多个大股东存在下的董事会结构模型及其实证检验

考虑到我国普遍存在大股东集中持股的客观现实,基于大股东"掏空"动机,区分大股东间"监督"与"合谋"两种不同关系,本文构建多个大股东存在下的董事会结构理论模型,并结合该模型的理论涵义推演出研究假设.以1999-2005年A股上市公司为样本对理论模型进行实证检验,结果表明,董事会中内部董事比例和第一大股东选派的外部董事比例都随第一大股东持股比例的增加而增加,随第二大股东持股比例的增加而减少;此外,当公司的终极控制为国有性质的时候,内部董事和第一大股东选派的外部董事比例更大,而独立董事比例则更少.实证检验的结果验证了理论模型的理论预期.表明所提出的理论模型能够揭示多个大股东存在下董事会的结构特征.同时印证了模型构建的正确性.     

上市公司治理因素与财务困境关系的实证研究

对中国上市公司治理因素与财务困境的关系进行了实证研究。以1998~2005年被ST(special treatm ent)的公司及其配对样本共计528家作为研究样本,通过使用二元Log istic回归分析方法,发现大股东持股比例、H-10股权集中指数、股权制衡度、国家股比例、最终控制人类型、独立董事持股比例以及审计意见与公司发生财务困境的可能性显著负相关,管理者代理成本显著提高了公司陷入财务困境的危险性。而高管持股比例、董事会规模以及CEO的双职合一对困境发生的概率无显著影响。     

管理者代理行为、公司过度投资与公司治理——基于企业生命周期视角的实证研究

通过建立企业生命周期新的划分指标,从企业发展的动态层面研究管理者代理行为与公司过度投资之间关系随企业生命周期的演变,并检验公司治理机制随企业生命周期的治理效果。结果表明,我国上市公司管理者代理行为随企业生命周期动态变化,其对公司过度投资的影响随企业生命周期发展不断减弱。不同公司治理机制的治理效果随企业生命周期也发生变化,其中董事长总经理兼任在成长阶段能够有效抑制公司过度投资,而独立董事在成熟阶段及大股东在衰退阶段均显著没有发挥应有的监督作用。成长阶段中的公司监事会能够对代理行为引致的过度投资起到显著的监督作用,而董事长总经理兼任则显著加剧代理行为引致的过度投资,成长阶段中管理层持股、成熟阶段中独立董事与外部机构持股以及衰退阶段中大股东均显著没有起到应有的治理作用。     

连锁董事网络对企业代理成本的影响分析

从社会网络视角研究公司治理行为是近来的一个研究方向和趋势,而公司委托代理问题下的委托代理成本又是资本市场始终需要解决的重要课题。本文将社会网络嵌入公司治理模型,从资源获取、网络寻租和社会监督三个方面分析了连锁董事网络对企业代理成本的影响,得出一个基本框架,为未来实证检验提供了方向和理论基础。     

公司治理机制互动的实证研究

解决公司中的委托代理问题和有效监督管理层需要各种治理机制共同发挥作用.利用2002年～2005年中国上市公司的平衡面板数据,研究大股东股权竞争、董事会构成、经营者股权激励和监事会行为4种公司治理机制的互动关系.实证结果显示,大股东股权竞争与董事会构成之间存在替代效应,大股东股权竞争与经营者股权激励、董事会构成与监事会行为之间存在互补效应,这表明中国上市公司的治理机制关系呈现出复杂的特性.这一研究结论为继续深化中国的公司治理改革提供了经验证据,提高公司治理水平需要理顺各种公司治理机制的关系.实现治理机制的协同发展.     

独立董事与上市公司盈余信息质量

独立董事是现代公司治理机制设计中的一个重要组成部分,目的在于减少公司的代理成本、保护中小投资者,同时提高董事会的决策能力。独立董事是否能够发挥监督和咨询作用,取决于两个方面:一是独立董事是否有能力独立;二是独立董事能否有效履职。这两个方面可以具体化为独立董事的专业背景、在董事会的占比、独立董事报酬和参会次数。本项工作考查了独立董事与上市公司盈余信息质量之间的关系,以盈余管理程度、深交所信息披露评级、盈余激进度和盈余稳健度的4个指标衡量上市公司盈余信息质量。我们发现,董事会中具有财务或会计背景的独立董事、在董事会中独立董事占比较高,上市公司盈余信息质量较好。独立董事参会次数越多,代表公司问题较多,相应地公司的盈余信息质量则较低。但是,我们没有发现独立董事报酬与公司盈余信息质量之间有显著关系。     

董事激励与公司业绩--实验的证据

我们在实验框架下检验了董事会成员的激励对股东财富和CEO报酬的影响,以及该报酬与公司业绩之间的敏感度.文中提出了两种任命董事的方法,一种由CEO任命,另一种由最大的股东自动担任董事.由董事会决定CEO的报酬,而CEO负责企业的生产、投资和分红决策.投资者根据接收到的每个公司的分红、资本收益这些信息,通过买卖这些企业的股票来调整他们的资产组合. 我们发现,薪酬与业绩之间的敏感度随董事持股比例的增加而上升.此外,当大股东作为董事会成员时,经济体所产生的财富(股东财富是其中的一部分)更大;而当CEO选择董事时,结果是缺乏效率的.本文讨论了关于董事职能和相关代理成本这一研究结果,以及标准会计框架下,限制执行人员报酬和报表标准化要求.     

