圆果种黄麻单染色体显微分离与扩增

以圆果种黄麻(Corchorus capsularis L.)品种高雄青皮为研究材料,利用玻璃针显微分离的方法成功分离出高雄青皮的单染色体2条。对获得的单染色体采用LAM-PCR方法进行扩增,电泳结果显示:DNA片段的长度在250～3 000 bp之间。利用Southern blot杂交对扩增产物进行验证,结果表明:获得的扩增片段确实来自高雄青皮的基因组。     

Chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from jute (Corchorus capsularis) fibers used for manufacturing of high-quality paper pulps

The chemical composition of the lipophilic extractives from jute (Corchorus capsularis) fibers, which are used for high-quality paper pulp manufacturing, was thoroughly studied. The extractives content was low (0.4%), and its composition was studied by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. For a better characterization of the different homologous series and compounds present in minor amounts, the extract was also fractionated by solid-phase extraction. The most predominant lipophilic compounds present in jute fibers were high molecular weight ester waxes (24% of total extract), followed by free fatty acids (17%), free fatty alcohols (17%) and α-hydroxyfatty acids (14%). Additionally, significant amounts of alkanes (6%), ω-hydroxyfatty acids (6%), sterols (6%), steroid and triterpenoid ketones (3%) and steryl glycosides (1%) were also identified, together with minor amounts of mono- and diglycerides.     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark, waste products of the food and wood industries, respectively, were analysed as potential sources of antioxidant compounds. The extraction yield, the antioxidant activity and total phenols content of the extracts were greater in chestnut shell than in eucalyptus bark for most of the extraction conditions essayed. Extraction of chestnut shell with a 2.5% Na₂SO₃ aqueous solution led to the highest extraction yield, 25.6%, total phenols, 13.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell, and FRAP antioxidant activity, 80.7 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell. Extraction with methanol:water (50:50, v/v) provided the best results for eucalyptus bark. The antioxidant activity and the total phenols content of the extracts had a positive linear correlation. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the higher content of phenolic compounds in chestnut shell extracts compared to eucalyptus bark extracts. Chestnut shell extracts were characterized by the presence of high molecular weight species whereas lower molecular weight species were predominant in eucalyptus bark extracts.     

Molecular Mapping of QTLs for Yield and Yield-Related Traits in Oryza sativa cv Swarna × O. nivara (IRGC81848) Backcross Population

Advanced backcross QTL analysis was used to identify QTLs for seven yield and yield-related traits in a BC2F2 population from the cross between a popular Oryza sativa cv Swarna and O. nivara IRGC81848. Transgressive segregants with more than 15% increased effect over Swarna were observed for all the traits except days to heading and days to 50% flowering. Thirty QTLs were detected for seven yield and yield-related traits using interval and composite interval mapping. Enhancing alleles at 13 (45%) of these Q...     

Evaluation of corn plant as potential banker plant for supporting predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in greenhouse vegetable production

The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most important and highly polyphagous pests of vegetables and other crops worldwide. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse to evaluate corn (Zea mays L.) as a banker plant for the predatory gall midge, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to potentially control T. urticae. Choice and no-choice experiments were carried out to determine the host plant preference of an alternative prey, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks)(Acari: Tetranychidae) to corn and green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Results showed that O. pratensis adults strongly preferred corn as a host plant and posed no risk to green bean. F. acarisuga was found to fly at least 7.0 m to search for new preys on green bean plants, and over 176 F. acarisuga larvae per leaf were recorded at 14 d after dispersal. F. acarisuga proved to be an excellent predator of both T. urticae and O. pratensis. The predation by F. acarisuga to T. urticae and O. pratensis ranged from 43.7 to 67.9% and 59.2 to 90.3%, respectively, under laboratory conditions. In a non-cage study, 81.2% of T. urticae population was suppressed by F. acarisuga in reference to the control (cage treatment). The results showed that this banker plant system has potential for controlling T. urticae in greenhouse vegetable production.     

