经骨髓腔静脉回流的末节断指再植

目的应用经骨髓腔静脉回流的再植方法治疗手指末节断指。方法取15指新鲜手指标本,用美蓝生理盐水分别灌注指动脉(5指)和中节骨髓腔(10指),对其进行显微解剖学观察。1999年4月～2000年6月,临床应用经骨髓腔静脉回流的再植方法对14例15指末节断指进行再植。去除远侧指间关节面,对末节基底和中节指骨头纵向钻孔,使其髓腔相通,用单根克氏针纵行固定。每指均吻合指动脉或末端指动脉弓分支一或两条(一条9指,两条6指),指神经两条。结果解剖观察表明:当手指皮下无静脉回路时,骨髓腔是血液回流的主要途径;骨髓腔通过指骨静脉回流系统与指深、浅静脉有丰富交通。14例15指全部成活。术后随访6～10个月,平均7.8个月。手指末节外形良好,痛、温觉恢复,指腹两点辨别觉为5～9mm。结论经骨髓腔静脉回流的末节断指再植是一种简便、有效的新方法,可提高断指再植成活率,扩大末节断指再植适应证。     

吻合掌侧浅静脉的末节及指尖断指再植

目的 探讨吻合掌侧浅静脉的末节及指尖断指再植的方法及临床效果。方法 在显微解剖基础上对41例46指指尖离断伤及伴指背静脉缺损的末节断指，应用吻合指掌侧浅静脉的方法重建静脉回流。结果 存活45指，存活率97．8％。随访3～24个月，再植指外形与功能恢复满意，两点辨别觉为3mm～7mm，36例恢复原工作。结论 吻合指掌侧浅静脉法为末节及指尖断指再植提供了重建静脉回流的有效方法，有利于提高再植成功率。     

手指末节指甲半月线以远完全离断的再植

目的 报道手指末节指甲半月线以远(varnanpl区Ⅱ型)完全离断的再植方法及疗效。方法 在放大10倍手术显微镜镜视下，对11例16指断指远、近端进行彻底的清创，扩大近端骨髓腔，用克氏针纵行固定末节指骨但不穿过关节。静脉回流利用髓腔静脉回流及甲缘放血法，动脉只吻合1条指动脉弓终末支，结扎其余动脉分支。缝合2条指神经终末支，去除甲板，在远断端甲床上作3个纵行小切口，用肝素钠盐水棉片湿敷。结果 再植后15指存活，1指坏死，再植存活率93．7％。术后随访3～12个月，15指手指外形饱满，痛、温觉恢复，指腹二点分辨觉为6～8mm。患指远侧指间关节屈伸活动正常。13指患者指甲有纵嵴畸形。结论 末节yarnanpl区Ⅱ型再植，采用吻合1支终末支动脉，髓腔静脉回流及甲缘放血的方法可达到动—静脉血流平衡，提高了该型断指的存活率。     

手指末节指掌侧浅静脉的显微解剖及临床应用

目的 研究手指末节指掌侧浅静脉分布规律,指导指末节离断再植术.方法 取100例手指标本分别进行乳胶灌注显微解剖法、断层解剖法、明胶-氧化铅灌注显微-解剖加X线摄片法研究指末节掌侧浅静脉的解剖学特点.临床对10例13指的离断末节指,进行吻合掌侧浅静脉的再植术.结果 在甲根水平通常可以找到1～3条指掌侧浅静脉,管径为0.2～0.5 mm.10例13指末节指离断再植均获成功.术后随访3～18个月,外观功能良好.结论 末节指掌侧浅静脉分布具有规律性,末节指再植吻合掌侧静脉有利于提高再植的成功率,并能减少其他静脉回流方法所带来的并发症.     

