基于改进最大相关峭度解卷积的滚动轴承复合故障诊断

强背景噪声环境下,多故障特征的准确分离是滚动轴承复合故障诊断的关键与难点。针对此问题,提出了一种改进最大相关峭度解卷积的滚动轴承复合故障诊断方法。该方法基于故障信号的特点,利用最大相关峭度解卷积实现信号中的多故障特征分离,借助改进的粒子群算法对参数进行优化选取;利用互相关谱进一步突出信号中的故障特征,提高信噪比。仿真信号和实测滚动轴承内、外圈复合故障信号的分析表明,所提方法能够准确提取出滚动轴承复合故障特征,借助互相关谱的噪声抑制能力,能实现比单一MCKD方法更为有效的故障特征提取。     

最小熵反褶积的数学形态法在滚动轴承故障特征提取中的应用

针对强噪声背景下滚动轴承故障特征提取,提出了基于最小熵反褶积的数学形态法。该方法先应用最小熵反褶积算法加强信号中的冲击特性,再利用数学形态法进行故障特征提取,其中选取具有双向脉冲提取能力的DIF滤波器作为形态算子,并以峭度值作为结构元素长度选取依据。仿真信号和滚动轴承的内外故障实例分析表明该方法具有较好的特征提取效果。通过对比发现:最小熵反褶积算法能够增大信号中峭度值,有效加强信号脉冲特性。     

基于谱峭度和AR模型的滚动轴承故障诊断

提出基于自回归(Autoregressive,简称AR)预测滤波的谱峭度分析方法,将其应用于滚动轴承的早期故障诊断。通过结合AR预测滤波器提取轴承故障信号共振衰减成分的特性,利用谱峭度方法对AR预测滤波器滤波后的信号进行处理,实现了滚动轴承早期微弱故障的识别。通过滚动轴承的疲劳全寿命加速实验获取滚动轴承的自然故障信号,克服了传统轴承故障诊断人工加工故障的不足。通过试验数据的分析表明,基于AR预测滤波的谱峭度方法不仅能够消除干扰成分提取故障特征,还能增加谱峭度方法的稳定性。     

广义形态学闭开差值运算在滚动轴承弱故障诊断中的应用

采用局部极值步长法和峭度准则,实现了形态学运算结构元素的自适应选择。改良了基于广义形态学闭开差值运算的相关算法,改善了获取轴承弱故障特征的效果。仿真信号及实测故障振动信号的分析表明,所提出诊断方法的诊断效果优于传统的广义形态学分析方法,该诊断方法能够较准确地提取滚动轴承微弱故障特征。     

基于小波变换和ICA的滚动轴承早期故障诊断

滚动轴承早期故障诊断的关键在于如何从低信噪比混合信号中检测出显著的轴承故障特征频率。提出以连续小波变换(CWT)和独立分量分析(ICA)相结合的方法来诊断单通道信号的滚动轴承早期故障,提出按频谱等间隔选取伪中心频率的小波分解尺度,并对ICA处理后的信号进行包络频谱分析以确定故障类型。最后,利用实际的滚动轴承实验数据对该方法进行了验证。     

基于改进奇异值分解滤波和谱峭度的滚动轴承故障诊断

针对含噪信号的有效奇异值个数难以确定的问题,提出了一种改进的奇异值分解降噪方法--奇异值累积法。该方法通过计算奇异值的实际下降值与奇异值平均下降速度累积量的差值,并取该差值最大值点的位置作为有效奇异值的分界点来确定有效奇异值的个数。在此基础上,提出了一种基于奇异值累积法与快速谱峭度的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。采用奇异值累积法对原信号进行降噪处理,然后利用快速谱峭度确定滤波器中心频率及带宽,通过分析频段包络谱中明显的频率成分来诊断故障。该方法可以有效去除信号中的噪声,使得到的峭度值所反映的故障冲击更接近实际情况。对含内圈、外圈故障的滚动轴承实验数据进行分析,实验结果表明,相比快速谱峭度的故障诊断方法,该方法具有更好的故障识别效果。     

Fault feature extraction of rolling bearing based on an improved cyclical spectrum density method

