特高压直流输电线路雷击上行先导竞机制(英文)

Research on the lightning shielding failure characteristics of UHVDC transmission lines is important for adequate transmission line protection and safe operation of a power grid.Focusing the competition characteristics of upward leaders in the lightning attachment process,this work provides technical reference for efficient evaluations of lightning shielding failures and reliable lightning protection designs of UHVDC transmission lines.The charge simulation method is employed to calculate electric field distributions.Based on the calculation and some data obtained by recent long-gap discharge and lightning observations,the effect of several upward leaders starting from UHVDC transmission lines on lightning attachment processes is studied by numerical simulation.The results show that the upward leader inception is delayed,the propagation velocity is smaller,and the propagation direction of the upward leader is changed with interaction among all upward leaders,which influences the selection of lightning striking point.Therefore,in order to improve the accuracy of calculating the lightning shielding failure rate of UHVDC transmission lines,the interaction characteristics of upward leaders should be taken into account.In addition,an analysis of the influence of operating voltage and the protection angle of UHVDC transmission lines based on competition mechanism of upward leaders is made.It is found that the existence of operating voltage mainly affects the ability of the conductor and the overhead ground wire at the same side to incept upward leaders,while the protection angle mainly affects the position of the "starting points" of upward leaders.The results indicate that positive polar conductors should be installed closer to hillsides and the negative protection angle of towers is suggested.     

2000～2007年输电线路雷击闪络统计分析(英文)

Lightning stroke is one of the important causes of the accidents that occur on transmission lines. With the development of power system, the proportion of outages on transmission lines because of lightning stroke also increases. And according to the lightning accidents results, the lightning stroke characteristics is related to the time factors tightly. In order to analyze the correlativity between the lightning flashover amount and the time factors, about 425 times lightning flashover on 187 lines in 10 power supply companies of 220 kV and 500 kV transmission lines during 2000～2007 are investigated in this paper. The correlativity between the lightning flashover amount and the time factors is analyzed. According to the lightning stroke accidents investigation records, the lightning flashover amount of transmission line increases from the year of 2000 to 2007. In each year lightning flashovers mostly happen in the month of June, July and August. Similarly in each day the flashover amount also varies with the time of day obviously. These lightning flashovers mainly occur during 14:00～21:00 in the afternoon. The analysis results in this paper have a good agreement with the meteorological observations and lightning detection data of lightning location system (LLS). And these results provide good reference for the lightning protection work in power system.     

山区输电线路防雷保护角的修正计算方法（英文）

Shielding angle is one of the main factors influencing lightning performance of transmission lines,which always stays in the focus of the design and the evaluation of lightning protection.A formula for the improved shielding angle is proposed for evaluating the lightning performance in different terrains.The digital elevation model(DEM) is used to obtain the micro-topography data,such as the slope gradient,slope aspect,etc.The following results are obtained by analyzing the influence of topography factors on the improved shielding angle:(1) improved shielding angle non-linearly increases with the increase of the slope gradient and the slope aspect,(2) improved shielding angle is more sensitive to the slope gradient than to the slope aspect,(3) the improved shielding angle in the mountain terrains is much greater than the designed shielding angle.This may be the reason why the designed shielding angle is limited into the rational range,while the shielding faults occur frequently.     

利用随机模型建模分析特高压交流输电线路的无线电干扰特性（英文）

For developing ultra-high voltage(UHV) AC power transmission systems,it is important to precisely estimate and to limit the radio interference(RI) level of power lines.Based on the stochastic characteristics in amplitude and repetition rate of induced corona current,by using the probability theory and mathematical statistics,we establish a stochastic model for the wide-sense stationary random process of corona discharges.Then combining the stochastic model with model-propagation-analysis method,the RI levels under three-phase UHV AC transmission lines are calculated.The results of the calculation based on stochastic model method and International Council on Large Electric Systems(CIGRE) excitation function are compared with that based on semi-empirical method and some other excitation functions.The stochastic model based on different excitation functions is also adopted to simulate the RI levels under finite test lines with two opened terminations.The results indicate that with the same average maximum gradient on conductor surface and the same conductor type,the number of corona discharge per unit length is one of the main reasons that causes the difference between different excitation functions.It is also concluded that for a long test line,the effect of standing wave on RI field strength is negligible in the middle of the line,but obvious near both terminations: for a 10-km line,the maximum difference in RI field strength is 2.78 dB,between the peak value of the standing wave near the ends and the steady value near the middle of the line.     