白僵菌与苏云金芽胞杆菌水悬浮剂研制及田间防治玉米螟研究

通过室内生物测定,研究球孢白僵菌和苏云金芽胞杆菌联合防治玉米螟的效果。研究表明,确定白僵菌与苏云金芽胞杆菌浓度分别为1.0×106孢子/mL、1.0×109孢子/mL条件下,杀虫效果达到最佳,LT90为6.64(±0.07)d,较1.0×109的Bb LT90缩短26.06%。通过助剂悬浮率、乳化效果以及助剂对微生物活性影响等确定1个白僵菌与苏云金芽孢杆菌水悬浮剂剂型配方。田间防治玉米螟结果表明,两种生防菌均在防治过程中起作用,田间玉米受害株数、活虫数均明显低于未施药对照,防治效果优于单一使用白僵菌或苏云金芽胞杆菌。     

Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using plant pigment ratio (PPR)

The applicability of the hyperspectral data from the canopy to the prediction of wheat grain quality was assessed for winter wheat. A training experiment and a validation experiment with contrasting nitrogen (N) levels and different cultivars were conducted, respectively, at different locations in Beijing, China. The wheat canopy spectral reflectance over 350–2500 nm, leaf N concentration and chlorophyll (Chl) concentration were measured at different growth stages, and the grain protein content was also determined after harvest. Eight vegetation indices (VIs) were compared relating to leaf N concentration, and the result indicated that the plant pigment ratio (PPR, (R550−R450)/(R550+R450)), a Chl-based index, was most applicable to predict wheat grain protein due to its significant correlation with leaf N concentration at the post-anthesis stage. Based on the relationships among PPR, leaf Chl concentration, leaf N concentration, and grain protein content, the statistical prediction models of grain protein content for Zhongyou9507 (a hard winter wheat) and Jingdong8 (a semi-hard winter wheat) were developed. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the 18 DAA (days after anthesis) model of Zhongyou9507 was 0.175; those of the anthesis model and the 11 DAA model of Jingdong8 were 0.238 and 0.982, respectively. Taking both the precision and accuracy into account, the 18 DAA model of Zhongyou9507 and the anthesis model of Jingdong8 were recommended to predict grain protein content for each cultivar. The result demonstrated that PPR could be used to assess grain quality of winter wheat.     

Seed yield variation in plains rough fescue (Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper) populations and its relation with phenotypic characteristics and environmental factors

Plains rough fescue (Festuca hallii (Vasey) Piper) is a dominant grass in the endangered Fescue Prairie of North America. Infrequent and unpredictable seed production presents a challenge for the use of this species in restoration and rangeland seeding. The objective of this study was to compare seed yield of different plains rough fescue populations and to determine the dependence of seed yield on phenotypic characteristics. Effect of weather conditions during the floral induction and initiation period of different years of the study was also compared. In 2007, a completely randomized field plot experiment was established from eleven populations of plains rough fescue at Swift Current, SK, Canada. In 2007, 2010 and 2011, individual plant seed yield, reproductive tillers, above‐ground biomass, plant height and crown diameter were measured, and plant vigour was scored. All measured variables differed significantly (P ≤ 0·05) among populations. Four populations were identified as having higher seed yield potential. Plants in these four populations also had characteristics of good plant vigour, taller stems, more reproductive tillers and greater biomass. Seed yield increased linearly with increasing plant height, crown diameter, above‐ground biomass and number of reproductive tillers (r² ranged 0·17–0·67, P < 0·001), but number of reproductive tillers (r² = 0·53–0·67, P < 0·001) was a better predictor for selection of lines with higher seed yield. Although seed yield varied among years, populations with higher seed yield tended to produce greater amounts of seed over the period of the study.     

Variations in leaf mass per area according to N nutrition, plant age, and leaf position reflect ontogenetic plasticity in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

Leaf mass per area (LMA) is a parameter the variability of which contributes to architectural plasticity. However its variations according to environment remain not completely understood. We hypothesise that LMA variations of winter oilseed rape (WOSR) follow an ontogenetic trajectory that can be modified by the environment. This was assessed at plant and leaf levels comparing four genotypes field-grown under different environmental conditions characterised by year and nitrogen nutrition. Leaves of the main stem of plants sampled between emergence and harvest were surfaced, oven-dried and weighed to calculate LMA of each individual leaf. At the plant level, LMA presented a common ontogenetic trajectory, which increases from seedling emergence to bolting and from then on decreases. Variations in LMA were related to the variations in plant demand, LMA decreased when demand increased. The trajectory was modified by low N nutrition that increased LMA but differently according to year and genotype, reflecting the plant plasticity. At the leaf level, variations for each individual leaf were related to the variations at the plant level. Plant plasticity and genotypic variability of the responses of LMA to N deficiency seemed to be related to differences in biomass allocation between leaves and stems.     