《南开管理评论》2005年度1-6期总目录

主编寄语“问题高管”凸现公司治理风险李维安1-1生物经济带来的历史发展机遇李维安2-1公司治理与财富创造李维安3-1为什么要推出中小企业经济发展指数李维安4-1金融机构治理的着力点:治理风险李维安5-1导入企业的治理工具——公司治理记分卡(CGSCNK)李维安6-1公司治理中国上市公司监事会治理绩效评价与实证研究李维安王世权1-4国有控股、经营者变更和公司绩效宋德舜宋逢明1-10董事会特征与总经理变更张俊生曾亚敏1-16上市公司独立董事薪酬制度的理论研究及现状分析孙泽蕤朱晓妹1-21大股东持股比例对代理成本影响的实证分析宋力韩亮亮1-3…     

试论我国独立董事制度的完善

在我国上市公司中,由于国家股和法人股一般占2/3左右的比例,使得占绝对控股权的大股东拥有了对公司的绝对控制权,而这种专权往往为大股东谋求种种不正当利益提供了通道。在这种背景下,在上市公司董事会中引入独立董事,对完善我国上市公司董事会职权和功能是非常有实际意义的。本文将在考察国外独立董事的发展趋势的基础上分析独立董事制度的作用机理和功效,并针对我国公司治理结构中存在的问题,论述我国引进独立董事制度的必要性;通过考察我国上市公司独立董事的现状和独立董事制度的缺陷提出完善上市公司独立董事制度的构想。     

公司治理与内部控制的对接研究

完善公司的内部控制,必须从建立健全公司治理出发完善内部控制环境,减少不合理的治理结构对内部控制制度发挥作用的影响,加强董事会的独立性,提高外部独立董事的比重,降低委托代理成本,在完善公司治理的同时,健全内部控制制度,以提高公司内部经营管理效率,加强权责分配、内部审计制度和全面预算管理,以促进公司治理和内部控制目标的共同实现。     

董事会特征与总经理变更

本文以在上海证券交易所1999年前上市的公司为样本,研究董事会特征等治理变量对总经理变更的影响。研究结果表明,对相对业绩下降公司的总经理变更能起到显著解释作用的变量只有董事会会议的次数和公司的领导结构。而其它治理变量,诸如董事会规模、管理董事比例、独立董事比例、股权集中度、董事会成员持股比例等,未能对总经理变更起到显著的解释作用。     

How does interpersonal justice affect outside directors’ governance behavior? A cross-cultural comparison

We examine the impact of interpersonal justice among outside directors on the board and between a director and the CEO regarding the director’s monitoring and resource provision behaviors in different cultural contexts. We argue that directors from individualistic countries are more influenced by CEO interpersonal justice while directors from collectivistic countries are more affected by the board interpersonal justice. Our main effect results indicate that interpersonal justice with board members is positively related to both monitoring and resource provision by a director, while CEO interpersonal justice is related only to resource provision. Our results also show different effects on the director’s behaviors between three countries, i.e., Canada, Singapore, and Spain. We found that CEO interpersonal justice is positively associated with resource provision in Canada, while board interpersonal justice is positively related to both monitoring and resource provision in Singapore and Spain. These results suggest that directors discharge their board duties differently by how they are treated by other directors and the CEO and that their governance behaviors vary by culture. This study contributes to the literature on comparative corporate governance by showing the differences in directors’ behaviors in different cultural contexts.     

Board age and corporate financial fraud: An interactionist view

Unlike past studies which have focused on either executives or boards of directors, this study takes an interactionist view to investigate the determinants of corporate financial fraud. We propose that CEOs evaluate the opportunities for financial fraud according to both situational stimuli and their own personal characteristics. As older directors are often more experienced and have more to lose if they fail in their monitoring duties, we expect them to be more capable and to have stronger motivation for monitoring CEOs closely. As such, we propose that a CEO is less likely to engage in corporate financial fraud when the average age of the board of directors increases (i.e., board age). However, when the CEO is older than the board, the CEO may attach less importance to board age when deciding whether to commit fraud. Therefore, we further propose that the CEO–board directional age difference can weaken the effect of board age. Our empirical analyses provide strong support for these hypotheses. Our study contributes to the literature on corporate governance by highlighting the often neglected roles of board age and CEO–board directional age difference in deterring corporate financial fraud.     