±1000kV特高压直流输电系统设备电晕特性(英文)

Corona performance is an important factor should be taken into consideration in power transmission project designs.Power equipments operate in various environments which will affect their corona inception voltages and thus influence the operation safety of transmission systems.In this paper,corona characteristic tests of bus bars,shielding rings,simulated eight-bundled conductors,and insulators were carried out in areas with different altitudes up to 4 300 m.Simulation tests of environmental factors were carried out in a HVDC corona cage.Based on site tests,it is concluded that corona inception voltages of both bus bar and shielding ball increase with their height to the ground or their dimensions.The influences of water droplet,wind,icing and surface contamination on corona inception voltage were also obtained from the simulation tests.The corona inception voltage of mist is higher than that in saturated water droplets.Conductivity of precipitation has little impact on corona discharges.Corona inception voltage decrease with increasing wind speed.The influence on corona current of glaze is the biggest,and that of hard rime is more than that of soft rime.The impact of pollution material on corona discharge depends on the size of pollution particle.Test results obtained in this paper are solid reference for design of UHV DC transmission projects.     

Process Analysis of Double Circuit Transmission Line Trip-out on the Same Tower Due to Lightning

In recent years,several failures of double circuit transmission line on the same tower due to lightning were happened in Beijing power grid.Although it can be reclosed successful,the lightning strike caused a grave threat to the power grid security.The cause of the accident and the accident process were studied for the sake of further understanding of the impact of lightning on power grid.As an example,110 kV double circuit transmission line(Xilong-line) was analyzed.At first,the system topology was given.Through the analysis on relay protection actions and the fault recorder data,over voltage on the insulator strings was calculated.Based on the analysis and the calculation,accident cause and the process were presented respectively.Secondly,it comes to the conclusion that the lightning failure was caused by counterattack.The wave of the lightning over voltage would spread to the not grounded neutral point of the transformers,and make the neutral protective gap breakdown,then cause freewheeling with the frequency of 50 Hz.As results of the relay protection,the double circuit transmission line all tripped out.Finally,the causes of the accident were proposed that included terrain features,large corner towers,strong thunderstorm weather and poor grounded contact of the tower.     

行波相关法的输电线路故障定位(英文)

This paper introduced correlation method to locate transmission line fault.First it described the principle of transmission line fault location based on traveling waves.The principle of correlation analysis is introduced,then the method using correlation analysis in fault location is given.Transmission line model is established with EMTP-ATP.Basing on the model,some kinds of fault are simulated.The feasibility of this algorithm is proved based on simulation results.By comparing with the classical wavelet analysis,this paper gave the advantages of this algorithm in two cases:noise influence suppression and accuracy of near distance fault location.Experiment is established to simulate transmission line grounding fault.The experiment result showed the correlation algorithm’s validity.All the analysis result indicated that the correlation algorithm have a high precision.     

基于ATP-EMTP的±500kV直流线路雷击事故仿真分析(英文)

This paper calculates and researches on lightning accident of ±500 kV Xing-An DC transmission line in Guangdong based on ATP-EMTP and the simulation calculation model of the HVDC has been constructed. The results show that: when a lightning current strikes to the positive polar conductor of double circuit transmission line and the flashover of insulator strings occurs, as the over-voltage wave propagating along the lines due to the coupling effect between the conductors, the grounding electrode lines would produce the coupling voltage wave, which makes the flashover of the insulator strings occur at the different place along the grounding electrode lines, the unbalanced current of the grounding polar line is produced due to the insulator strings flashover and the unbalanced current exists for a long time, when the unbalanced current is up to the locking condition, the negative polar conductor is locked and the double-pole block fault occurs. In the paper, some effective measures are given to prevent this accident.     

特高压交流试验示范工程及同塔双回输电线路操作过电压波前时间和绝缘配合计算(英文)

The size of a tower on an ultra high voltage(UHV) AC transmission line relates to the air gap determined by a switching overvoltage. According to the results of air gap switching impulse(SI) tests, the longer is the time to crest of a switching impulse, the higher is the discharge voltage in the air gap. Five definitions were used to calculate the front time of the switching overvoltage(SOV) impulses either measured in the field test or calculated by the EMTP software, and to convert the impulses into the double exponential switching pulsed voltages for the air gap tests at the full scale UHV AC transmission line towers and other apparatus in a substation. The results show that the SI impulse with 1 000/5 000 μs can be specified as the test impulse. According to the results of gap clearance tests which adopted 1 000/5 000 μs SI impulses, with the assumption that the middle phase air gap of the UHV single-circuit tower is 7.7 m and the altitude for the whole lines is 1 500 m, the calculated flashover rates of energizing overvoltage and single phase faults are 1.23×10-10 per year and 8.63×10-4 per year, respectively; both of the rates are less than 0.01 per year and hence meet the requirements of the national standards in China.     

