Kooperation von Technik und Recht im Hinblick auf die technische Sicherheit

Cooperation between technology and legislation with regard to technical safety . Exploitation of technology involves risks. The state permits this exploitation and must therefore guarantee the necessary safety. In this context, legislation employs undefined legal concepts: ?generally recognized rules of technology”?, ?state of technology”?, ?state of science and technology”?. These standards located at the interface of law and technology raise the question of competence assignment between scientific and technical experts and the authorities and courts. The solution: decision by scientific-technical experts on the basis of their expertise, coupled with review by the courts in order to establish whether the legal goal of ?safety”? has been attained. The intermeshing between legal and technical standards is expressed in the technical standards.     

Verwertung der schweren Rückstands-Fraktionen im Hinblick auf den Umweltschutz

Utilization of residual oil fractions in the light of environmental protection . The conversion of residual fractions produced in refineries into raw materials of chemical industry offers an alternative to fueling in thermal power stations, which is noteworthy from an energetic as well as environmental point of view. Processes may be compared using some criteria as yardstick, which have been derived from the request for pollution abatement. The modern process of high-pressure gasification keeps in line with those criteria. It is considered as a source of large quantities of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Furthermore a thermal power plant is considered, in which the flue-gas desulphurization is replaced by fuel desulphurization operated at high pressure. A comparison of processes shows typical productions and consumptions as well as thermal efficiencies. The remaining environmental pollution is also tabulated. Thermal efficiencies of chemical processes are remarkably higher than that of the power plant process.     

Tendenzen in der EG-Umweltschutzgesetzgebung und Auswirkungen auf die chemische Industrie in Deutschland

Trends in the Environmental Legislation of the European Community and their Consequences for the German Chemical Industry. Environmental legislation from the EC has changed considerably in recent years. The directives of the early eighties contained mainly general guidelines and generous limit values. Due to the need for unanimous voting for the decisions stricter thresholds were not achievable. They had relatively small impact on Germany because that country's internal legislation was more stringent. There is now a new trend which gives cause for concern. Many elements of the latest directives do not match the German legal system and lead to stringent conditions. This is due to the fact that they have to be implemented in addition to existing legislation: Much written information and evidence of performance are required, relating to e.g. the installations and the management of the company. As a consequence there will be further complications in the approval procedure for chemical plant.     

Einfluß der selbstentladung im bleiakkumulator auf die gasentwicklung bei galvanostatischen ladebedingungen

A drop in capacity, or self-discharge, occurs during a cell's open circuit stand. Positive and negative electrodes in lead acid cells always behave differently. The voltage-time curves and the rate of gas evolution of such batteries has been measured to determine the rates of self-discharge process.