Effects of plant diversity on the density and herbivory of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, in California collard (Brassica oleracea) cropping systems

Populations of the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae), were greater in weed-free collards than in collard monocultures and polycultures (intercropped with beans) left weedy for 2 or 4 weeks after transplanting or for the entire season. Flea beetle densities and amount of leaf damage per individual collard plant were significantly lower in the plots with crucifer weeds (mainly Brassica campestris L.), possibly because the beetles preferred to feed and/or concentrate on this plant rather than on collards.     

小麦β-酮脂酰CoA合成酶基因KCS的克隆与酵母表达

超长链脂肪酸是生物体内众多重要物质的合成底物。KCS基因编码β-酮脂酰CoA合成酶,该酶具有底物特异性,参与超长链脂肪酸延伸的缩合反应,是超长链脂肪酸合成的限速步骤。为了探究小麦KCS基因在超长链脂肪酸合成中的功能,采用同源克隆的方法从小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中克隆出KCS基因后,利用生物信息学对其编码序列进行分析,并在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中对其进行真核表达。结果表明,小麦TaKCS6基因的开放阅读框为1 287bp,编码428个氨基酸残基。结构域预测结果显示,TaKCS6蛋白含有III型聚酮合酶脂肪酸延伸酶和C末端3-酰基ACP合酶III结构域,属于KCSs蛋白家族。序列比对分析结果显示,TaKCS6氨基酸序列与拟南芥及其他植物的KCS6氨基酸序列在两个功能结构域上和活性位点保守。酵母表达结果显示,TaKCS6基因编码的蛋白参与C24以上超长链脂肪酸的延伸。     

Effect of parboiling on physical and chemical characteristics and non-enzymatic browning of emmer (Triticum dicoccon Schrank)

Parboiling is a popular technology applied to rice to increase its milling yield, nutritional value and resistance to spoilage by insects and mould. This process was applied to Triticum dicoccon Schrank to induce physical, chemical and organoleptic modifications in order to increase its use and product diversification.     

小麦 TaWIN1基因的克隆和表达分析

14-3-3蛋白家族在植物生长发育和逆境胁迫响应中发挥着重要作用。 TaWIN1基因是小麦14-3-3基因家族成员之一,为了进一步了解该基因的功能,本研究以普通小麦中国春为材料克隆了 TaWIN1基因并进行了生物信息学分析和表达分析。结果表明, TaWIN1基因含有801 bp的开放阅读框,编码266个氨基酸,含有完整的14-3-3蛋白家族结构域;该基因的编码蛋白为酸性蛋白,不具有跨膜区,可能定位于细胞质;进化分析显示,小麦TaWIN1蛋白与大麦14-3-3E、二穗短柄草GF14-D的亲缘关系最近; TaWIN1基因在小麦不同发育时期和不同组织中均有表达,但在10 mm幼穗中的相对表达量最高,其次为苗期叶片和旗叶,在根中表达量最低;根中 TaWIN1基因在干旱、高温、低温和盐胁迫下均显著上调表达;叶片中 TaWIN1基因在干旱、低温和盐胁迫下均显著上调表达,而在高温下则显著下调表达。     