输电线路覆冰图像边缘提取方法研究(英文)

A new method of measuring the icing thickness of transmission lines on-line is proposed in this paper.In this method,the pictures of transmission lines which are photoed by the camera on the iron tower are processed immediately to extract the edges of the transmission line conductor and transmission line insulators.The icing thickness can be gained by comparing the edges of the iced transmission line and the uniced one.Two icing image edge extraction methods are described in detail,that is,a method based on the combination of the wavelet transform and the floating threshold method and a method based on the combination of the optimal threshold method and the mathematical morphology transform.The icing images from the artificial climatic chamber and transmission lines are used to test the methods above.The results show that the method based on the wavelet transform and the floating threshold method does well in the extraction of relatively smooth edges,such as glaze icing on conductor and icing on the insulator;meanwhile,the method based on the optimal threshold method and the mathematical morphology transform does well in the edge extraction of icing on the conductor,especially the opaque rime icing on the conductor with complicated edges.     

云广±800 kV特高压直流输电线路耐雷性能研究

国内外运行经验表明,雷击是造成输电线路跳闸的主要原因。基于杆塔的多波阻抗模型和基于先导发展的雷电屏蔽模型,分析了云广±800 kV特高压直流输电线路的反击、绕击耐雷性能及其影响因素。结果表明：随着杆塔高度的降低,冲击接地电阻的减小,线路反击性能增强;随着保护角的减小,地面倾角的减小,海拔的降低,线路雷电屏蔽性能增强;引起特高压输电线路雷击故障的主要因素是雷电绕击,建议特高压输电线路采用负保护角运行。     

高压输电线路先导发展绕击分析模型研究

雷电绕击是关系到特(超)高压输电线路安全稳定运行的关键问题之一。针对特(超)高压输电线路的特点,在总结前人研究结果的基础上,提出适用于特(超)高压线路的雷电上行先导起始判据,建立了基于先导发展法的绕击模型,并以日本特高压同塔双回线路的运行经验对模型进行了验证。基于该模型,对不同地形条件下、考虑线路运行电压的特高压直流线路的雷击问题进行研究,为改善线路的防雷性能提供帮助。     

浅析1000kV特高压输电线路防雷

特高压输电线路防雷,是保证特高压输电线路安全运行的重要环节之一。介绍并分析了利用规程法和电气几何模型法对1 000 kV特高压输电线路绕击、反击以及雷电直击中线进行雷击计算的结果,并据此提出了减小1 000 kV特高压输电线路雷击跳闸率的具体措施。     

山区500kV输电线路雷电屏蔽性能模型试验研究

雷害是影响500 kV输电线路安全稳定运行的主要因素之一,其中雷电屏蔽失效引起的跳闸占很大比例。特别在山区,雷电屏蔽失效引起的线路跳闸问题显得更为突出。为了深入研究超高压输电线路的雷电屏蔽性能,此次进行的山区输电线路绕击模型试验,考虑了斜山坡坡度、跨越山涧杆塔、非垂直落雷等因素的影响。试验结果表明,由于山区地形的影响,绕击率远高于平原地区。     

改进EGM模型对特高压输电线路的适用性与验证

为了更准确地分析我国特高压输电线路雷电绕击屏蔽性能,基于我国长空气间隙放电试验数据和雷电回击观测数据,建立考虑地形条件的适应于大尺寸输电线路雷电屏蔽性能评估的改进电气几何模型(electric geometry model, EGM)并进行验证,将击距公式修正为rs = 0.13(I 2+ 40I)0.814。改进EGM模型对超、特高压输电线路三相导线的雷电绕击率计算结果与日本实际线路雷击观测数据及我国平原、山区特高压输电线路雷击模拟试验数据具有一致性,验证了改进EGM模型的适用性。采用改进EGM模型评估了杆塔型式、山坡陡度对我国特高压线路绕击跳闸率的影响。计算结果表明,采用SZ322型杆塔的绕击跳闸率高于采用SZT1型杆塔,且特高压线路绕击跳闸率随山坡陡度的增大而增大。EGM模型的修正以及计算方法的优化,对我国特高压输电线路雷电屏蔽性能的设计具有一定的指导意义。     

