后缀树,挖掘出最大频繁项集,然后获取频繁词义序列。从文档中获取的有序频繁项集可以更好地反映文档的主题,把相同主题的搜索结果聚类在一起,与用户查询相关度高的优先排序。实验表明,该算法可以获得与查询相关的高质量聚类及基于语义的聚类标签,具有更高的聚类准确度和更高的运行效率,并且可扩展性良好。     

基于闭合有间隔频繁子序列的点击流聚类

对网站日志文件中记录的点击流序列聚类可以发现用户使用模式,从而对用户归类。而传统聚类方法面临着难以提取点击流中有代表性的特征向量以及点击流及其特征向量存在数据稀疏性的问题。针对上述情况,提出一种基于闭合有间隔频繁子序列模式挖掘的点击流聚类方法。该方法从点击流中提取子序列模式的频繁支持度,构建特征向量,利用基于双向映射欧氏距离的模糊距离度量判断向量间相似度,增强BIRCH聚类算法对点击流数据的聚类效果。     

基于代表熵的基因表达数据聚类分析方法

针对基因表达数据样本少,维数高的特点,尤其是在样本分型缺乏先验知识的情况下,结合自组织特征映射的优点提出了基于代表熵的双向聚类算法。该算法首先通过自组织特征映射网络（SOM）对基因聚类,根据波动系数挑选特征基因。然后根据代表熵的大小判断基因聚类的好坏,并确定网络的神经元个数。最后采用FCM（Fuzzy C Means）聚类算法对挑选出的特征基因集进行样本分型。将该算法用于两组公开的基因表达数据集,实验结果表明该算法在降低特征维数的同时,得出了较高的聚类准确率。     

基于自组织映射的遗传聚类算法

遗传聚类算法往往需要较大的种群规模才能得到最优解,导致收敛速度慢,针对这一问题,本文提出一种基于自组织映射的超启发遗传聚类算法。首先利用自组织映射把数据空间转换到特征空间,再在特征空间里利用遗传算法进行搜索,然后进行反映射,即把聚类结果在数据空间里表现,从而得到一组解,同时利用K-means算法在数据空间里进行粗聚类,获得另一组解,最后比较2组解的聚类结果,相同的样本保留,不同的再次聚类,进而有效地保证了最优解的获得。计算机仿真实验验证了所提算法在种群规模较小的情况下,可以获得较高的准确率。      

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).