大丽轮枝孢激活蛋白对小麦旗叶面积及其光合特性和籽粒产量的影响

为明确大丽轮枝孢激活蛋白（Verticillium Dahliae Asp-f2 Like,简称VDAL）对冬小麦旗叶面积、花后光合特性及籽粒产量的影响,于2017-2018和2018-2019年两个小麦生长季,以强筋冬小麦品种藁优2018为材料,在河北藁城设置大丽轮枝孢激活蛋白种子包衣,并在大田条件下设置春三叶（倒四叶）露尖（S3）、春四叶（倒三叶）露尖（S4）、春五叶（倒二叶）露尖（S5）、春六叶（旗叶）露尖（S6）以及孕穗期（SB）叶面喷施VDAL和全生育期不喷施VDAL（S0）6个处理,以不包衣且不喷施为对照（CK）,分析了VDAL对小麦旗叶面积、花后光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,S4和S5处理显著（P＜0.05）增加了旗叶的长或宽,从而增大了叶面积。S4、S5和S6处理可以维持旗叶花后较高水平的净光合速率。各喷施处理的籽粒产量均有不同程度的提高,与CK相比,两年间S4处理的籽粒产量均显著（P＜0.05）提高,2018-2019年,S5处理的穗粒数和籽粒产量也显著（P＜0.05）提高。综上,采用VDAL种子包衣,并于春生4~5叶龄喷施VDAL,可以增加旗叶面积和旗叶花后净光合速率,提高穗粒数和千粒重,从而达到增加产量的目的。     

苦瓜果实S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶基因McSAMDC的克隆、表达及亚细胞定位

根据已构建苦瓜果实均一化文库中获得的1个与SAMDC基因相关的EST序列,采用3′RACE技术,克隆获得1个苦瓜SAMDC基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为McSAMDC(GenBank登录号为KC632099).生物信息分析结果表明,该cDNA全长l900bp,5′UTR和3′UTR分别长501、325bp.该cDNA序列存在3个开放读码框(微型tORF、上游读码框uORF和主读码框mORF),其中mORF长1077bp,编码358个氨基酸,预测分子量为39.31ku,含有酶原剪切位点结构域和蛋白快速降解有关的PEST二个保守结构域.二级结构分析显示,McSAMDC含有无规卷曲(45.53％)、α-螺旋(29.33％)、伸展链(19.83％)、β-转角(5.31％).序列分析结果表明,McSAMDC与拟南芥(CAA69073.1)、琴叶拟南芥(XP002882231.1)和雪里红(AAS45435.1)的氨基酸序列相似性分别达到69％、68％和68％.亚细胞定位结果表明,McSAMDC定位在细胞质中.荧光定量结果表明,McSAMDC在果实膨大期表达量最高,并随之迅速下降,并从成熟初期至完全成熟期该基因表达量逐渐增大.     

漳州水仙花瓣和副冠类胡萝卜素成分分析及合成途径基因表达研究

采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析漳州水仙‘金盏银台’花瓣和副冠中主要类胡萝卜素成分。结果显示,黄色副冠的主要色素成分是叶黄素,含量为3.73×104 μg/g ,β-胡萝卜素的含量很低,仅2.7 μg/g;白色花瓣中各种类胡萝卜素的含量都极低。同时,采用RT-PCR方法分析类胡萝卜素合成途径结构基因PSY、PDS、ZDS、LYCE、LYCB、BCH在‘金盏银台’白色花瓣、黄色副冠,洋水仙‘粉红魅力’白色花瓣、红色花副冠,洋水仙‘嘹亮’黄色花瓣、橙黄色副冠中的表达情况。结果表明,花瓣与同一品种副冠间结构基因     

Transferring Translucent Endosperm Mutant Gene Wx-mq and Rice Stripe Disease Resistance Gene Stv-b by Marker-Assisted Selection in Rice (Oryza sativa)

A high-yielding japonica rice variety, Wuyunjing 7, bred in Jiangsu Province, China as a female parent was crossed with a Japanese rice variety Kantou 194, which carries a rice stripe disease resistance gene Stv-bⁱ and a translucent endosperm mutant gene Wx-mq. From F₂ generations, a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker tightly linked with Stv-bⁱ and a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker for Wx-mq were used for marker-assisted selection. Finally, a new japonica rice line, Ning 9108, with excellent agronomic traits was obtained by multi-generational selection on stripe disease resistance and endosperm appearance. The utilization of the markers from genes related to rice quality and disease resistance was helpful not only for establishing a marker-assisted selection system of high-quality and disease resistance for rice but also for providing important intermediate materials and rapid selection method for good quality, disease resistance and high yield in rice breeding.     