The traditional cyclical spectrum density(CSD) method is widely used to analyze the fault signals of rolling bearing. All modulation frequencies are demodulated in the cyclic frequency spectrum. Consequently, recognizing bearing fault type is difficult. Therefore, a new CSD method based on kurtosis(CSDK) is proposed. The kurtosis value of each cyclic frequency is used to measure the modulation capability of cyclic frequency. When the kurtosis value is large, the modulation capability is strong. Thus, the kurtosis value is regarded as the weight coefficient to accumulate all cyclic frequencies to extract fault features. Compared with the traditional method, CSDK can reduce the interference of harmonic frequency in fault frequency, which makes fault characteristics distinct from background noise. To validate the effectiveness of the method, experiments are performed on the simulation signal, the fault signal of the bearing outer race in the test bed, and the signal gathered from the bearing of the blast furnace belt cylinder. Experimental results show that the CSDK is better than the resonance demodulation method and the CSD in extracting fault features and recognizing degradation trends. The proposed method provides a new solution to fault diagnosis in bearings.     

基于平方包络谱相关峭度的最优共振解调诊断滚动轴承故障

利用峭度指标识别滚动轴承共振频带,结合包络分析解调故障特征,是滚动轴承故障诊断的常用方法。峭度指标虽然能够表征瞬态冲击特征的强弱,却无法利用瞬态冲击特征循环发生的特点,导致其难以区分脉冲噪声和循环瞬态冲击,无法准确识别共振频带,进而容易导致错误的故障诊断结果。受峭度和信号自相关的启发,重新定义相关峭度,提出平方包络谱相关峭度新指标;并结合Morlet小波滤波和粒子群优化算法,提出一种滚动轴承最优共振解调方法。通过与峭度、谱峭度等进行对比,仿真和试验分析结果表明平方包络谱相关峭度能够准确识别循环瞬态冲击;最优共振解调能够稳健确定共振频带的最优中心频率和带宽,准确解调诊断滚动轴承故障,验证了平方包络谱相关峭度在检测循环瞬态冲击和识别最优共振频带中的有效性和优越性。     

小波变换在滚动轴承故障分析中的应用

采用离散小波变换对滚动轴承进行故障诊断,通过对测试到的故障轴承的振动速度信号进行分析,分别绘出故障信号的频谱图,对结果进行分析比较表明,离散小波分析技术在滚动轴承内圈及滚动体故障特征频率提取方面有较大的优越性。     

基于最大相关峭度反褶积的轴承故障诊断方法

针对滚动轴承的故障信号是周期性冲击信号这一特性,提出了最大相关峭度反褶积(maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution,简称MCKD)与谱峭度(spectral kurtosis,简称SK)结合的滚动轴承早期故障诊断方法,即MCKD-SK法。利用MCKD方法可以有效提取滚动轴承早期故障信号中被噪声淹没的周期冲击成分,抑制信号中的噪声,实现信号降噪,提升原信号的峭度。利用SK方法可以选择合理频带,将信号中的低频信息从高频信息中解调出来。通过仿真与实际监测数据的分析和验证,证明MCKD-SK方法可以准确有效地诊断滚动轴承的早期故障,可用于滚动轴承早期故障的在线监测。     

基于IEWT和MCKD的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

针对经验小波变换（Empirical wavelet transform,EWT）对强噪声环境中滚动轴承微弱故障诊断的不足,主要是傅里叶频谱分段不当的问题。提出一种基于最大相关峭度解卷积（Maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution,MCKD）降噪与改进EWT相结合的滚动轴承早期故障识别方法。首先采用最大相关峭度解卷积算法以包络谱的相关峭度最大化为目标对原信号进行降噪处理、检测信号中的周期性冲击成分,然后根据信号Fourier频谱的包络极大值进行分段,通过分析各频段平方包络谱中明显的频率成分来诊断故障。新方法能有效降噪、增强信号中周期性冲击特征、降低单次偶然冲击的影响、抑制非冲击成分。通过对含外圈、内圈故障的滚动轴承进行试验分析,结果表明,相比于快速谱峭度图和小波包络分析方法,该方法提取出的特征更加明显,能有效实现滚动轴承早期微弱故障的识别。     

基于包络谱稀疏度和最大相关峭度解卷积的滚动轴承早期故障诊断方法

滚动轴承处于早期故障阶段时,特征信号微弱,并且受环境噪声影响严重,因此故障特征提取困难。针对这一问题,将最大相关峭度解卷积算法应用于轴承故障诊断,并通过包络谱稀疏度来筛选最佳解卷积周期参数,提出了基于包络谱稀疏度和最大相关峭度解卷积的滚动轴承早期故障诊断方法。利用最佳参数相对应的最大相关峭度解卷积算法对原信号进行处理,得到解卷积信号后计算其包络谱,通过分析包络谱中幅值突出的频率成分来判断故障类型。早期故障仿真信号及实测全寿命数据分析结果表明,该方法可有效应用于轴承早期故障诊断。     

