Load control demand reduction estimation

A method is presented for estimating the magnitude of the demand-side load-control resource of an electric power system so it can be factored into the daily plan of the operating engineers, who are responsible for meeting the needs of utility customers. The critical requirements for developing a demand-reduction-estimating algorithm in order that the demand-control resources can be known are presented. The use of data accumulated through end-use monitoring which is needed for this method is discussed     

电力系统负荷频率控制LFC的小波神经网络辨识

建立了非线性的电力系统负荷频率控制LFC模型,利用递归NARMA模型的小波网络的实现方法对LFC模型进行了辨识,利用Akaike's的最终预测误差准则FPE和信息准则AIC,进行了隐层节点数目和反馈阶次的计算,理论和仿真表明辨识模型可取得较好效果。     

电力系统负荷频率控制LFC的小波神经网络辨识

建立了非线性的电力系统负荷频率控制LFC模型,利用递归NARMA模型的小波网络的实现方法对LFC模型进行了辨识,利用Akaike's的最终预测误差准则FPE和信息准则AIC,进行了隐层节点数目和反馈阶次的计算,理论和仿真表明辨识模型可取得较好效果.     

Load frequency control of power system under deregulated environment using optimal firefly algorithm

In this paper, a novel Firefly Algorithm (FA) optimized hybrid fuzzy PID controller with derivative Filter (PIDF) is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of multi area multi source system under deregulated environment by considering the physical constraints such as Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) and Governor Dead Band (GDB) nonlinearity. As the effectiveness of FA depends on algorithm control parameters such as randomization, attractiveness, absorption coefficient and number of fireflies are systematically investigated, the control parameters of FA are tuned by carrying out multiple runs of algorithm for each control parameter variation then the best FA control parameters are suggested. Additionally, the superiority of the FA is demonstrated by comparing the results with tuned Genetic Algorithm (GA). To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, time domain simulations are carried out considering different contracted scenarios and the comparative results are presented. Further, sensitivity analysis is performed by varying the system parameters and operating load conditions. It is observed from the simulation results that the designed controllers are robust and the optimum gains of proposed controller need not be reset even if the system is subjected to wide variation in loading condition and system parameters. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is evaluated under random step load disturbance.     

Stabilizing control of power system using fuzzy control

This paper presents an application of fuzzy control to enhance power system stability. The proposed control consists of the controller for large disturbance (FU 1), the fuzzy controller for small disturbance (FU 2), and the fuzzy judgment mechanism (FU 3). FU 1 is determined based on the fuzzy controller [FU 1(F)] is determined according to the control rules and its input signals, i.e., speed deviation and acceleration at every sampling time of the machine. FU 2 consists of two controllers, namely, FU 2-ω and FU 2-P; FU 2-ω has the same mechanism as FU 1, while the output signal of FU 2-P is determined according to the rules together with the change of error of electrical power and terminal voltage. To obtain the optimal desired control signal during both the large and the small disturbances, the operations of FU 1 and FU 2 are judged by FU 3, where the magnitude of speed deviation is chosen as its input signal. The determined control signal is fed to AVR of the machine. The implementation of the proposed control is simple due to the small amount of calculations and required data. The effectiveness of the proposed control is demonstrated by the one-machine infinite-bus system model and very good system performance is obtained throughout all the simulations.     

Load frequency control and automatic generation control using fractional-order controllers

Recently, fractional calculus has received extensive attention and research. Accordingly, there is an increasing interest in fractional-order (FO) dynamic systems and controllers. The widely used classical integer-order proportional-integral controller and proportional-integral-derivative controller are usually adopted in the load frequency control (LFC) and automatic generation control (AGC) to improve the dynamic response and to eliminate or reduce steady-state errors. This paper utilizes the FO controllers to improve stability and response of LFC and AGC system. The paper uses the integral of the time-weighted absolute error performance index for optimal controller design. The paper investigates LFC and AGC for both isolated and interconnected power systems and shows that FO controllers perform better than classical integer-order controllers in theses systems.     