高压输电线路雷电绕击分析方法及模拟试验研究*

大量线路雷电跳闸故障统计资料显示,雷电绕击是引起电压等级为500 kV及以上输电线路雷击跳闸的主要原因。综述了几种有代表性的输电线路雷电绕击分析方法,并介绍了在南方电网昆明特高压基地开展的雷电绕击模拟试验研究。试验模拟了下行雷电先导接近线路时输电线路上行先导起始和发展的过程。试验结果表明,导线、地线会产生上行先导放电,且地线上行先导放电起始易于导线,导线、地线上行先导发展速度约为1.2～2.4 cm/?s。该结果可为雷电绕击分析提供了试验基础和物理参数。     

特高压交流输电线路的雷电屏蔽分析模型

绕击是引起超高压、特高压输电线路雷击跳闸的主要原因。将低电压等级输电线路绕击防护经验直接外推至更高电压等级时具有一定的局限性,可能导致新建线路的绕击耐雷性能显著低于预期值。基于先导发展的绕击分析模型细致地考虑了影响雷击发展物理过程各种因素的影响,较传统工程化分析方法更适用于新建电压等级线路的绕击性能评估。但由于对雷击物理过程和长间隙放电机理认识的不足,不同时期不同学者对雷击过程描述所采用的模型和方法不尽相同,若将现有学者所提出的绕击分析模型直接用于工程中,不同分析模型所得结果差异较大。为此,通过对比现有的雷电观测资料,认为Cooray提出的下行先导通道模型与最新的雷电观测结果比较相符;对迎面先导起始工程判据的对比分析结果表明,当导线对地高度10.0 m时,Rizk感应电压法和临界电晕半径法计算得的先导起始电压结果一致,外推至实际导线对地高度时,Rizk感应电压法的计算结果与长间隙放电理论相违背;同时依据长间隙放电理论,提出了下行先导和迎面先导的相对速度比近似等于迎面先导通道单位长度电压降与导线感应电压增量之比的迎面先导持续发展条件,建立了基于Schwarz-Christoffel变换的能考虑任意地形的2维特高压输电线路雷电屏蔽分析模型;该分析模型解释了传统先导发展模型无法解释的特高压输电线路ZMP2和ZBS2型杆塔的中相屏蔽问题。计算结果表明,在典型的平原、斜坡和山顶地形下,ZMP2和ZBS2型杆塔的绕击跳闸率低于设计预期值0.1次/(100 km.a)。     

导线电压对电气几何模型的雷电击距的影响

使用击距描述的电气几何模型广泛用于输电线路的雷电绕击分析。由于没有考虑导线工作电压的影响，导致其分析超高压及特高压输电线路的雷电绕击概率与实际运行数据存在一定的偏差。本文采用基于电磁场理论和模拟电荷法的雷电先导发展模型模拟向下发展的雷电先导的发展过程，分析了雷电击距与雷电流、导体高度和导体电压之间的关系，提出了考虑工作电压后水平导体雷电击距的修正方法。     

1000kV交流特高压输电线路的防雷保护

利用研究输电线路雷电性能的自编程序LLPP,对UHV输电线路的雷电性能进行研究。介绍了对UHV输电线路避雷线屏蔽性能的研究结果和改进建议,并对UHV输电线路雷电反击耐雷性能进行计算。交流特高压输电线路的运行经验表明:特高压输电线路仍有相当的雷击闪络跳闸,初步分析是因避雷线屏蔽失效而致;杆塔较高和导线上工作电压幅值大,可能是较重要的因素。在工程设计中,对耐张塔和转角塔也要专门研究,使其具有较少的保护角。对于山区,因地形影响(山坡、峡谷),避雷线的保护可能要取负保护角,这些有待于进一步研究,从而保证我国特高压输电线路具有较好的雷电性能。交流特高压输电线路杆塔上较高的绝缘强度,使其具有良好的承受雷电反击的能力。     

超(特)高压输电线路耐雷性能计算方法综述

针对超(特)高压输电线路的反击耐雷性能、绕击耐雷性能特点,比较分析了采用规程法、行波法、蒙特卡洛法、故障树法、电磁暂态程序(electro-magnetic transient program,EMTP)法来计算反击耐雷水平的具体过程、优缺点,以及采用规程法、电气几何模型法、改进电气几何模型法、输电线路雷电绕击的先导发展模型法、输电线路绕击概率模型法来计算绕击耐雷水平的具体过程、优缺点,并提出今后超(特)高压输电线路耐雷性能的研究工作应放在雷击线路的传播过程和机理上,寻找更合理的计算模型和方法。