FAULT DIAGNOSIS APPROACH FOR ROLLER BEARINGS BASED ON EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITION METHOD AND HILBERT TRANSFORM

Based upon empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and Hilbert spectrum, a method for fault diagnosis of roller bearing is proposed. The orthogonal wavelet bases are used to translate vibration signals of a roller bearing into time-scale representation, then, an envelope signal can be obtained by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet coefficients of high scales. By applying EMD method and Hilbert transform to the envelope signal, we can get the local Hilbert marginal spectrum from which the faults in a roller bearing can be diagnosed and fault patterns can be identified. Practical vibration signals measured from roller bearings with out-race faults or inner-race faults are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional envelope spectrum method in extracting the fault characteristics of roller bearings.     

Improved CICA algorithm used for single channel compound fault diagnosis of rolling bearings

A Compound fault signal usually contains multiple characteristic signals and strong confusion noise, which makes it difficult to separate week fault signals from them through conventional ways, such as FFT-based envelope detection, wavelet transform or empirical mode decomposition individually. In order to realize single channel compound fault diagnosis of bearings and improve the diagnosis accuracy, an improved CICA algorithm named constrained independent component analysis based on the energy method (E-CICA) is proposed. With the approach, the single channel vibration signal is firstly decomposed into several wavelet coefficients by discrete wavelet transform(DWT) method for the purpose of obtaining multichannel signals. Then the envelope signals of the reconstructed wavelet coefficients are selected as the input of E-CICA algorithm, which fulfills the requirements that the number of sensors is greater than or equal to that of the source signals and makes it more suitable to be processed by CICA strategy. The frequency energy ratio(ER) of each wavelet reconstructed signal to the total energy of the given synchronous signal is calculated, and then the synchronous signal with maximum ER value is set as the reference signal accordingly. By this way, the reference signal contains a priori knowledge of fault source signal and the influence on fault signal extraction accuracy which is caused by the initial phase angle and the duty ratio of the reference signal in the traditional CICA algorithm is avoided. Experimental results show that E-CICA algorithm can effectively separate out the outer-race defect and the rollers defect from the single channel compound fault and fulfill the needs of compound fault diagnosis of rolling bearings, and the running time is 0.12% of that of the traditional CICA algorithm and the extraction accuracy is 1.4 times of that of CICA as well. The proposed research provides a new method to separate single channel compound fault signals.     

Multi-objective iterative optimization algorithm based optimal wavelet filter selection for multi-fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings

Rolling element bearings (REBs) play an essential role in modern machinery and their condition monitoring is significant in predictive maintenance. Due to the harsh operating conditions, multi-fault may co-exist in one bearing and vibration signal always exhibits low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which causes difficulties in detecting fault. In the previous studies, maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution (MCKD) has been validated as an efficient method to extract fault feature in the fault signals. Nonetheless, there are still some challenges when MCKD is applied to fault detection owing to the rigorous requirements of multiple input parameters. To overcome limitation, a multi-objective iterative optimization algorithm (MOIOA) for multi-fault diagnosis is proposed. In this method, correlated kurtosis (CK) is taken as a criterion to select optimal Morlet wavelet filter using the whale optimization algorithm (WOA). Meanwhile, to further eliminate the effect of the inaccurate period on CK, the update process of period is incorporated. After that, the simulated and experimental signals are utilized to testify the validity and superiority of the MOIOA for multiple faults detection by the comparison with MCKD. The results indicate that MOIOA is efficient to extract weak fault features even with heavy noise and harmonic interferences.     