大麦单株产量性状的杂种优势及其稳定性分析

为研究不同环境下大麦单株产量性状的杂种优势及其稳定性,以113个(Nasonijo×泰兴9425)DH系配制226个杂交种构建的永久F_2群体及亲本为材料,分别调查参试材料在4个环境下的单株穗数、主穗粒数、千粒重、单株产量和单株生物量,利用方差分析、聚类分析及稳定性分析对大麦单株产量性状的杂种优势及其稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,大麦杂种F_1各被测性状大多表现中亲优势,超亲优势组合出现率相对较低。各被测性状的杂种优势不仅受自身遗传因素影响,而且受试点生态条件及年度气候条件的影响。杂种优势的稳定性因性状不同而异,千粒重和主穗粒数杂种优势的稳定性较好,单株生物量和单株产量杂种优势的稳定性较差,仅有2个组合在多环境下表现出稳定的强杂种优势。     

橡胶树砧木和接穗之间的相互影响

以GT1和RRIM600两种实生苗为巴西橡胶树砧木材料和GT1、RRIM600和PR107无性系及其砧木自身芽4种接穗材料进行成对芽接,研究了橡胶树砧木品种、砧木大小和接穗组合对芽接成活率、砧木和接穗直径生长的影响。结果表明:(1)砧木品种对接穗的直径生长量的影响因接穗品系和砧木大小而异;(2)砧木大小极显著影响接穗直径生长量,而对芽接成活率的影响较小;(3)接穗组合对芽接成活率、砧木和接穗直径生长量均有显著影响,且与砧木品种有关。在同等大小的GT1砧木上,3种接穗组合的砧木直径无显著差异;砧木自身芽(RB)与RRIM600组合时的芽接成活率极显著地低于其他两种组合,RB的直径生长量明显强于GT1,但弱于PR107和RRIM600。在RRIM600砧木上,砧木自身芽的芽接成活率极显著低于RRIM 600、显著低于PR107;砧木自身芽组合的砧木直径显著或明显大于GT1+PR107和GT1+RRIM600组合;砧木自身芽的直径生长量极显著或显著大于GT1和PR107的接穗。     

Yield and oil variability in modern varieties of high-erucic winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) under reduced agricultural inputs

Increasing interest in vegetable oils for use in green chemistry has stimulated research into high-erucic Brassicaceae species such as winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) and Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). The objective of this study was to determine the yield response of recently released cultivars of these species under high and low production inputs. The varieties Maplus and Hearty of B. napus, and BRK1 of B. carinata were cultivated with autumn sowing in a large-scale field trial at the experimental farm of the University of Padova in Legnaro (NE Italy, 45°21′N). The genotypes were compared under high and low input management systems: high input was characterised by conventional soil tillage, chemical weed control, and high N–P–K fertilization, and low input by minimum tillage, mechanical weed control, and limited N–P–K fertilization.Oilseed rape varieties had greater seed yield than BRK1, and interactions with input level and cultivation year were significant. Maplus yielded most at high input (3.78 vs. 3.31 t ha⁻¹ DM at low; average of two years), whereas Hearty showed no significant differences between inputs (3.49 t ha⁻¹; average of years and inputs), indicating its better adaptability to extensive agricultural management. Yield performance of BRK1 B. carinata was very stable at varying agricultural managements, but not very high (2.73 t ha⁻¹ on average) – a fact that may limit its competitiveness with oilseed rape in autumn sowing, especially at higher latitudes. B. carinata was also more variable across the years than oilseed rape in terms of seed yield, oil content, and percentage of erucic acid. This was mainly due to the particular climatic conditions of the second year of the experiment (mild winter; hot, dry spring) which led to considerable winter elongation and pre-flowering, and later to incomplete seed filling. In these conditions, BRK1 had both lower oil seed content (36.7% vs. 47.1%) and erucic acid (41.3% vs. 49.1%) than oilseed rapes.In general, with few exceptions, the reduction in inputs did not affect either seed oil content or the amount of erucic acid, regardless of variety and year, but seed crude proteins were reduced mainly because of N shortage.