《萨班斯法案》对美国公司董事会影响的分析

2002年度美国出台的《萨班斯法案》全方位地对安然等事件暴露出来的问题作出相应的调整性规定,必将对公司治理产生深切的影响。《萨班斯法案》对审计委员会提出了修正性和提高性要求,本文选择外部董事、女性董事、财务专家、CEO兼任董事会主席、CEO在提名委员会任职等指标进行分析。实证分析结果说明:《萨班斯法案》有效消除了董事会和管理层任人唯亲的现象,董事会的独立性和专业性均有所提高。其实,《萨班斯法案》颁布之前就有加强公司治理的要求,公司治理就有改进的趋势,但《萨班斯法案》关于审计委员会方面的明文规定加速了公司董事会的变化,使得公司治理改革超越了法律的既定要求。     

Why and when female directors are less engaged in their board duties: An interface perspective

Female representation on boards is perhaps one of the most studied topics in board-governance research. At the same time, much is unknown about female directors' task engagement within boards. Drawing from psychological theory on societal gender beliefs, our study tests whether the impact of director gender on supervisory task engagement hinges on status dynamics in two relational interfaces: the director–board interface and the director–CEO interface. According to this perspective, female directors show less task engagement because gender is a diffuse status cue that creates status differentiation within the director–board interface. Multi-source board survey data (n = 61 boards, n = 315 directors) confirms that, within the confines of the boardroom, female directors do, indeed, receive lower-status ratings than male directors. This effect is weaker when boards have a female chair. Furthermore, lower status explains perceived lower task engagement of female directors, but this link critically hinges on the CEO–director interface. The impact of status differences is more pronounced when directors intersect with a relatively dominant CEO. All in all, the results demonstrate that relational interfaces play a key role for female directors’ task engagement in their board duties.     

Power and Pay: The Politics of CEO Compensation

This paper examines CEO compensation, with an emphasis on the power of CEOs to influence their own compensation by managing the compensation process. It analyzes the CEO's power over the board of directors and the political tactics used by the CEO to manage the board and its compensation decisions. An empirical examination of CEO compensation in 203 large American manufacturing firms in 1985 illustrates the effect of CEO power on compensation and the flexibility available to the CEO in establishing the legitimacy of compensation. The implications of this perspective for management control of corporations and for CEO compensation research are considered.     

Power and trust in board–CEO relationships

In this paper we develop and test a theoretical model that reduces relational risks to solve the puzzle of conflicting task requirements imposed on boards of directors in listed companies. Doing so unites two seemingly conflicting tasks—board control and service tasks—through examining relational risks between the board and the CEO. We also present two mechanisms that could reduce relational risks. One is board power over the CEO, and the other board trust in the CEO. Practitioners could apply these two mechanisms to achieve better performance of board control and service tasks simultaneously. We test hypotheses using 441 survey responses collected in 2005. The result shows a good fit between the model and survey data, indicating examining relational risks is a rewarding approach to understanding conflicting board task performance, and board control over the CEO and board trust in the CEO are two effective mechanisms to reduce relational risks.     

Dual class shares,board of directors’ effectiveness and firm’s market value: an empirical study

This study aims to identify whether a relationship exists between the controlling shareholders’ voting power and outside directors’ effectiveness in maximizing firms’ financial performance. We analyze a panel data with 3057 observations for the 2000–2012 period using a random effects model, logit and probit regressions, and the two-stage model of Heckman in the Brazilian stock market. Our findings show that firms whose controlling shareholders use dual class shares to leverage their voting power have less independence from the board and worse financial performance and market value. Further, the percentage of outside directors tends to be ineffective in increasing the firm’s value, and in changing the firm’s chief executive officer (CEO) when (1) the controlling shareholder’s voting power is leveraged, or (2) when the CEO assumes a position on the board of directors simultaneously. We interpreted that these results are in line with the arguments in favor of the existence of a new agency cost, which is related to the undue obedience of board members to authority, such as the largest controlling shareholder or the CEO in Brazilian listed firms.     

Corporate governance and credit rating in Islamic banks: Does Shariah governance matters?

We investigate whether Islamic banks with strong corporate governance benefit from higher credit ratings relative to Islamic banks with weaker governance and whether Shariah governance can affect the credit ratings of Islamic banks or not. We document, after controlling for Islamic bank-specific risk characteristics, that credit ratings are negatively associated with the number of blockholders, CEO power, the supervisory role of the Shariah board and investment deposits; and positively associated with share listing ownership, board independence, women directors, board directors expertise and Shariah board expertise. As well as, credit rating is higher for Southeast Asian Islamic banks and weaker for GCC Islamic banks.