静脉动脉化再植手指末节离断23例

应用静脉动脉化方法对末节或指尖离断，甚至切割性全拇指离断和旋转撕脱性拇指完全离断均有成功的病例报道。自2003年4月-2007年11月我科对末节或指尖离断伤无动脉可供吻合者，采用静脉动脉化再植23例，成功率较高，现报道如下。     

手指末节指掌侧浅静脉的显微解剖及临床应用

目的 研究手指末节指掌侧浅静脉分布规律,指导指末节离断再植术.方法 取100例手指标本分别进行乳胶灌注显微解剖法、断层解剖法、明胶-氧化铅灌注显微-解剖加X线摄片法研究指末节掌侧浅静脉的解剖学特点.临床对10例13指的离断末节指,进行吻合掌侧浅静脉的再植术.结果 在甲根水平通常可以找到1～3条指掌侧浅静脉,管径为0.2～0.5 mm.10例13指末节指离断再植均获成功.术后随访3～18个月,外观功能良好.结论 末节指掌侧浅静脉分布具有规律性,末节指再植吻合掌侧静脉有利于提高再植的成功率,并能减少其他静脉回流方法所带来的并发症.     

拇指末节旋转撕脱性离断再植方法探讨

目的探讨拇指末节旋转撕脱性完全离断再植的方法及临床疗效。方法对39例拇指末节旋转撕脱性完全离断患者,采用缩短骨骼融合指间关节的方法进行再植,使一侧指固有动脉在无张力下直接吻合（3例采用静脉移植）,吻合1-2条指静脉及指神经或行动静脉分流重建静脉回流,不能吻合静脉者甲床滴血及指尖侧切滴血。结果39例患指再植术后34例成活,5例坏死,成活率87.2％,成活患指恢复了良好外观、功能、感觉。根据中华医学会手外科学会断指再植功能评定试用标准,优29例,良4例,差1例。结论该手术方式是一种治疗拇指末节旋转撕脱性完全离断再植简单有效的手术方法,成活率高,功能恢复满意,可选择性地应用于拇指末节旋转撕脱性离断患者。     

手指多段离断再植的临床研究

目的回顾性分析手指多段离断再植的临床效果。方法对于手指末节、指尖部的断指再植，吻合1条动脉及1条指腹静脉或者吻合1条动脉加拨甲、小切口放血处理，或者行动静脉转流等方法恢复断指血循环；手指中节和近节的离断再植吻合两侧指动脉和2条以上指背静脉，如血管损伤严重，可行浅静脉移植或者邻指动脉移植桥接。结果再植45例81指165段，成活150段，成活率91％。结论手指多段离断再植技术要求高，术中高质量的血管吻合及对血管损伤的有效处理，可以提高断指再植的成活率。加强功能锻炼是再植手指功能恢复的重要环节。     

动脉静脉化在指尖再植中的应用

目的探讨动脉静脉化在指尖再植中的应用。方法临床指尖再植82例82指,均采用吻合一侧动脉、另一侧远端动脉与近端掌侧静脉吻合的方法。结果成活78例,成活率95％,再植指尖感觉正常,外观好。结论在离断指尖远端缺乏可吻合的静脉血管时,采用一侧动脉静脉化可解决指尖再植时静脉回流的问题,从而提高指尖再植的成活率。     

吻合指侧方静脉的指尖离断再植

目的 介绍指尖离断再植中重建静脉回流的一种新方法.方法 2008年3月-2011年12月,对40例46指指尖离断行再植时,采用吻合侧方静脉重建回流,吻合指侧方静脉数目共87条,吻合动脉数目共57条,每指平均吻合2条侧方静脉和1条动脉,术中吻合动静脉比例1∶1或1∶2或2∶2,平均1∶2.结果 所有病例全部成活,无1例发生回流障碍,指甲近乎完整,伤口均一期愈合.所有患者均获随访,随访时间6～24个月（平均14.5个月）,指尖外形、功能恢复满意,指体无明显萎缩,43指指甲生长近平整,3指指甲呈脊样生长,接合神经及神经植入的43指,感觉恢复4～6 mm平均5.2 mm.未接合神经的3指均恢复保护性感觉,指体各关节活动无影响.依据1975年美国手外科学会推荐手指总的主动活动度（TAM）系统评定方法评定：优43指,良3指,优良率100％.结论 吻合侧方静脉在指尖离断再植中重建回流是可行、正确的,是一种全新的理念,值得推广.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.