Load frequency control issues in power system operations afterderegulation

Open transmission access is a legal requirement in the United States, but is not fully implemented. Discussion of deregulation has so far focused principally on the tariff structure for transmission access, but operating the power system in this new environment will present significant problems of an almost purely technical nature. Something as simple as frequency control becomes challenging when implemented in the competitive, distributed control environment that true third party wheeling creates. This paper seeks to identify likely deregulation scenarios, identify the technical issues associated with load frequency control, and identify technical solutions, such as standards and algorithms, needed for the operation of this key component of national infrastructure in the face of profound structural changes     

Load frequency control of a realistic power system with multi-source power generation

In this paper, load frequency control (LFC) of a realistic power system with multi-source power generation is presented. The single area power system includes dynamics of thermal with reheat turbine, hydro and gas power plants. Appropriate generation rate constraints (GRCs) are considered for the thermal and hydro plants. In practice, access to all the state variables of a system is not possible and also their measurement is costly and difficult. Usually only a reduced number of state variables or linear combinations thereof, are available. To resolve this difficulty, optimal output feedback controller which uses only the output state variables is proposed. The performances of the proposed controller are compared with the full state feedback controller. The action of this proposed controller provides satisfactory balance between frequency overshoot and transient oscillations with zero steady state error in the multi-source power system environment. The effect of regulation parameter (R) on the frequency deviation response is examined. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the proposed controller is quite robust and optimum controller gains once set for nominal condition need not to be changed for ±25% variations in the system parameters and operating load condition from their nominal values. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller on the actual power system, the LFC of hydro power plants operational in KHOZESTAN (a province in southwest of Iran) has also been presented.     

Adaptive fuzzy logic load frequency control of multi-area power system

Based on indirect adaptive fuzzy control technique, a new load frequency control (LFC) scheme for multi-area power system is proposed. The power systems under study have the characterization of unknown parameters. Local load frequency controller is designed using the frequency and tie-line power deviations of each area. In the controller design, the approximation capabilities of fuzzy systems are employed to identify the unknown functions, formulate suitable adaptive control law and updating algorithms for the controller parameters. It is proved that the proposed controller ensures the boundedness of all variables of the closed-loop system and the tracking error. Moreover, in the proposed controller an auxiliary control signal is introduced to attenuate the effect of fuzzy approximation error and to mitigate the effect of external disturbance on the tracking performance. Simulation results of a three-area power system are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed LFC and show its superiority over a classical PID controller.     

基于事件触发控制的时滞电力系统负荷频率控制

区域电网间存在较高的数据传输,使有限的通信和计算资源变得拥塞。为降低区域电网间的通信负担,提出基于事件触发控制的时滞电力系统负荷频率控制(LFC)方法。针对具有通信延迟的LFC系统,建立基于事件触发控制的时滞LFC动态模型。进而采用多求和不等式,提出具有事件触发控制器的时滞相关LFC系统Lyapunov稳定分析判据;在此基础上,推导了基于事件触发通信和输出反馈的负荷频率控制器协同设计方案,以保证电力系统频率稳定性的同时提高数据传输效率。仿真结果表明,所提方法能够有效减小互联系统频率和联络线功率振荡,保证系统的时滞稳定性并减少网络通信的冗余传输。     

Maximum power point tracking using fuzzy logic control

This paper proposes an intelligent control method for the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic system under variable temperature and insolation conditions. This method uses a fuzzy logic controller applied to a DC–DC converter device. The different steps of the design of this controller are presented together with its simulation. The PV system that I chose to simulate to apply my techniques on it is stand-alone PV water pumping system. Results of this simulation are compared to those obtained by the system without MPPT. They show that the system with MPPT using fuzzy logic controller increase the efficiency of energy production from PV.     

NERC compliant load frequency control design using fuzzy rules

This paper presents a load frequency control design for interconnected electric power systems using a set of fuzzy logic rules. The design objectives are (i) to comply with the North American Electric Reliability Council's (NERC) control performance standards, CPS1 and CPS2, (ii) to reduce wear and tear of generating unit's equipments, and (iii) to design a feasible control structure. A test system with multiple generation and distribution companies that takes into account regulation and load following services is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies.     

多区域交直流互联系统的频率稳定控制

电力系统频率稳定性是衡量交流系统是否安全稳定运行的一项重要指标.当互联网交流系统遭受较大的负荷突变时,系统频率受到扰动会产生区域间的频率振荡.为抑制交流系统的频率振荡,根据交直流系统中直流传输功率可进行快速调节和具有短时过载能力的特点,提出了将传统的负荷/频率控制(LFC)和直流功率调制进行协调控制的方案,并采用重叠分解技术和线性二次型最优控制理论相结合的方法设计了直流功率调制控制器.对一个典型的三区域交直流并联系统进行数字仿真,结果表明,该协调控制方案一方面利用直流功率的快速调节抑制了区域间的频率振荡和功率振荡,有效地降低了负荷变化时频率的最大偏移,另一方面利用传统的LFC消除了频率的稳态误差.     