基于路图拉普拉斯算子范数和马氏距离的滚动轴承故障诊断

为有效提取滚动轴承振动信号的故障特征,将图信号处理技术引入故障诊断领域。首先根据滚动轴承振动信号构造路图,获得路图信号;再将计算得到的路图拉普拉斯算子范数作为特征参数,构造不同故障的标准特征空间;最后通过测试样本与标准特征空间的马氏距离实现不同故障模式的识别。实测滚动轴承振动信号的分析结果表明,该方法能有效诊断轴承故障。     

基于LMD和增强包络谱的滚动轴承故障分析

针对滚动轴承发生故障时振动信号幅值分布的峭度和歪度都会发生变化的特点,提出基于峭度-歪度的局部均值分解分量筛选准则,将峭度值和歪度绝对值最大的分量筛选出来并重构故障信号,以达到降噪的目的。对降噪后的信号进行增强包络谱分析,得到故障的特征频率。应用提出的新方法对实测的滚动轴承外圈、滚动体和内圈发生故障时的振动信号分别进行了分析。结果表明,基于峭度-歪度的局部均值分解分量筛选准则有效地降低了信号中的噪声,在此基础上应用增强包络谱有效地减少带内噪声影响,从而使故障特征信息凸现出来,有利于对滚动轴承的各种故障进行诊断。     

Minimum entropy deconvolution based on simulation-determined band pass filter to detect faults in axial piston pump bearings

The fault diagnosis of axial piston pumps is of significance for enhancing the reliability and security of hydraulic systems. Most of the faults occurring in the mechanical components of piston pumps are exhibited as fault-excited impulses. However, the strong impact-induced natural periodic impulses under the common working conditions (i.e. reciprocating motion of pistons) inevitably cause interference that considerably affects the fault detection performance. In this study, a simulation-determined band pass filter is employed to improve the performance of minimum entropy deconvolution (MED) for the fault diagnosis of axial piston pump bearings. First, a finite element method (FEM) simulation is performed to determine the possible carrier frequency. Second, the carrier frequency is used as the center frequency in association with a fixed bandwidth to determine the band pass filter parameters. Finally, the MED technique is applied to enhance weak fault-excited impulses by means of kurtosis maximization. Thereafter, envelope spectrum analysis is applied to the enhanced signals to obtain faulty feature frequencies. Two case studies are conducted, using bearings with faults in the outer and inner races of an axial piston pumps under common working conditions. The case studies confirm the necessity and effectiveness of the proposed method for detecting bearings faults in axial piston pumps.     

Particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve the deconvolution problem for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis

Extraction of the fault related impulses from the raw vibration signal is important for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis. Deconvolution techniques, such as minimum entropy deconvolution (MED), MED adjusted (MEDA) and maximum correlated kurtosis deconvolution (MCKD), optimal MED adjusted (OMEDA) and multipoint optimal MED adjusted (MOMEDA), are typical techniques for enhancing the impulse-like component in the fault signal. This paper introduces the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to solve the filter of deconvolution problem. The proposed approaches solve the filter coefficients of the deconvolution problems by the PSO algorithm, assisted by a generalized spherical coordinate transformation. Compared with MED, MEDA, and OMEDA, the proposed PSO-MED and PSO-OMEDA can effectively overcome the influence of large random impulses and tend to deconvolve a series of periodic impulses rather than a signal impulse. Compared with MCKD and MOMEDA, the proposed PSO-MCKD and PSO-MOMEDA can achieve good performances even when the fault period is inaccurate. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is validated by the simulated signals. The study of experimental bearing fault signal shows that the PSO based deconvolution methods delivered better performance for rolling element bearing fault detection than the traditional deconvolution methods. Additionally, the proposed methods are compared with the following two popular signal processing methods: the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) and fast kurtogram, which are used to highlight the improved performance of the proposed methods.     

基于SK-NLM包络的滚动轴承故障冲击特征增强

非局部均值算法(NLM)是活跃于图像信号处理领域的一种新方法,因其良好的去噪特性,近几年来在滚动轴承故障诊断领域也开始获得应用。NLM利用样本点邻域窗口包含的局部结构为基本单元,通过对相似成分加权运算后取其平均值以达到抑制噪声干扰、突出故障冲击特征的目的。但对于强噪声条件下的低信噪比信号而言,NLM滤波效果并不理想。提出一种结合谱峭度(SK)和NLM权重包络谱的故障诊断方法,首先对原始信号进行SK分析得到最优中心频率及带宽构成最优滤波器,初步消除环境干扰及测量噪声;其次对NLM算法进行改进,不再以滤波信号为分析对象,而是直接利用NLM加权运算得到的信号样本点权值分布曲线作为预处理信号的包络信号,从权重角度使故障冲击得到二次增强,消除SK带通滤波器的带内噪声;最后对权值分布曲线进行包络谱分析,进而得到诊断结果。通过仿真信号、实验室信号及工程实际信号分析对所提方法进行了验证,并与最小熵解卷积(MED)进行了对比。