Controlling the average residential electric water heater power demand using fuzzy logic

This paper describes a fuzzy logic-based control strategy for shifting the average power demand of residential electric water heaters. The proposed control strategy can shift the average power demand of residential electric water heaters from periods of high demand for electricity to off-peak periods. A minimum temperature for hot water, defined as customer comfort level, is used as a control variable. Water temperature is not allowed to fall below the minimum temperature set by the customer. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy can shift the average power demand of residential water heaters to improve the load factor of residential load profile.     

Decentralized robust adaptive load frequency control using interactions estimation

In this paper, a new model reference decentralized adaptive output feedback controller is proposed for load-frequency control (LFC) of large-scale power systems with unknown parameters. The main problem with a decentralized robust LFC is that the interactions are treated as disturbances. This results in a conservative control action to maintain stability in the worst-case scenario. Furthermore, to improve the performance of the decentralized LFC, the proposed method estimates the interactions from other subsystems to modify the adaptive controller so that the interactions are effectively neutralized. The other important features of the proposed controller are: (1) no prior information about the system parameters is required, (2) random changes in the operating conditions are traced, (3) only the local input–output data are needed, (4) the robustness of the overall system against the system parameter uncertainties is guaranteed. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, a three-area power system is studied. The simulation results are promising and highlight the remarkable performance of the controller even in the presence of both plant parameter changes and high interactions.     

基于变论域模糊逻辑的互联电力系统负荷频率控制

随着风电在电力系统中的渗透率不断提高,其出力不确定性对系统频率稳定造成威胁.针对风电接入系统后的频率波动问题,提出变论域模糊PI负荷频率控制策略.为克服传统模糊控制器由于论域固定导致自适应能力有限的缺点,设计的变论域模糊PI负荷频率控制器通过变论域方法实现输入、输出论域的动态调整.为满足风电接入系统后复杂的论域调整需求...     

基于VSC-HVDC的多区互联电力系统负荷频率控制策略

针对传统的交流输电系统在功率传输方面存在的诸多弊端,提出一种应用电压源换流器-高压直流（VSC-HVDC）互联传输线路减小多区互联电力系统间频率振荡的方案.首先在VSC-HVDC的基础上提出系统模型,然后在此基础上确认对互联系统发生随机负荷扰动时的控制策略,提高频率控制的效率,增强互联系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明,相比于仅应用交流传输线路的情况,该控制方案对联络线的功率振荡具有良好的阻尼性能.     

Robust decentralized load frequency control of interconnected power system with Generation Rate Constraint using Type-2 fuzzy approach

The Load Frequency Control (LFC) problem has been a major subject in electrical power system design/operation. LFC is becoming more significant recently with increasing size, changing structure and complexity in interconnected power systems. In practice LFC systems use simple Proportional Integral (PI) controllers. As the PI control parameters are usually tuned, based on classical approaches. Moreover, they have fixed gains; hence are incapable of obtaining good dynamic performance for a wide range of operating conditions and various load changes, in multi-area power system. Literature shows that fuzzy logic controller, one of the most useful approaches, for utilizing expert knowledge, is adaptive in nature and is applied successfully for power system stabilization control. This paper proposes a Type-2 (T2) fuzzy approach for load frequency control of two-area interconnected reheat thermal power system with the consideration of Generation Rate Constraint (GRC). The performance of the Type-2 (T2) controller is compared with conventional controller and Type-1 (T1) fuzzy controller with regard to Generation Rate Constraint (GRC). The system parametric uncertainties are verified by changing parameters by 40% simultaneously from their typical values.     

Load modeling at electric power distribution substations using dynamic load parameters estimation

This paper is focused on electric power distribution substations load modeling using dynamic load parameters estimation. The load parameters are estimated using two models: the exponential and the ZIP load models. Since the load bus voltage and parameters are known one can determine the active and reactive power injections of this bus and include these pseudo-measurements in the state estimation in order to improve observability and estimation accuracy. The dynamic parameter estimation is developed using the weighted least squares method in a recursive form and the tests are carried out based on actual measurements. It is shown that the estimated parameters (for both load models) at a distribution substation are valid, since the obtained active and reactive power residuals are very close to zero.